Yagi-Uda Antenna Research Articles

RF and Microwave Technologies in Japan [TCC Tidbits

This summer, I had an opportunity to live in Japan for nearly two months. As a visitor from United States, I had numerous interesting impressions of how the RF and microwave technologies are used in Japan. While working for NTT Microsystem Integration Laboratories in Atsugi, a city located one hour west of Tokyo by train, I also traveled to many other places in Japan to visit research institutes and to explore Japanese culture. In addition to the Tokyo metro area, I traveled north to Sendai to visit Tohoku University where the Yagi-Uda Antenna was invented and traveled west to Kyoto with my family to visit those famous temples listed as World Heritage sites. I also visited JAXA (Japanese equivalent of NASA) not far away from Atsugi to see their latest technology and results of space exploration.

Plasmonic nanoloop array antenna

In this Letter, we create an optical nanoantenna array composed of parasitic plasmonic loops that can enhance radiation characteristics and direct the optical energy successfully. Three metallic loops inspired by the concept of the Yagi-Uda antenna are optimized around the region where they feature high scattering performance to control the radiation beam. The loop geometry, when compared to the dipole configuration, has the benefit of using the available aperture in an effective way to provide higher directivity. The angular emission of the nanoloop array antenna is highly directive, and a directivity of 8.2 dB for upward radiation is established.

Design of Yagi-Uda Antenna Using Biogeography Based Optimization

Biogeography based optimization (BBO) is a new inclusive vigor based on the science of biogeography. Biogeography is the schoolwork of geographical allotment of biological organisms. BBO employs migration operator to share information between the problem solutions. The problem solutions are identified as habitat and sharing of features is called migration. In this communication, BBO algorithm is matured to optimize the element length and spacing for Yagi-Uda antenna. The gain of Yagi-Uda is a multimodal function and is hard to optimize because of its reliance on changes in lengths and spacings. To confirm the capabilities of BBO, Yagi-Uda antenna is optimized for three different design objectives which include gain, input impedance and side lobe level (SLL). During optimization, NEC2-a method of moment's code evaluates the performance of each design generated by BBO algorithm. The results obtained by BBO are compared with the genetic algorithm (GA), evolutionary programming (EP), comprehensive learning particle swarm optimization (CLPSO), simulated annealing (SA) and computational intelligence (CI).

Investigation of mutual coupling effect on the performance of 3-element Yagi-Uda antenna in linear and planar array configuration

Yagi-Uda antenna is a practical radiator, which is widely used in VHF and UHF range for various applications including Pulse Radars to probe atmosphere. For VHF/UHF Radars Yagi-Uda antennas are used in an array configuration. The results on mutual coupling effect of Yagi-Uda antennas are not readily available. In this paper, mutual coupled effect on various parameters of a typical 3-element Yagi-Uda antenna in linear and planar array configurations, operating at 53MHz, has been simulated using a windows based NEC-2/NEC-4 antenna modeler. The theoretical results have been verified experimentally.

5.8 GHz Microwave Power Transmission System for Micro-Robot

A 5.8 GHz microwave power transmission system for micro robots is presented.The rectifying circuit model for the microwave power transmission system is established by Ritz-Galerkin(RG) method,and the features of rectifying diode are analyzed.The relations between input power and output voltage as well as the relations between rectifier efficiency and load ratio are derived.The Yagi-Uda antenna is designed to increase directional performance of power receiving.At last,the microwave power transmission experiment system for micro-robots is set up,and the experiment of driving micro-robot using power transmitted by microwave is carried out.Experiment results show that it is feasible to supply power for micro robots by the proposed microwave power transmission system.

Design of Yagi-Uda array using Particle Swarm Optimization

The optimization of Yagi-Uda antenna is a subject of continuous research since its invention because of its multimodal pattern and complexity due to the presence of parasitic elements. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a new, high performance evolutionary technique, which has recently been used for optimization problems in antennas and electromagnetics. In this paper, PSO has been used to simultaneously optimize the gain, front-to-back ratio, input resistance and beamwidth of Yagi-Uda array. The antenna array geometry with good performance, compared to the results in available literature, has been obtained.

Vertically Multilayer-Stacked Yagi Antenna With Single and Dual Polarizations

There are many applications such as local positioning systems (LPS) and wireless sensor networks that require high-directivity and compact-size or small footprint antennas. The classical Yagi-Uda antenna may be useful in meeting such demands, which however, becomes very large in size to achieve a high-gain performance due to a large number of directors as well as space required between those elements. In this paper, high-gain yet compact stacked multilayered Yagi antennas are proposed and demonstrated at 5.8 GHz for LPS applications. This structure makes use of vertically stacked Yagi-like parasitic director elements that allow easily obtaining a simulated gain of 12 dB. Two different antenna configurations are presented, one based on dipole geometry for single polarization, and the other on a circular patch to achieve dual polarization. The characteristics of these antennas with respect to various geometrical parameters are studied in order to obtain the desired performance. Measured results of the fabricated antenna prototypes are in good agreement with simulated results. The measured dipole Yagi antenna yields 11 dB gain over 14% bandwidth with a size of 80 × 80 × 29 mm3. Radiation patterns of the dual-polarized Yagi antenna are nearly identical to those of the single-polarized antenna, which has a size of 50 × 50 × 60 mm3, and also its two-port isolation is found to be as low as -25 dB over 4% bandwidth. The proposed antennas present an excellent candidate for compact and low-cost microwave and millimeter-wave integrated systems that require fixed or variable polarization capabilities and small surface footprint.

Directional control of light by a nano-optical Yagi–Uda antenna

The plasmon resonance of metal nanoparticles can enhance and direct light from optical emitters in much the same way that radio frequency (RF) antennas enhance and direct the emission from electrical circuits. In the RF regime, a typical antenna design for high directivity is the Yagi-Uda antenna, which basically consists of a one-dimensional array of antenna elements driven by a single feed element. Here, we present the experimental demonstration of directional light emission from a nano-optical Yagi-Uda antenna composed of an array of appropriately tuned gold nanorods. Our results indicate that nano-optical antenna arrays are a simple but efficient tool for the spatial control of light emission.

Differentially-Fed Millimeter-Wave Yagi-Uda Antennas With Folded Dipole Feed

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Differentially-driven Yagi-Uda antennas have been developed for millimeter-wave applications. The antennas are built on both sides of a Teflon substrate <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$(\varepsilon_{r} = 2.2)$</tex></formula>. A key design aspect is the use of a folded dipole feed which increases the input impedance from 18 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\Omega$</tex></formula> (standard dipole case) to 150 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\Omega$</tex> </formula> and is compatible with coplanar strip lines. A 7-element design results in a gain of 8–10 dB at 22–26 GHz and a cross-polarization level of <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$&lt; {- 22}~{\rm dB}$</tex></formula>. The differentially-fed Yagi-Uda antenna with folded dipole results in high radiation efficiency (<formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">${&gt; 90}\%$</tex></formula> at 22–26 GHz) and is suitable for mm-wave point-to-point links communication systems. </para>

Wideband Yagi-Uda Antenna Design Using Adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithm

A series of control parameter researches of differential evolution algorithm (DE) and adaptive DE (ADE) for a wideband six-element Yagi-Uda antenna optimization is presented. A method of moments code (NEC) was used to evaluate each of the antenna designs generated by ADE and DE. The optimized Yagi-Uda antenna is fabricated and measured to validate the efficiency and the flexibility of the parameter analysis. The simulated and measured impedance bandwidth of VSWR < 1.5 achieves 14.0%, which trebles the bandwidth of the Yagi-Uda antenna with a driven dipole element. The measured maximum antenna gain across the operating frequency band reaches 12.75 dB. Measured results of the fabricated antenna prototype is in good agreement with simulated results. Numerical and measured results confirm that the proposed ADE method is superior to or at least competitive with the conventional DE in terms of convergence speed and solution quality.

DUAL-BAND YAGI-UDA ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

A novel Yagi-Uda antenna with dual-band (915–935 MHz and 1760–1805 MHz) is presented. Branch structures are used to realize dual-band performance. The geometrical parameters for the branch structures are optimized to explore the antenna to operate satisfactorily in the two bands. Prototype is manufactured and measured, and the results are in good agreement with the simulated ones. In the two operating bands, the proposed antenna achieves directional radiation and the performances that VSWR < 2, gain 5– 6.6 dBi and front-to-back ratio 6–9.1 dB, making it suitable for the non-fixed base station backhaul in wireless communications.

Substrate integrated waveguide Yagi-Uda antenna

A novel substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) Yagi-Uda antenna for 60 GHz applications is presented. The proposed antenna has the merits of low profile and light weight and is suitable for direct integration with the SIW wireless front end. Simulated results are compared with measured data and good agreement is reported.

Design and optimisation of Yagi-Uda antenna arrays

The geometry optimisation of linear and two-dimensional (2D) Yagi-Uda antenna arrays is presented. The objective from the optimisation is to increase the directivity and/or minimise the sidelobe level. The optimisation parameters are the lengths and/or the separations between the array elements for the linear array, and lengths and element locations for the 2D array. The current distribution over the array elements is found using the method of moments that takes into consideration mutual coupling between array elements. From the current distribution and the array geometry, the radiated electric field is computed, from which the directivity and other array parameters are calculated. The particle swarm optimisation (PSO) method is used in the optimisation process. Various numerical examples are presented and discussed, and the results are compared with other optimisation methods whenever possible.

PARETO OPTIMAL YAGI-UDA ANTENNA DESIGN USING MULTI-OBJECTIVE DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION

Antenna design problems often require the optimization of several con∞icting objectives such as gain maximization, sidelobe level (SLL) reduction and input impedance matching. Multi- objective Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEAs) are suitable optimization techniques for solving such problems. An e-cient algorithm is Generalized Difierential Evolution (GDE3), which is a multi-objective extension of Difierential Evolution (DE). The GDE3 algorithm can be applied to global optimization of any engineering problem with an arbitrary number of objective and constraint functions. Another popular MOEA is Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm- II (NSGA-II). Both GDE3 and NSGA-II are applied to Yagi-Uda antenna design under specifled constraints. The numerical solver used for antenna parameters calculations is SuperNEC, an object-oriented version of the numerical electromagnetic code (NEC-2). Three difierent Yagi-Uda antenna designs are considered and optimized. Pareto fronts are produced for both algorithms. The results indicate the advantages of this approach and the applicability of this design method.

MODIFIED TWO-ELEMENT YAGI-UDA ANTENNA WITH TUNABLE BEAMS

A modifled two-element Yagi-Uda antenna with tunable beams in the H-plane (including four signiflcant beams: forward, backward, omni-directional, and bi-directional beams) is presented. These tunable beams are achieved by simply adjusting the short-circuit position of the transmission line connected to the parasitic element. The principle of operation is investigated by examining the current relations between the driven and parasitic elements. Measured results of a fabricated prototype are presented and discussed.

A Survey of the Origins and Evolution of the Microwave Circuit Devices in Japan from the 1920s up until 1945

We edit in this paper several archives on the research and development in the field of microwave circuit technology in Japan, that originated with the invention of Yagi-Uda antenna in 1925, together with generally unknown historical topics in the period from the 1920s up until the end of World War II. As the main subject, we investigate the origin and evolution of the Multiply Split-Anode Magnetron, and clarify that the basic magnetron technology had been established until 1939 under the direction of Yoji Ito in cooperation of expert engineers between the Naval Technical Institute (NTI) and the Nihon Musen Co., while the Cavity Magnetron was invented by Shigeru Nakajima of the Nihon Musen Co. in May 1939, and further that physical theory of the Multiply Split-Anode Cavity Magnetron Oscillation and the design theory of the Cavity Magnetron were established in collaboration between the world-known physicists and the expert engineers at the NTI Shimada Laboratory in the wartime. In addition, we clarify that Sin-itiro Tomonaga presented the Scattering Matrix representation of Microwave Circuits, and others. The development mentioned above was carried out, in strict secrecy, in an unusual wartime situation up until 1945.

A Yagi–Uda Array of High-Efficiency Wire-Bond Antennas for On-Chip Radio Applications

In this paper, we present a high-efficiency nonplanar Yagi-Uda antenna array consisting of six wire bonds for on-chip radio applications. The measured and simulated results are presented for the radiation pattern, gain, and radiation efficiency of the antenna at 40 GHz. The array has been characterized with two different ground-plane sizes that are 0.32¿ <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 1.4¿ <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The arrays achieved the measured gains of 6.0 and 8.1 dBi for the small and large ground-plane variations, respectively, after numerically removing the loss from the feed line. The efficiencies of the antennas were extracted using the simulated directivity values. The efficiency of the large ground antenna was 82.5%, whereas that of the small ground antenna was 72.0%. Single wire-bond antennas are also characterized when integrated directly on a silicon-germanium complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor transceiver chip with -1.4-dBi gain and 51% efficiency. This paper builds on measurements of a single wire-bond antenna over ground-plane sizes ranging from 0.5¿ <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> to 2.1¿ <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , which achieved gains of 0.4-3.6 dBi and efficiencies of 51%-84%.

Terahertz Yagi-Uda Antenna for High Input Resistance

This paper presents the design of terahertz Yagi-Uda antennas with high input resistance. The proposed Yagi-Uda antennas can achieve much higher input resistance than existing THz antennas by using a full-wavelength straight-line dipole and a full-wavelength U-shaped dipole as driver elements. Current leakage into the bias line was minimized by applying photonic bandgap structures at the bias line. By designing the antennas on a thin substrate, end-fire radiation patterns with high antenna resistance can be obtained even when the substrate has a high dielectric constant. We expect that the proposed Yagi-Uda antennas can achieve increased terahertz output power by improving their capacity for impedance matching with a photomixer.

Antenna optimization by hybrid differential evolution

To solve complex antenna design problems, this article proposes a hybrid differential evolution algorithm (DE). The proposed method combines the DE with the simplified quadratic interpolation (SQI) to optimize the performance of the antenna. The DE is the global optimizer, and the SQI is used to fine tune. The hybrid DE is demonstrated on optimizing designing Yagi-Uda antennas and wideband patch antennas. Numerical results confirm that the proposed method is superior to or at least competitive with the original DE and other evolutionary algorithms in terms of convergence speed and solution quality. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 2010.

High-Gain Yagi-Uda Antennas for Millimeter-Wave Switched-Beam Systems

A high-efficiency microstrip-fed Yagi-Uda antenna has been developed for millimeter-wave applications. The antenna is built on both sides of a Teflon substrate (epsiv <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</sub> = 2.2) which results in an integrated balun for the feed dipole. A 7-element design results in a measured gain of 9-11 dB at 22-26 GHz with a cross-polarization level of < - 16 dB. The antenna is matched to 50 Omega (microstrip feed). A mutual coupling of < - 20 dB is measured between two Yagi-Uda antennas with a center-to center spacing of 8.75 mm (0.7 lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> at 24 GHz), and a two-element array results in a measured gain of 11.5-13 dB at 22-25 GHz. The planar Yagi-Uda antenna results in high radiation efficiency ( > 90 % ) and is suitable for mm-wave radars and high data-rate communication systems.