Yanbu City Research Articles

Sizing of Hybrid PV/Battery/Wind/Diesel Microgrid System Using an Improved Decomposition Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm Considering Uncertainties and Battery Degradation

In this paper, a small-scale PV/Wind/Diesel Hybrid Microgrid System (HMS) for the city of Yanbu, Saudi Arabia is optimally designed, considering the uncertainties of renewable energy resources and battery degradation. The optimization problem is formulated as a multi-objective one with two objective functions: the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) and the Cost of Electricity (COE). An Improved Decomposition Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (IMOEAD) is proposed and applied to solve this problem. In this approach, different decomposition schemes are combined effectively to achieve better results than the classical MOEA/D approach. Twelve case studies are investigated based on different scenarios and different numbers of houses (5 and 10 houses). Each time, the suggested approach produced a set of solutions that formed a Pareto front (PF). Considering a variety of parameters, the optimal compromise option can be selected by the designer from the PF.

Optimal techno-economic-environmental study of using renewable energy resources for Yanbu city

The world’s attention is increasingly focused on the growing need to diversify energy sources. Saudi Arabia is under natural pressure to seize the opportunity in the renewable energy sector. Since renewable natural resources such as wind and solar energy are less expensive and environmentally friendly, most countries like to move away from the use of fossil fuels. This paper focuses on a techno-economic-environmental study of supplying Yanbu city in Saudi Arabia with a hybrid energy system consisting of solar energy, wind energy, and storage batteries. This has been carried out by considering an off-grid system or a system connected to the grid. In order to find the best solution from technical, economic, and environmental perspectives to supply the city, 15 options were considered. Photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbines (WT) connected to a grid make up the grid-connected system. The off-grid system considers the development of a load profile for Yanbu city. In both systems, an energy storage system (ESS) is essential (off-grid and grid-connected). The results show that the 850-MW PV system connected to the grid without an ESS is the best option both economically and technically.

Water Quality Assessment and Environmental Impact of Heavy Metals in the Red Sea Coastal Seawater of Yanbu, Saudi Arabia

The Yanbu industrial city along the Red Sea coast includes industries associated with crude oil and natural gas production and refining and support industries that produce manufactured goods for domestic and/or internal consumption. This study investigates the potential environmental impact and the possible sources of heavy metals (HMs), and it evaluates the quality of coastal surface seawater in the vicinity of Yanbu, along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. Thirty seawater samples have been collected and analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) in order to determine the concentration values of Fe, Cr, Pb, Sb, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, Ni, As, Cd, Co, and Hg. Reported HMs averages (μg/L) are in the following sequence: Ni (4.424) > As (4.297) > Cu (2.447) > Zn (1.667) > Al (1.133) > Fe (0.983) > Cr (0.723) > Mn (0.328) > Cd (0.309) > Pb (0.276) > Sb (0.238) > Co (0.144) > Hg (0.058). The contamination index (Cd) showed low contamination levels in all of the analyzed samples, whereas the index of heavy metal pollution (HPI) revealed medium contamination levels in 28 samples and low levels in two samples. Reported high HMs variations within samples are attributed to the multiplication of sources. The statistical analyses indicated anthropogenic sources for Cd, Co, Hg, Zn, and Ni, which may have originated from industrial, farming, or fishing activities around Yanbu city, while the remaining metals might be originated from combined lithogenic and human sources.

Attitude and Practice of Folic Acid Consumption Among Saudi Pregnant Women at Yanbu City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

BackgroundFolic acid (FA) intake is important for pregnant women for the healthy growth and development of their babies. It is well known that the intake of FA before and during pregnancy help in reducing the risks of congenital anomalies.MethodsA quantitative cross-sectional design was used to assess pregnant women's attitudes and practices related to FA. This study was conducted in the Antenatal Clinic at Yanbu General Hospital from February 2021 to May 2021. Structured questionnaires were used for data collection from a sample of pregnant women (n=65).ResultsThe study revealed that less than half of the study sample consumed FA daily and only 46.2% of women started consuming FA during the first month of pregnancy.ConclusionAction should be taken by the Saudi Health Organization for empowering child-bearing women to consume adequate sources of FA at the appropriate time and frequency.

Evaluation of the activity of 238U, 40K, and 232Th in soil samples at Yanbu Al-Bahr City in KSA

The activity of radionuclides Uranium-238, Thorium-232, and Potassium-40 in soil samples collected from different areas in Yanbu city were analyzed using Gamma Spectrometry based on the HPGe detector CANBERRA model, with a relative efficiency of 40%. The activity concentrations for these radionuclides were compared with the world average activity of the soil, it was found that the activity of 238U in samples ranged from (19.4 - 30.8) Bq/kg. And for 232Th, the activity in samples ranged from (8.7 – 26.6) Bq/kg. While the activity of 40K in samples ranged from (332.1 - 638.0) Bq/kg. In addition, the average dose rate in the air is 50.84 nGy/h. It can be said that the activity of 238U, 232Th, and 40K in the study areas and the dose rate in the air is within the average world limits, (UNSCEAR 2000).

Phylogenetic affiliation of bioactive metabolites producing bacterial symbionts associated with soft corals from the Red Sea

The coastal areas of the Red Sea within Saudi Arabia have a wide diversity of marine soft corals harboring many symbiotic bacteria that could present a potential source of many antibacterial metabolites. This study focused on the molecular characterization of antibiotic-producing bacteria associated with soft corals and investigated the influence of culture conditions on the production of their antibacterial extracts. Two soft coral samples were collected offshore from Yanbu City and identified as genus Sarcophyton. Screening for antibiotic-producing bacterial symbionts uncovered nine isolates with a wide inhibitory spectrum against gram-positive and negative bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis of the bioactive bacterial symbionts 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed the prevalence of gram-negative bacteria with seven isolates all belonging to class γ-proteobacteria. The remaining two isolates were represented within class firmicutes and actinobacteria. Eight isolates were grouped perfectly with their best matches. While the remaining ninth isolate was phylogenetically separated from all the species within the Photobacterium genus, suggesting that it could be a novel species. The optimum antibacterial compounds production was obtained in minimal media, at a temperature range of 25–28 °C, pH 7 and 100–150 rev/min agitation during 24–48 h of the incubation period, with moderate to high degree of thermal stability.

Optimal design for a hybrid microgrid-hydrogen storage facility in Saudi Arabia

BackgroundSustainable development requires access to affordable, reliable, and efficient energy to lift billions of people out of poverty and improve their standard of living. The development of new and renewable forms of energy that emit less CO2 may not materialize quickly enough or at a price point that allows people to attain the standard of living they desire and deserve. As a result, a parallel path to sustainability must be developed that uses both renewable and clean carbon-based methods. Hybrid microgrids are promoted to solve various electrical and energy-related issues that incorporate renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics, wind, diesel generation, or a combination of these sources. Utilizing microgrids in electric power generation has several benefits including clean energy, increased grid stability, and reduced congestion. Despite these advantages, microgrids are not frequently deployed because of economic concerns. To address these financial concerns, it is necessary to explore the ideal configuration of microgrids based on the quantity, quality, and availability of sustainable energy sources used to install the microgrid and the optimal design of microgrid components. These considerations are reflected in net present value and levelized energy cost.MethodsHOMER was used to simulate numerous system configurations and select the most feasible solution according to the net present value, levelizied cost of energy and hydrogen, operating cost, and renewable fraction. HOMER performed a repeated algorithm process to determine the most feasible system configuration and parameters with the least economic costs and highest benefits to achieve a practically feasible system configuration.ResultsThis article aimed to construct a cost-effective microgrid system for Saudi Arabia's Yanbu city using five configurations using excess energy to generate hydrogen. The obtained results indicate that the optimal configuration for the specified area is a hybrid photovoltaic/wind/battery/generator/fuel cell/hydrogen electrolyzer microgrid with a net present value and levelized energy cost of $10.6 billion and $0.15/kWh.ConclusionWith solar photovoltaic and wind generation costs declining, building electrolyzers in locations with excellent renewable resource conditions, such as Saudi Arabia, could become a low-cost hydrogen supply option, even when accounting for the transmission and distribution costs of transporting hydrogen from renewable resource locations to end-users. The optimum configuration can generate up to 32,132 tons of hydrogen per year (tH2/year), and 380,824 tons per year of CO2 emissions can be avoided.

The effectiveness of an educational session about folic acid on pregnant women's knowledge in Yanbu City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

<abstract><sec> <title>Background</title> <p>Folic Acid (FA) is an important nutritional element during pregnancy. It is B vitamin which is found in the natural and complementary source. Deficiency of FA during pregnancy leads to many maternal and fetal complications such as neural tube defect (NTD), birth defect, spontaneous abortion, and megaloblastic anemia. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of an educational session about FA on pregnant women's knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).</p> </sec><sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>A quasi-experimental design was conducted on sixty-five pregnant women from the outpatient clinic in Yanbu General Hospital (YGH) using pre-test and post-test questionnaire to assess their FA knowledge. A purposeful sampling method was used to involve the study participants. All the findings were analyzed through SPSS. Descriptive statistic was used to first generate information about the study participants, after which a t-test was conducted.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Results</title> <p>The participants had poor knowledge about FA before the session but the level was increased after the session with mean difference 5.49. Majority of the study participants 81.5% had knowledge that FA protects against NTD. While, 70% understood that FA is an important vitamin during pregnancy. There is a significant association between the age, income, working status, age of marriage, and knowledge of participants.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Conclusions</title> <p>An educational session had good effect on pregnant women's knowledge. Health care providers and social media should play more active role to increase the knowledge of FA to pregnant women.</p> </sec></abstract>

Prevalence of childhood obesity, its associated risk factors and parental misperception of their child’s actual weight among Saudi children in Yanbu city, Saudi Arabia 2021: A cross-sectional study

Aim of Study: To determine prevalence of childhood obesity among attendants of primary health care centers, its associated risk factors, and to identify parental misperceptions regarding their children’s actual weight. Methods: Following a cross-sectional study design, at primary health care centers (PHCC) in Yanbu Albahr City, Saudi Arabia, the study sample included 80 parents of Saudi healthy -school children aged 6 to 12 years. The study questionnaire included sociodemographic data of children and their parents, anthropometric data of children, the 1st section of the Arabic version of Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ), the child’s lifestyle behavior assessment and parent’s perception regarding their child’s weight. Results: Prevalence of overweight among children was 5%, while 13.8% were obese. Fast foods, sweets and soft drinks were commonly consumed by children, while 36.3% did not practice any sports. Children’s BMI grades did not differ significantly according to their or their parents’ sociodemographic factors, or their dietary habits, but differed according to their parents’ educational level (p=0.038), with highest prevalence of obesity among less educated parents. Only 7.5% of parents perceived their children as overweight, while 1.3% perceived their children as obese. Parents’ perception regarding their children’s weight did not differ according to how they judge their weight, the way they weigh their weight or their source of information about their children’s weight. Most parents (56.3%) incorrectly perceived their children’s weight. Conclusions: Prevalence of obesity among primary school children in Yanbu Albahr City is high. Unhealthy dietary habits, and physical inactivity are common among Saudi children. Most parents misperceive their children’s actual body weight. Children’s BMI grades differ significantly according to their parents’ educational level, with highest prevalence of obesity among less educated parents. Key Words: Childhood obesity, risk factors, dietary habits, physical activity, parents’ perception about children’s weight, Saudi Arabia.

معوِّقات تطبیق استراتیجیة التعلُّم التعاونیّ للطلبة الصُّمّ وضِعاف السمع من وجهة نظر معلِّمی محافظة ینبع Obstacles of Implementing Cooperative-Learning Strategy for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students From teachers’ perspective in Yanbu city

هدفت هذه الدِّرَاسَةُ إلى التعرُّف على أبرز معوِّقات تطبيق استراتيجية التعلُّم التعاونيّ بين طلبة التعليم العامّ والصمّ وضِعاف السمع، في المرحلتين الابتدائية والمتوسطة بمحافظة ينبع، ولتحقيق هذه الاهداف استخدم الباحثان المنهج الوصفي المسحي، کما استخدم الاستبانة کأداة لجمع البيانات اللازمة لهذه الدراسة، تکوَّن مجتمع الدِّرَاسَة من جميع المعلمين والمعلمات الذين يعملون في جميع مدارس الدمج التابعة لمحافظة ينبع في المرحلتين الابتدائية والمتوسطة، توصلت الدراسة لمجموعة من النتائج أبرزها ما يلي: أن أفراد عينة الدراسة موافقون بدرجة کبيرة على أثر استراتيجية التعلُّم التعاونيّ على تحسين الاندماج والتعاون مع طلاب التعليم العامّ لدى الطلبة الصم وضِعاف السمع. کما أظهرت النتائج أن أفراد عينة الدراسة موافقون بدرجة متوسطة على معوِّقات تطبيق استراتيجية التعلُّم التعاونيّ للطلبة الصمّ وضِعاف السمع.

User Acceptance of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems in Higher Education Institutions

It has become common practice for higher education institutions (HEIs) to replace existing computer systems, called legacy administrative information systems, with new ones to cope with the continuously changing demands in the context of education. At the top of these systems is enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems that integrate HEIs' business processes, functions, and data to improve their overall productivity and effectiveness. However, many studies on ERP adoption have shown that organizations frequently face several barriers, and the failure rate is high. In addition, various research projects have concluded that, quite often, HEIs do not obtain the expected advantages from the adoption of the ERP system. This research aims to explore the factors that affect the behavioral adoption and acceptance of an ERP system in the context of HEIs. Based on works from literature and authors' observations of the PeopleSoft system (ERP system) implementation at Yanbu University College (YUC) in Yanbu City, Saudi Arabia (SA), a conceptual model of users' acceptance of ERP systems has been proposed. The framework is based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model and is extended with additional constructs. The present study offers a theoretical contribution by extending the UTAUT model to provide a richer understanding of users' adoption behavior of ERP systems in the HEI context. In addition, according to the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper that to address ERP users' adoption perspective in HEIs in SA.

Decomposition based multiobjective evolutionary algorithm for PV/Wind/Diesel Hybrid Microgrid System design considering load uncertainty

This paper aims to optimally design a PV/Wind/Diesel Hybrid Microgrid System (HMS) for a small number of houses considering load uncertainty for the city of Yanbu, Saudi Arabia. Designing such a hybrid system with all the renewable and non-renewable sources, storage devices, converters, and loads is a complicated task. A multiobjective approach has been adopted to optimize the microgrid design. Two methodologies are available for solving such multiobjective problems. In the first approach, the problem is transformed into a single objective one (using aggregation, for instance), whereas, the second technique treats objectives simultaneously and independently as adopted in this paper. The proposed approach offers the Pareto front; a set of solutions in one run opening the door of choosing the most suitable solution from the available options based on the experience, expertise and requirement of the designer. This paper presents a novel approach of using Decomposition Based Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA/D) to optimally design the PV/Wind/Diesel HMS considering load uncertainty. Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) and Cost of Electricity (COE) are considered as the objective functions of the optimization problem. Furthermore, two separate load cases of 5 and 10 houses are tested to verify the robustness of the approach. The obtained results are beneficial in assisting researchers and practitioners in selecting the optimal configuration of the microgrid.

Near-surface geophysical surveys for bedrock investigation and modeling for grain silos site, Yanbu City, Western Saudi Arabia

The present work highlights results of near-surface geophysical surveys for construction grain silos site at marine Yanbu port in Yanbu province, western Saudia Arabia. Three techniques represented by seismic refraction tomography, electrical resistivity tomography, and time domain electromagnetic, were conducted to investigate the bedrock and overlying sediments. The geophysical surveys highlight the vertical and lateral distribution of the ground velocity and resistivity parameters. The comparison and integration of geophysical inversion and interpretation with borehole data were successfully used in mapping the depth of the bedrock and defining stratigraphic type and thickness of the overlying sediments. According to the investigated depth reached by geophysical investigation, the prospected sediments reveal three sediment layers that composed the prospected soil. The study terrain seems to be suitable for the construction of grain silos. On the other hand, seawater introduced at shallow depths should be a troublesome element in geotechnical construction; hence the requirement for additional safety measures to improve the watertightness of the soil.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Bullying among Female Students in Governmental Secondary Schools in Royal Commission of Yanbu City, 2018

Background: Bullying is a worldwide issue and is considered the most common form of violence between students and teachers in schools. Despite of that, it was not studied sufficiently in Saudi Arabia. Objectives: To assess the prevalence and determinants of bullying problem among female students in governmental secondary schools, in Royal Commission of Yanbu city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at Taif city, including a representative random sample of male secondary schools enrolled in private and governmental schools throughout the academic year 2018-2019. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. It included socio-demographic characteristics of the students as well as the Arabic version of Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) to assess SAD among them. Results: The study included 360 female students with a 100% response rate. Their age ranged between 15 and 19 years with an arithmetic mean of 17.02 years and standard deviation (SD) of 0.87 years. The prevalence of bullying behaviour among them was 55.6%; 25.3% as victims, 6.7% as bullies and 23.6% as bully-victims. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that students with skin problems (Adjusted OR=2.82, 95% CI=1.29, 6.17, p=0.010), sight problems (Adjusted OR=1.89, 95% CI=1.02-3.48, p=0.043), smokers (Adjusted OR=3.38, 95% CI=1.51-7.54, p=0.003), those with 3-5 and >5 close friends (Adjusted OR=3.42, 95% CI=1.71-6.83, p=0.001 and Adjusted OR=3.65, 95% CI=1.96-6.81, pConclusion: Bullying behaviour is a prevalent problem among female secondary schools at Royal Commission of Yanbu city with identified several risk factors.

Challenges facing social studies teachers while applying the active learning strategies Analytical descriptive study

The study aimed at identifying the most important challenges facing teachers in the school while applying active learning strategies, and identifying their use of technology and educational techniques in the classroom. In addition, it aimed at identifying their knowledge of the most important strategies for active learning, and finding possible solutions to the problems they face while presenting the lesson in an active manner from their point of view. The researcher used the descriptive analytical method. The study population consisted of the teachers of the various elementary and secondary school stages in Yanbu city in Madinah. The sample of the study was limited to 66 teachers from the study society. The study tool was a questionnaire of the researcher's design and was distributed electronically. Paragraphs on the challenges facing teachers in the use of active learning methods in the teaching of history. The study concluded with a number of results: • The general average of the use of the technical parameters for the application of active learning during the second semester of the year 1438 (1.71) of (3). These percentages indicate that the degree of use of the teachers of technology for the applying of active learning during the second semester of the year 1438 is medium. • The general average of respondents' responses to the preparation of a lesson by the student and his explanation is one of the active learning strategies (3.2) of (5), and these percentages indicate that the degree of responses of the sample on the preparation of a lesson by the student and explain it is a high active learning strategies. The results showed that the overall mean of the responses of the teachers about the interaction of the students in their school during the active lesson is positive with an average of (1.25) from (3). This result indicates that the interaction of the students in their school during the active lesson. In the light of previous findings, the study recommended the following: • Diversifying the strategies and methods of education followed, and assign the training of teachers to qualified members of them to train them in advanced teaching skills according to the requirements of the present and future. • Holding meetings, discussions and training courses related to the requirements of preparing and qualifying teachers in the practical field. • Establishing training centers and hold courses that qualify teachers and ensure their continued development in teaching skills.

Building Smart Cities by Using Enterprise GIS in Saudi Arabia

Big Cities and capitals are becoming overcrowded and hard to get future development prospect. New self-sustaining cities are becoming a smart substitutional solution to those old cities. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and information technology infrastructure (ITI) are at the core of these new self-sustaining cities enabling highly integrated services and real-time city monitoring by a network of sensors, wireless devices, cameras, and unified portals connected to massive data centers. All that for creating sustainable economic development and high quality of life by empowering various keys like energy, economy, efficiency, environment, mobility, communication, governance, transportation, people and leverage the quality of life. The Geographic information system (GIS) playing a big role in the smart city architecture and Royal commission in industrial yanbu city (RCY) build their smart city based on Enterprise GIS and open access network (OAN). “Geospatial technologies, such as modern geographic information systems (GIS) and data capturing technologies, are at the heart of the smart city, because understanding the ‘WHERE’ component is critical for making an informed decision. Geospatial technologies largely meet these communication needs, while emphasizing the geographical aspect, which plays a fundamental role in optimizing the understanding and management of the urban space”. [1].

Learning Disabilities Teachers' Attitudes About Professional Development to Address the Needs of Students with Gifted and Learning Disabilities (SGLD): A Qualitative Study

Learning disabilities teachers exercise a significant influence on the educational development of students with gifted and learning disabilities (SGLD). It is therefore important to understand their attitudes towards professional development in this area to effectively implement training and educational practices to address the needs of SGLD. The authors interviewed 8 learning disabilities teachers in Yanbu city in Saudi Arabia. The interviews were analysed using content analysis. Findings from the study suggest that further professional development in learning disabilities, giftedness and SGLD may assist in improving the educational outcomes of SGLD. The results of this study may assist teachers and educational personnel to seek the optimal methods to identify and assist SGLD.

Resource Assessment and Techno-Economic Analysis of a Grid-Connected Solar PV-Wind Hybrid System for Different Locations in Saudi Arabia

The economic growth and demographic progression in Saudi Arabia increased spending on the development of conventional power plants to meet the national energy demand. The conventional generation and continued use of fossil fuels as the main source of electricity will raise the operational environmental impact of electricity generation. Therefore, using different renewable energy sources might be a solution to this issue. In this study, a grid-connected solar PV-wind hybrid energy system has been designed considering an average community load demand of 15,000 kWh/day and a peak load of 2395 kW. HOMER software is used to assess the potential of renewable energy resources and perform the technical and economic analyses of the grid-connected hybrid system. The meteorological data was collected from the Renewable Resources Atlas developed by the King Abdullah City of Atomic and Renewable Energy (KACARE). Four different cities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, namely, the cities of Riyadh, Hafar Albatin, Sharurah, and Yanbu were selected to do the analyses. The simulation results show that the proposed system is economically and environmentally feasible at Yanbu city. The system at this city has the lowest net present cost (NPC) and levelized the cost of energy (LCOE), highest total energy that can be sold to the grid, as well as the lowest CO2 emissions due to a highly renewable energy penetration. This grid-connected hybrid system with the proposed configuration is applicable for similar meteorological and environmental conditions in the region, and around the world. Reduction of some greenhouse gasses as well as the reduction of energy costs are main contributors of this research.

Optimal sizing of PV/wind/diesel hybrid microgrid system using multi-objective self-adaptive differential evolution algorithm

Abstract Microgrid systems, such as solar photovoltaic (PV) power and wind energy, integrated with diesel generators are promising energy supplies and are economically feasible for current and future use in relation to increased demands for energy and depletion of conventional sources. It is thus important to optimize the size of hybrid microgrid system (HMS) components, including storage, to determine system cost and reliability. In this paper, optimal sizing of a PV/wind/diesel HMS with battery storage is conducted using the Multi-Objective Self-Adaptive Differential Evolution (MOSaDE) algorithm for the city of Yanbu, Saudi Arabia. Using the multi-objective optimization approach, the objectives are treated simultaneously and independently, thereby leading to a reduction in computational time. One of the main criteria to consider when designing and optimizing the HMS is the energy management strategy, which is required to coordinate the different units comprising the HMS. The multi-objective optimization approach is then used to analyze the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP), the Cost of Electricity (COE), and the Renewable Factor (RF) in relation to HMS cost and reliability and is tested using three case studies involving differing house numbers. Results verify its application in optimizing the HMS and in its practical implementation. In addition, optimization results using the proposed approach provided a set of design solutions for the HMS, which will assist researchers and practitioners in selecting the optimal HMS configuration. Moreover, it is important to select optimally sized HMS components to ensure that all load demands are met at the minimum energy cost and high reliability.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial properties of Halophila stipulacea Leaves Extracts obtained from (Alwajh) North of Yanbu City

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial properties of Halophila stipulacea Leaves Extracts obtained from (Alwajh) North of Yanbu City