Yangshan Port Research Articles

A column generation approach for the quay crane allocation problem considering uncertain operation efficiency

This study constructs a mixed integer programming model for the integrated quay crane allocation problem to minimize vessels’ waiting time and delay time cost. Taking the uncertainty of quay crane operation efficiency into consideration, this study constructs a stochastic programming model and a distributional robust chance constraint (DRCC) model. In addition, column generation is applied to solve the three proposed models. Moreover, this paper uses real-world data from Shanghai Yangshan Port to verify the effectiveness of proposed model and algorithm. To prove the robustness of the DRCC model, this study conducts an uncertain parameters sensitivity analysis, and analyzes the performance of the models proposed above. The results show that the proposed DRCC model has better anti-interference ability. The conclusion drawn from this study has potential implications for resource allocation within port operations.

Adaptive mechanisms of invasion of Chthamalus challengeri (Hoek, 1883) in the trans-oceanic zone of coastal China

Chthamalus challengeri Hoek, 1883 (Crustacea, Cirripedia) is typically found in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea along the coast of China. However, until 2009, it was never seen in the East China Sea. In 2010, C. challengeri was discovered at Yangshan Port in Zhoushan, East China Sea, and it has since been found to invade several islands in the Zhoushan Islands area successfully. Although the population that invaded Yangshan Port has disappeared in recent years, the population that successfully invaded the other islands in Zhoushan has been increasing in density. To study the ecological adaptability of C. challengeri larvae from the Zhoushan Sea Area, we conducted an experiment observing the larvae’s response to different temperatures and salinity gradients. The results indicate that the C. challengeri larvae are highly adaptable to different temperatures and salinities, and under temperatures ranging from 10–25 °C and salinities of 25–35, nauplius can complete all six stages of development and reach a settlement. We found that the survival and settlement rates during larval development were highest at 20 °C and salinity 30, which could be considered the optimum conditions for C. challengeri larvae. At these conditions, it took approximately 11.5 days for the larvae to undergo development from nauplius I to complete settlement. However, lower temperatures slowed down the development rate and settlement of C. challengeri larvae to some extent, while high temperatures can directly lead to the death of C. challengeri. According to the results of this study, the settlement period of C. challengeri in a new habitat can last as long as 7 months (April to November) compared to its original environment. This extended settlement period could provide favorable conditions for the long-distance dispersal of C. challengeri and enhance its invasive ability in new habitats.

The “Visual‐Behavior” Chain and Risk Prediction Model for Sedan Drivers Under the Influence of Container Trucks: A Case Study of Yangshan Port Freight Corridor

With the development of the Shanghai International Shipping Center, the diversity of vehicle types on the highways and arterial roads near Yangshan port is continually increasing. Within such a container port corridor, large container trucks are primarily utilized for mainline transportation. Their larger size and significant inertia would increase psychological pressure on sedan drivers, and elevate their behavior risk. To investigate the effects of container trucks on drivers’ visual characteristics and driving behavior as well as to predict driving risk, firstly, this research conducted field tests in four scenarios surrounding the port. Visual characteristics and behavior data of sedan drivers were collected. Secondly, a “Visual‐behavior” chain model was established. The relationship between drivers’ visual characteristics, driving behavior, and driving risk was illustrated from the perspective of time‐series behavior patterns. Thirdly, three driving risk prediction models were built with Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Long Short‐Term Memory (LSTM), and ARIMA‐LSTM. The results indicate that the ARIMA‐LSTM model shows the most effective prediction performance. This research provides a field‐data comparative analysis of the driving risks influenced by a high proportion of container trucks. The findings contribute to understanding the unique mixed traffic visual environment around large‐scale container ports.

Research on Air Pollution Modeling and Emission Inventory Methodology: A Case Study of Shanghai Yangshan Port

In order to effectively manage the pollution from ships in ports, it is very necessary to understand the quantity and characteristics of the emissions from port pollution sources, so that more scientific management measures can be provided.This paper mainly analyzes the three pollution emission sources of Yangshan Port, namely port machinery, transport vehicles and ships, and uses the emission factor method to estimate and establish the air pollution emission inventory of Yangshan Port in 2021.The results show:1) The emissions of pollutants SO2, PM, NOx, CO, and VOCs are 5011t, 1252t, 27,560t, 1670t, and 2150t, respectively;2) Ships are the largest source of pollution, with container ships providing the largest pollution contribution among the different ship types, accounting for 38%;3) The main engine and auxiliary engines, as the main source of pollution from ships, accounted for 40% and 42% of the total amount of pollutants, respectively; the slow-speed state accounted for the highest proportion of pollution discharged in the four operating states, at 41%.

Port sustainability through integration: A port capacity and profit-sharing joint optimization approach

Currently, port development has shifted from expansion to overcapacity, posing challenges to promoting sustainable port development through traditional port integration methods. To break this dilemma, we propose a model to facilitate port integration in multi-port regions by adjusting capacity and conducting market share transactions. The model aims to minimize the total social cost by optimizing the capacity adjustment (i.e., berth construction) scheme for each port, the market share trading scheme, the compensation price that ports pay for market share trading, and the government subsidy allocated to each port. To solve this model, we convert it into a two-stage formulation, and we design a genetic algorithm embedded in an inverse optimization model. Numerical experiments are conducted with actual data from the Yangtze River Delta in China. The results indicate that port integration significantly affects cargo owners’ port selection, with Nanjing Port, Shanghai Waigaoqiao Terminal, and Shanghai Yangshan Port occupying prominent positions. In addition, constructing new berths on Dayangshan Island would benefit the Shanghai Yangshan Port Authority, as transportation demand is expected to rise in the future. These findings provide guidance for governments and port authorities to address port overcapacity and develop sustainable policies.

Subsidy policy optimization of multimodal transport on emission reduction considering carrier pricing game and shipping resilience: A case study of Shanghai port

To save energy and reduce carbon emissions, subsidy policies have been implemented to improve the competitiveness of railway and waterway transport in the multimodal transport system of port shipping. However, there is a lack of systematic research on the assessment of subsidy distribution with the consideration of shipping resilience and emission reduction. Disordered competition hinders the development of the multimodal transport market and also deters the achievement of carbon neutrality. To address these issues, this study proposes an optimized subsidy strategy with a bi-level subsidy decision-making model considering the pricing game between various carriers. Specifically, the amount of government subsidies is substituted into the upper model, and the carrier's pricing decision is obtained by solving the Nash equilibrium of the tripartite pricing game. An activity-based approach is used to calculate the emission reduction corresponding to the subsidy amount. The variance of the transport time is used to measure the resilience of transportation. Finally, the optimal subsidy strategy is obtained through quantitative comparison. This study employs the multimodal transport of containers based on Shanghai Yangshan Port as a case study. The sensitivity analysis discloses that the time value of goods and freight market conditions should raise more attention in the process of subsidy policy formulation. Moreover, the waterway carrier should try to improve resilience and reduce the risk of delay. This study innovatively considers the pricing game between highway, railway, and waterway carriers and provides a rational basis for the formulation of subsidy policies in multimodal transport through quantitative analysis.

Blocks allocation and handling equipment scheduling in automatic container terminals

The blocks allocation and integrated scheduling of quay cranes (QCs), yard cranes(YCs), and automated guided vehicles(AGVs) between the apron, side-loading blocks and end-loading blocks for multiple berthing ships is investigated, where the inbound, outbound and transship containers from several ships berthing at the same time is considered. A multi-ship blocks-sharing strategy is proposed to increase the efficiency in double cycling operations of YCs and AGVs through centrally storing containers from different ships. A two-stage mixed integer programming model is formulated in which the first stage is to optimize the problem of blocks allocation and QCs scheduling, and the second stage is to optimize the problem of YCs and AGVs scheduling. To solve the model, adaptive variable neighbourhood immune algorithm (AVNIA) and rule-based heuristic algorithm are proposed. Compared with the lower bound compiled with Gurobi, ANVIN is highly effective based on case study layout data of the automated container terminal of Yangshan port, Shanghai. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed blocks-sharing strategy can significantly improve the utilization rate of YCs and AGVs, and effectively reduce the operation cost of automatic container terminals.

Real-Time Monitoring and Optimal Resource Allocation for Automated Container Terminals: A Digital Twin Application at the Yangshan Port

Digital twins can facilitate high-fidelity representations of container terminals by applying various technologies and methods to better measure, understand, and improve operations. In this paper, a decision support system (DSS) based on digital twin and big data technologies is designed to demonstrate how real-time monitoring and an integrated decision support can be established. The DSS provides optimal operation plans and the benchmark for vessel delay early warnings through different resource allocation simulations at the planning level. It further enables real-time operational decision making through real-time monitoring and efficiency analyses using big data engines at the operational level. A case study is conducted for the ultralarge Yangshan Deepwater Automated Container Terminal Phase IV (ACT4) in Shanghai (China) and experimental results have revealed that the proposed digital twin-based DSS can help ACT4 operators to evaluate vessel service using optimized resource allocation plans and operations.

Study on the effectiveness of membrane separation + N2 deoxidation process for the treatment of bacteria in ballast water

Effects of the membrane separation + N2 deoxidation process on the abundance and activity of bacteria were examined under two salinity conditions at Yangshan Port, Shanghai, China. Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons demonstrated a decrease in the diversity and activity of bacteria in fresh water and marine water, with a total removal rate of approximately 63 % and 69 %, respectively. Indicator bacteria decreased to 10 CFU·100 mL−1, which met the IMO D-2 standard. A total of 13 potential pathogens were detected after treatment, indicating that there is still a risk of pathogenic bacteria invasion in the discharge water, particularly marine bacteria, and that the D-2 standard may be insufficient as a preventive measure against pathogenic bacteria transfer. The results will provide reference for government supervision, and will also be important for monitoring foreign bacteria and technology development.

The occurrence of potential pathogenic bacteria on international ships' ballast water at Yangshan Port, Shanghai, China.

Ballast water is a primary vector for the global transfer of non-indigenous species, which threaten the balance of aquatic ecosystems. The second-generation high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and culture method (by the first-generation sequencing technology) were used to explore pathogens in ballast water from international ships on the routes of China-Australia (AU), China-Europe (E) and China-America (AM). No significant differences in dominant bacteria among ballast water samples from different routes. Thirty-four pathogens were detected in all samples by HTS, including Acinetobacter lwoffii, Brevundimonas vesicular and Pseudomonas sp., etc., while nine pathogens were detected by culture, including Pseudoalteromonas piscicida, Rhodococcus erythropolis and Vibrio alginolyticus, etc. All ballast water carried a potential bacteriological risk to Yangshan Port. The abundance of pathogens was significant affected by holding time, temperature, salinity and NH4. Detection of pathogens as much as possible through different technologies is desirable, more pathogens could provide beneficial information for enhancing ballast water management.

Study on spatial distribution, potential sources and ecological risk of heavy metals in the surface water and sediments at Shanghai Port, China

Heavy metal concentrations in surface waters and sediments of Shanghai port were measured to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics, sources and pollution degrees. The southern Shanghai port was heavily polluted by Cd, Pb, Cr and Cu in water, and the concentrations of Pb, Hg and Zn in sediments exceeded Effects Range Low. Cu, Pb, Cd and Cr in water were positively correlated in group, and they probably derived from industrial and domestic sewage, fossil fuel burning and vehicular pollution and represented 82.47 % of the contribution. Zn, Hg and As contaminations represented industrial and agricultural effluent sources and accounted for the remaining 17.53 %. Heavy metal pollution of Yangshan Port water was at high pollution, and the remaining sites were at low pollution. Most of the sampling sites were at moderate ecological risk in sediments, and the pollution of Cd, Hg and Zn were serious.

Data Analysis and Decision on Navigation Safety of Yangshan Port Channel

Aiming at the problem of pilotage disruption under high wind control, this paper provides statistics on wind direction and wind levels during high wind control days, measures pilotage disruption at Yangshan Port for a total of ten years (from 2011 to 2020), notes the wind direction and wind levels that trigger pilotage disruption, and models and analyzes the effects of different wind directions and wind-level coupling on pilotage disruption. In addition, the difference of traffic flow in the alert area under normal and interrupted conditions of pilotage is analyzed by combining pilotage interruption data and the observation data of the alert area. The law of traffic volume and speed of container ships of different lengths is also analyzed. Based on the data of each observation line, the speed and time of ships in the warning area were evaluated by combining the speed, heading, and time from the records. The traffic law of different types of ships are summarized; that is, the ship’s speed in the caution area is roughly positively correlated with its length: the longer the ship’s length, the faster the ship’s speed, and the less the sailing time. The article provides a basis for the research of pilotage safety operations.

The opening of cabotage: China’s trials and challenges

Cabotage law has long been adopted in many countries, including China. However, in November 2021, China announced a reform on trial basis allowing eligible foreign container liner companies to use foreign-flagged ships for coastal piggybacking business between specific Chinese ports and Shanghai Yangshan Port with foreign trade containers, which resulted in a partial relaxation of Chinese cabotage law. This new policy is based on the prior coastal piggybacking business applied for ships owned or controlled by Chinese entities but flying foreign flags. Although restricted in a quite narrow application, the new policy is supposed to help increase the port throughput and benefit foreign container liner companies, but might threaten the interests of domestic shipping industry. There will be challenges in enforcing the policy reciprocally since no agreement on the opening of the cabotage has been concluded by China in any existing bilateral or multilateral agreement before. The future of the policy depends on its effect on driving the reform of domestic shipping management and its impact on the domestic shipping market.

Fast and stable operation approach of ship solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbine hybrid system under uncertain factors

This work focuses on investigating the adaptability of solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbine (SOFC-GT) hybrid system for ship application under uncertain factors. The effect of rapids, wind and waves on the performance of ship SOFC-GT is analyzed. In addition, a novel control system combining fuzzy logic theory, temperature feedforward and coordination factor on-line adjustment is proposed to address the problem of load disturbances caused by uncertain factors. The results show that the proposed operation strategy can shorten the thermal response time inside fuel cell stacks by almost 49.97%, meanwhile, reducing the maximum temperature changing rate at the electrochemically active tri-layer cell composed of anode, electrolyte, and cathode (PEN structure) by around 17.86%. Moreover, the reasonable matching between air flow and fuel flow is an essential prerequisite to ensure the safe and efficient operation of ship SOFC-GT. While the SOFC-GT is working at full load, the results indicate that the fuel to air ratio cannot exceed 2.56✕10−2 g/g. Finally, an application scenario of the 5000-ton river-to-sea cargo ship sails from Nanjing Port to Yangshan Port (Eastern China) is conducted to analyze the operation characteristics of ship SOFC-GT under uncertain factors. Two set of 1000 kW SOFC-GT systems with the electrical efficiency of 64.66% is designed for the target ship, the results conclude that the operation strategy of each SOFC-GT system supports 50% load is beneficial in reducing the power tracking time and SOFC temperature overshoot. The average electrical efficiency of 61.45% and 61.04% are achieved in winter and summer typical days respectively in the whole voyage.

Verifying the Smart Contracts of the Port Supply Chain System Based on Probabilistic Model Checking

Port supply chains play a very important role in the process of economic globalization. Lack of trust of the mechanism is the main factor in restricting the development of port supply chains. Blockchains have great potential to solve the trust problem among all participants using port supply chains, which can reduce costs and improve efficiency. As the bridge between blockchains and port supply chains, smart contracts reconstruct the business process of blockchain-empowered port supply chains. In this article, we present an architecture of a consortium blockchain-empowered port supply chain system, and propose a system verification framework for the smart contracts of port supply chains with probabilistic behaviors. The smart contracts are modeled as DTMCs (Discrete-Time Markov Chains), which are automatically transformed through the BPMN (Business Process Model and Notation) description of the smart contracts. The requirements are specified by PCTL (Probabilistic Computation Tree Logic). Moreover, we implement the customs clearance process of the Shanghai Yangshan Port based on blockchain Hyperledger Fabric, and reconstruct the clearance process with smart contracts. We use it to demonstrate the effectiveness of this framework, and identify the smart contracts that do not meet the expected needs of users.

Work-family conflict and job stress among seafarers: the moderating role of job satisfaction

ABSTRACT Work-family conflict (WFC) is not only prevalent among seafarers but also may cause their job stress. The objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between WFC and job stress, examining the moderating role of job satisfaction, which plays in this relationship. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Yangshan Port, Shanghai, China, from August to October 2019. Seafarers working on merchant vessels participated in the present study. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were employed to test the moderating role of job satisfaction. The results demonstrated that WFC was positively associated with job stress. Job satisfaction played a moderating role in the association of WFC with job stress. The findings show that job satisfaction was a crucial factor to reduce seafarers’ job stress. Managers should therefore enhance organizational investment and support in job satisfaction to reduce seafarers’ job stress.

Evaluating the contingency treatment performance of advanced electro-catalysis oxidation processes for marine bacteria in ballast water.

Effects of ballast water treatment by advanced electro-catalysis oxidation processes (AEOP) on abundance, activity, and diversity of marine bacteria were examined in a full-scale ballast water management system (BWMS) at Yangshan Port, Shanghai, China. Water samples were collected immediately after treatment and at discharge to evaluate the contingency treatment performance of the BWMS for bacteria. After treatment, the total viable count reduced to 0.7 × 104 CFU·mL-1, and both Escherichia coli and enterococci decreased to 10 CFU·100 mL-1, which satisfied the D-2 Standard of the International Maritime Organization. AEOP can be as an effective contingency reception facility. Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons demonstrated the declining trend in bacterial diversity, and while the treatment did not completely eliminate the risk of bacterial dispersal, potentially pathogenic bacteria survived in treated and discharged samples. Bacterial diversity is of greater concern when evaluating effects of ballast water treatment on microorganisms because the bacteria which can develop adaptive mechanisms to environmental change will have a greater potential for invasion in the new environment.

Exchange Mechanism of the Suspended Sediment at the Mouth of Hangzhou Bay under Coastline Changes

Based on FVCOM hydrodynamic numerical model and coastline topographic data in 2013, a three-dimensional numerical model of fine sediment transport in Hangzhou Bay has been established to explore the water and sediment exchange mechanism between Hangzhou Bay and the open sea at different typical sections. The results of validation with measured and satellite retrieved data show that the model can well simulate the process of water and sediment movement in Hangzhou Bay. Compared with the calculation results of the coastline topographic data of Hangzhou Bay in 1974 and 2020, the influence mechanism of shoreline change on the water and sediment exchange mechanism between Hangzhou Bay and the open sea has been studied. The results show that the sediment transport inside and outside the Hangzhou Bay is generally in the pattern of north-inflow and south-discharge. Compared with the coastline in 1974, the sediment transport from Yangshan port in the north of Hangzhou Bay and Zhoushan Islands in the middle of Hangzhou Bay increases when the coastline is pushed into the bay in 2020, while the outward sediment transport from Jintang Channel in the South decreases. The overall trend features that the sediment transport into the bay increases, with the bay mouth silting. In the three sections extending from Hangzhou Bay to the open sea, the inflowing water and sediment of the horizontal section on the north side is decreasing, while the discharged sediment from the south side and the inflowing water and discharged sediment from the vertical section at the east side are increasing.

Bacterial community composition and diversity in the ballast water of container ships arriving at Yangshan Port, Shanghai, China

Ballast water is a major vector of invasion by protozoans and metazoans. Bacterial invasion is less-well understood. We surveyed the bacterial diversity of ballast water from 26 container ships arriving at the Yangshan Deepwater Port, Shanghai, China during 2015–2016. We characterized the ballast microbiome using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) based on V4-V5 region of 16S rRNA genes. We simultaneously monitored physicochemical parameters of the ballast water, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, turbidity, total suspended solid (TSS), particulate organic carbon (POC), NO2, NH4, PO4. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum, comprising more than 50% of the OTUs of almost all vessels, followed by Bacteroidetes (12.08%), Actinobacteria (4.86%) Planctomycetes (3.24%) and Cyanobacteria (1.95%). The relative abundance of Cyanobacteria differed among vessels. It was negatively correlated with temperature, NO3, pH, TSS, PO4, and turbidity and positively correlated with NH4, POC. The genus Synechococcus was the most common Cyanobacteria in our results. Escherichia coli were relatively rare; they are indicator-species of D-2 standards published by the IMO. The relative abundance of the genus Vibrio ranged from 0.003% to 24.88% among different vessels. Our results showed that HTS was able to profile the bacterial communities in ballast-waters, even when the approach was restricted by technical and other obstacles.

O Porto de Águas Profundas de Yangshan: o maior porto de terminais marítimos de águas profundas e fluviais já concebido

A China jamais se tornaria o maior exportador do mundo sem os seus portos, e nenhum deles retrata tão bem o crescimento exponencial na infraestrutura do país como o Porto de Yangshan. A megaestrutura ajudou Shangai a ultrapassar Cingapura no ranking de cidades com maior movimentação de carga do mundo e estabeleceu recordes históricos de fluxo com mais de 25 milhões de containers em um ano. Um enorme aliado à eficiência na movimentação hidroviária é o enorme rio Yangtzé, que atravessa grande parte da China Oriental. Bilhões de dólares em mercadorias navegam pelo canal todos os anos para serem transportadas mundo a fora, porém, com a evolução do tamanho das embarcações e a deficiência na profundidade do rio, a China encontrou a solução perfeita, a concepção do maior porto de terminais marítimos de águas profundas e fluviais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar o porto de Yangshan, mostrar a sua importância no contexto do transporte internacional e as características que o fazem ser um dos portos mais eficientes e promissores do mundo.