Yang-Mills Gravity Research Articles

Particle Creation from Yang-Mills Gravity

The genesis of physical particles, a foundational aspect of physics, is still a mystery. Quantum field theory creation operators provide an abstract mechanism to bring particles into existence. The assumption of a primordial field underlies the Standard Model (SM), yet the forces have failed to converge to such a field. Current treatments of a superfluid-based universe [Huang, Volovik, and Svistunov, Babaev, Prokof’ev] focus heavily on vortices and Yang-Mills theory, so we analyze self-interaction of the primordial field in the context of Yang-Mills. We show that a self-stabilizing higher-order self-interaction interpretation of the Yang-Mills non-Abelian term yields a stable quantum gravity explanation of the mass-gap. In future we will address the and conserved charge aspects in terms of this fundamental theory of particle creation.

Dark matter, cosmic positrons in alpha magnetic spectrometer experiment and particle-cosmology with Yang–Mills gravity

We discuss a model of dark matter consisting of high energy anti-electron-neutrinos with leptonic force, which is produced by the conserved leptonic charge gℓ associated with Lee–Yang’s U1 gauge symmetry. Based on particle-cosmology for early universe, the high energy neutrino (HEN) model of dark matter assumes that the neutron decay processes, n→p++e−+ν¯e, dominate the epoch after the creation, collision and confinement processes of quarks and antiquarks in the beginning. The HEN model implies the following results: There are almost equal numbers of electrons, protons and anti-electron-neutrinos dominated the matter cosmos. There are unobservable and ubiquitous anti-electron-neutrinos ν¯e with leptonic charge gℓ in the universe. Although the total mass of anti-electron-neutrino dark matter is negligible in the universe, its enhanced gravitational and leptonic forces could lead to the observed flat rotation curves due to relativistic ν¯e, whose static force involves a factor Eν/mν≈106. We estimate the leptonic charge to be gℓ≈7×10−21. The model predicts that the anti-electron-neutrino dark matter can interact with cosmic-ray protons to produce positrons, i.e. ν¯e+p+→e++n, through weak interaction of the unified electroweak theory. The anti-electron-neutrino dark matter sheds light on the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) experiment, which has detected the intriguing excess of cosmic-ray positrons over what is expected. The HEN model of dark matter suggests an experimental test of the new Lee–Yang force between electrons by using modern precision Cavendish experiment.

Violation of electromagnetic U1 symmetry by Yang–Mills gravity and deflection of light experiment

Within the gauge symmetry framework, the [Formula: see text] symmetry of electrodynamics is violated in the presence of gravity with spacetime translational gauge symmetry in inertial frames. For a light ray, an eikonal equation with effective metric tensors is derived in the geometric-optics limit. Under these conditions, the angle of the deflection of light by the sun is calculated to be [Formula: see text] in inertial frames without requiring a gauge condition such as [Formula: see text]. In contrast, if the theory is [Formula: see text] gauge invariant, one can impose the gauge condition [Formula: see text] in the derivation of the eikonal equation. In this case, one obtains a slightly different effective metric tensor and a different angle of deflection [Formula: see text]. However, because the precision of experiments in the last century using optical frequencies has been no better than (10–20)% due to large systematic errors, one cannot unambiguously rule out the result [Formula: see text]. We hope that the precision of these data can be improved in order to test Yang–Mills gravity.

Exact recession velocity and cosmic redshift based on cosmological principle and Yang-Mills gravity * * Supported in part by Jing Shin Research Fund and Prof. Leung Memorial Fund of the UMassD Foundation

Based on the cosmological principle and quantum Yang-Mills gravity in the super-macroscopic limit, we obtain an exact recession velocity and cosmic redshift z, as measured in an inertial frame For a matter-dominated universe, we have the effective cosmic metric tensor , where has the operational meaning of time in frame. We assume a cosmic action involving and derive the ‘Okubo equation’ of motion, , for a distant galaxy with mass . This cosmic equation predicts an exact recession velocity, , where and , as observed in the inertial frame . For small velocities, we have the usual Hubble's law for recession velocities. Following the formulation of the accelerated Wu-Doppler effect, we investigate cosmic redshifts z as measured in . It is natural to assume the massless Okubo equation, , for light emitted from accelerated distant galaxies. Based on the principle of limiting continuation of physical laws, we obtain a transformation for covariant wave 4-vectors between and inertial and an accelerated frame, and predict a relationship for the exact recession velocity and cosmic redshift, , where , as observed in the inertial frame . These predictions of the cosmic model are consistent with experiments for small velocities and should be further tested.

Big Jets model with CPT invariance and dynamics of expansion with quantum Yang–Mills gravity

Based on particle physics, the fundamental CPT invariance suggests a Big Jets model for the beginning of the universe, in which two oppositely directed jets evolved into a gigantic “matter half-universe” and a gigantic “antimatter half-universe” after annihilation and decay processes. In the geometric-optics limit, quantum Yang–Mills gravity with [Formula: see text] translational gauge symmetry in flat spacetime leads to an effective metric tensor in the Hamilton–Jacobi equation for macroscopic objects. This effective metric tensor does not exist in the wave equations of quantum particles. For cosmological expansion, we assume that an “effective metric tensor” for spacetime geometry based on Yang–Mills gravity corresponds to the usual FLRW form. Dynamical equations of expansion for the matter half-universe are obtained and solved. The time-dependent scale factors and the estimated age of the universes, [Formula: see text] yr, based on Yang–Mills gravity are consistent with experiments. CPT invariance implies that the same evolution process and dynamics of cosmic expansion also hold for the distant “antimatter half-universe”.

Pions as gluons in higher dimensions

We derive the nonlinear sigma model as a peculiar dimensional reduction of Yang-Mills theory. In this framework, pions are reformulated as higher-dimensional gluons arranged in a kinematic configuration that only probes cubic interactions. This procedure yields a purely cubic action for the nonlinear sigma model that exhibits a symmetry enforcing color-kinematics duality. Remarkably, the associated kinematic algebra originates directly from the Poincaré algebra in higher dimensions. Applying the same construction to gravity yields a new quartic action for Born-Infeld theory and, applied once more, a cubic action for the special Galileon theory. Since the nonlinear sigma model and special Galileon are subtly encoded in the cubic sectors of Yang-Mills theory and gravity, respectively, their double copy relationship is automatic.

Experiments on Frequency Dependence of the Deflection of Light in Yang-Mills Gravity

In Yang-Mills gravity based on flat space-time, the eikonal equation for a light ray is derived from the modified Maxwell’s wave equations in the geometric-optics limit. One obtains a Hamilton-Jacobi type equation, GLµv∂µΨ∂vΨ = 0 with an effective Riemannian metric tensor GLµv. According to Yang-Mills gravity, light rays (and macroscopic objects) move as if they were in an effective curved space-time with a metric tensor. The deflection angle of a light ray by the sun is about 1.53″ for experiments with optical frequencies ≈ 1014Hz. It is roughly 12% smaller than the usual value 1.75″. However, the experimental data in the past 100 years for the deflection of light by the sun in optical frequencies have uncertainties of (10-20)% due to large systematic errors. If one does not take the geometric-optics limit, one has the equation, GLµv[∂µΨ∂vΨcosΨ+ (∂µ∂vΨ)sinΨ] = 0, which suggests that the deflection angle could be frequency-dependent, according to Yang-Mills gravity. Nowadays, one has very accurate data in the radio frequencies ≈ 109Hz with uncertainties less than 0.1%. Thus, one can test this suggestion by using frequencies ≈ 1012 Hz, which could have a small uncertainty 0.1% due to the absence of systematic errors in the very long baseline interferometry.

AdS charged black holes in Einstein–Yang–Mills gravity's rainbow: Thermal stability and P − V criticality

Motivated by the interesting non-abelian gauge field, in this paper, we look for the analytical solutions of Yang–Mills theory in the context of gravity's rainbow. Regarding the trace of quantum gravity in black hole thermodynamics, we examine the first law of thermodynamics and also thermal stability in the canonical ensemble. We show that although the rainbow functions and Yang–Mills charge modify the solutions, the first law of thermodynamics is still valid. Based on the phenomenological similarities between the adS black holes and van der Waals liquid/gas systems, we study the critical behavior of the Yang–Mills black holes in the extended phase space thermodynamics. We also investigate the effects of various parameters on thermal instability as well as critical properties by using appropriate figures.

Understanding the cancelation of double poles in the Pfaffian of CHY-formulism

For a physical field theory, the tree-level amplitudes should possess only single poles. However, when computing amplitudes with Cachazo-He-Yuan (CHY) formulation, individual terms in the intermediate steps will contribute higher-order poles. In this paper, we investigate the cancelation of higher-order poles in CHY formula with Pfaffian as the building block. We develop a diagrammatic rule for expanding the reduced Pfaffian. Then by organizing diagrams in appropriate groups and applying the cross-ratio identities, we show that all potential contributions to higher-order poles in the reduced Pfaffian are canceled out, i.e., only single poles survive in Yang-Mills theory and gravity. Furthermore, we show the cancelations of higher-order poles in other field theories by introducing appropriate truncations, based on the single pole structure of Pfaffian.

Recombination of H and He in Yang–Mills Gravity

We investigate some aspects of the thermal history of the early universe according to Yang–Mills Gravity (YMG); a gauge theory of gravity set in flat space–time. Specifically, equations for the ionization fractions of hydrogen and singly ionized helium during the recombination epoch are deduced analytically and then solved numerically. By considering several approximations, we find that the presence of primordial helium and its interaction with Lyman series photons has a much stronger effect on the overall free electron density in YMG than it does in the standard, General Relativity (GR)-based, model. Compared to the standard model, recombination happens over a much larger range of temperatures, although there is still a very sharp temperature of last scattering around 2000 K. The ionization history of the universe is not directly observable, but knowledge of it is necessary for CMB power spectrum calculations. Such calculations will provide another rigorous test of YMG and will be explored in detail in an upcoming paper.

Gauge independence of the eikonal equation in Yang-Mills gravity

When one takes the geometric-optics limit of Maxwell’s wave equations in Yang-Mills gravity, one arrives at a new eikonal equation. Although we cannot perform the usual electromagnetic gauge transformation to the eikonal equation, we have the same equation for a wide class of gauge conditions, including the non-covariant temporal and axial gauges. We also show the presence of a small correction term if the large frequency limit is not taken. This small term suggests a frequency dependence in the deflection of light experiment. Moreover, there is a small violation of the electromagnetic U 1 gauge symmetry by gravity. This violation is crucial for the emergence of an effective Riemannian metric tensor associated with the new eikonal equation in Yang-Mills gravity. The results are consistent with known experiments and more accurate experiments in the future are required to test them.

FLRW COSMOLOGY FROM YANG–MILLS GRAVITY WITH TRANSLATIONAL GAUGE SYMMETRY

We extend to basic cosmology the subject of Yang–Mills gravity — a theory of gravity based on local translational gauge invariance in flat space–time. It has been shown that this particular gauge invariance leads to tensor factors in the macroscopic limit of the equations of motion of particles which plays the same role as the metric tensor of general relativity (GR). The assumption that this "effective metric" tensor takes on the standard FLRW form is our starting point. Equations analogous to the Friedmann equations are derived and then solved in closed form for the three special cases of a universe dominated by (1) matter, (2) radiation and (3) dark energy. We find that the solutions for the scale factor are similar to, but distinct from, those found in the corresponding GR based treatment.

Experimental tests on Yang-Mills gravity with accurate measurements of the deflection of light

In the geometric-optics limit, Yang-Mills gravity with space-time translational gauge symmetry predicts $\Delta \phi = 7Gm/(2R) \approx 1.53^{\prime\prime}$ for the deflection of a light ray by the sun. The result, which is about 12% smaller than that in the conventional theory, is consistent with experiments involving optical frequencies that had an accuracy of 10-20%.

The S-matrix and graviton self-energy in quantum Yang-Mills gravity

The S-matrix, its unitarity and the graviton self-energy at the one-loop level are discussed on the basis of quantum Yang-Mills gravity with the translational gauge symmetry in flat space-time. The unitarity and gauge invariance of the S-matrix in a class of gauge conditions is preserved by massless ghost vector particles, called `Feynman-DeWitt-Mandelstam' (FDM) ghosts, in quantum Yang-Mills gravity. Using dimensional regularization, the graviton self-energy are explicitly calculated with a general gauge condition. The resultant divergence of graviton self-energy at the one-loop level resembles to that in quantum electrodynamics.

A model of unified quantum chromodynamics and Yang-Mills gravity

Based on a generalized Yang-Mills framework, gravitational and strong interactions can be unified in analogy with the unification in the electroweak theory. By gauging T(4) × [SU(3)]color in flat space-time, we have a unified model of chromo-gravity with a new tensor gauge field, which couples universally to all gluons, quarks and anti-quarks. The space-time translational gauge symmetry assures that all wave equations of quarks and gluons reduce to a Hamilton-Jacobi equation with the same ‘effective Riemann metric tensors’ in the geometric-optics (or classical) limit. The emergence of effective metric tensors in the classical limit is essential for the unified model to agree with experiments. The unified model suggests that all gravitational, strong and electroweak interactions appear to be dictated by gauge symmetries in the generalized Yang-Mills framework.

Space-time translational gauge identities in Abelian Yang-Mills gravity

We derive and calculate the space-time translational gauge identities in quantum Yang-Mills gravity with a general class of gauge conditions involving two arbitrary parameters. These identities of the Abelian group of translation are a generalization of Ward-Takahasi-Fradkin identities and important for general discussions of possible renormalization of Yang-Mills gravity with translational gauge symmetry. The gauge identities in Yang-Mills gravity with a general class of gauge conditions are substantiated by explicit calculations.

Quantum Yang-Mills gravity in flat space-time and effective curved space-time for motions of classical objects

Yang-Mills gravity with translational gauge group T(4) in flat space-time implies a simple self-coupling of gravitons and a truly conserved energy-momentum tensor. Its consistency with experiments crucially depends on an interesting property that an “effective Riemannian metric tensor” emerges in and only in the geometric-optics limit of the photon and particle wave equations. We obtain Feynman rules for a coupled graviton-fermion system, including a general graviton propagator with two gauge parameters and the interaction of ghost particles. The equation of motion of macroscopic objects, as an N -body system, is demonstrated as the geometric-optics limit of the fermion wave equation. We discuss a relativistic Hamilton-Jacobi equation with an “effective Riemann metric tensor” for the classical particles.

YANG–MILLS GRAVITY IN FLAT SPACE–TIME II: GRAVITATIONAL RADIATIONS AND LEE–YANG FORCE FOR ACCELERATED COSMIC EXPANSION

Within Yang–Mills gravity with translation group T(4) in flat space–time, the invariant action involving quadratic translation gauge-curvature leads to quadrupole radiations, which are shown to be consistent with experiments. The radiation power turns out to be the same as that in Einstein's gravity to the second-order approximation. We also discuss an interesting physical reason for the accelerated cosmic expansion based on the long-range Lee–Yang force of Ub(1) gauge field associated with the established conservation law of baryon number. We show that the Lee–Yang force can be related to a linear potential ∝ r, provided the gauge field satisfies a fourth-order differential equation in flat space–time. Furthermore, we consider an experimental test of the Lee–Yang force related to the accelerated cosmic expansion. The necessity of generalizing Lorentz transformations for accelerated frames of reference and accelerated Wu–Doppler effects are briefly discussed.

Yang-Mills Gravity and Gravitational Radiation

A new translation gauge theory of gravity in flat space-time with a new Yang-Mills action involves quadratic gauge curvature and fermions. The theory shows that the presence of an “effective Riemannian metric tensor” for the motions of classical particles and light rays is probably the manifestation of the translation gauge symmetry in flat physical space-time. In the post-Newtonian approximation of the tensor gauge field produced by the energymomentum tensor, the results are shown to be consistent with classical tests of gravity and with the quadrupole radiations of binary pulsars.

Yang–Mills gravity in biconformal space

We write a gravity theory with Yang–Mills-type action using the biconformal gauging of the conformal group. We show that the resulting biconformal Yang–Mills gravity theories describe 4-dim, scale-invariant general relativity in the case of slowly changing fields. In addition, we systematically extend arbitrary 4-dim Yang–Mills theories to biconformal space, providing a new arena for studying flat-space Yang–Mills theories. By applying the biconformal extension to a 4-dim pure Yang–Mills theory with conformal symmetry, we establish a 1-1, onto mapping between a set of gravitational gauge theories and 4-dim, flat-space gauge theories.