Xz Plane Research Articles

Fourth order correction to a Gaussian beam focused with a parabolic index lens

We formulate the fourth order correction to a paraxial Gaussian beam propagated along the axis of symmetry of a parabolic index lens. First we examine the evolution of a complex-source-point spherical wave (equivalent paraxially to a Gaussian beam) through the lens in a two-dimensional xz plane. Taking into account the terms of up to fourth order in aperture variables, we find a ray-optical solution to the exit beam that is represented in terms of aberration function. We also analyze the effect of the lens aberration exerted on the degradation in the quality of a Gaussian beam. The fourth order-corrected wave function derived here may be used to evaluate the quality of a Gaussian beam focused with a parabolic index lens. Further it may be applied to the case of an orthogonal system in which the index variations are different in the xz and yz planes.

AN ULTRA-WIDEBAND QUASI-PLANAR ANTENNA WITH ENHANCED GAIN

A new ultra-wideband antenna with enhanced and nearly constant gain is presented. This quasi-planar antenna is composed of a CPW-fed printed monopole and a short horn, both made out of a single substrate. The measurements demonstrate an almost ∞at peak gain of 5:5dBi § 0:7dB from 2.5GHz to 15GHz with the average gain difierence in XZ plane is roughly 2dB up to 8GHz, which further rise to 6dB at 10GHz. The antenna also has a nearly linear phase response in this band. Well tested performance both in frequency and time domains, along with broad azimuth pattern, results in minimal ringing of a radiated pulse. The new antenna is suitable for establishing good line of sight link for UWB transmission and other broadband applications.

Ligand‐based design, virtual screening, and ADME/T‐based profiling on a dataset of 1,3,5‐triazine‐substituted benzene sulfonamides as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analysis was performed on a dataset of 62 (1,3,5‐triazine‐substituted) benzene sulfonamides as carbonic anhydrase II and IX inhibitors using simulated annealing‐based multiple linear regression analysis. The selected QSAR model for carbonic anhydrase II inhibition (cross‐validated Q2 = 0.689, , ) showed that aromaticity, lipophilicity, electronegativity, and molecular projection in the XZ plane influence the activity, whereas that for carbonic anhydrase IX inhibition (cross‐validated Q2 = 0.767, , ) showed that activity was influenced by hydrophilicity, linker between the aromatic rings, electronegativity, and molecular weight. The QSAR model selected was internally and externally validated to define its predictability. Activity prediction of an external dataset containing nine compounds (within the same sphere of applicability) was performed to prove the models' specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity. The hypothesis in the form of the QSAR model was used for ligand‐based virtual screening on the ZINC database to obtain some potential hits. Similarly, docking studies on screened hits showed that the molecules interact and orient at the catalytic site in a way similar to acetazolamide. Additionally, an absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity screening was also performed, and results showed that most of the compounds that can be possible drug candidates obey the Lipinski rule of five and Jorgensen rule of three. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Rod Photoreceptors Express GPR55 in the Adult Vervet Monkey Retina

Cannabinoids exert their actions mainly through two receptors, the cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) and cannabinoid CB2 receptor (CB2R). In recent years, the G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) was suggested as a cannabinoid receptor based on its activation by anandamide and tetrahydrocannabinol. Yet, its formal classification is still a matter of debate. CB1R and CB2R expression patterns are well described for rodent and monkey retinas. In the monkey retina, CB1R has been localized in its neural (cone photoreceptor, horizontal, bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells) and CB2R in glial components (Müller cells). The aim of this study was to determine the expression pattern of GPR55 in the monkey retina by using confocal microscopy. Our results show that GPR55 is strictly localized in the photoreceptor layer of the extrafoveal portion of the retina. Co-immunolabeling of GPR55 with rhodopsin, the photosensitive pigment in rods, revealed a clear overlap of expression throughout the rod structure with most prominent staining in the inner segments. Additionally, double-label of GPR55 with calbindin, a specific marker for cone photoreceptors in the primate retina, allowed us to exclude expression of GPR55 in cones. The labeling of GPR55 in rods was further assessed with a 3D visualization in the XZ and YZ planes thus confirming its exclusive expression in rods. These results provide data on the distribution of GPR55 in the monkey retina, different than CB1R and CB2R. The presence of GPR55 in rods suggests a function of this receptor in scotopic vision that needs to be demonstrated.

100 Hz high energy KTiOAsO4 optical parametric oscillator

A high energy KTiOAsO4 (KTA) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) pumped by a 1064nm MOPA system was demonstrated. The characteristics of the high energy middle infrared laser output were studied with the 41.2°-cut (in XZ plane) and X-cut KTA crystals. At 100Hz, 74.5mJ of 1.49μm signal and 24.6mJ of 3.75μm idler were obtained with the 41.2°-cut KTA OPO, corresponding to slope efficiencies of 50% and 16.7% for the signal and idler. With the X-cut KTA OPO, 89.7mJ of 1.54μm signal and 33.8mJ of 3.46μm idler were obtained, corresponding to slope efficiencies of 36.4% and 15%.

무인잠수정의 적분 상태 궤환 제어기 설계 및 경유점 추적 연구

A state feedback controller with integration of output error is proposed for way-point tracking of an AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle). For the steering control on the XY plane, the proposed controller uses three state variables (sway velocity, yaw rate, heading angle) and the integral of the steering error, and for the depth control on the XZ plane, it uses four state variables (pitch rate, depth, pitch angle) and the integral of the depth error. From the simulation using Matlab/Simulink, we verify that the performance of the proposed controller is satisfactory within an error range of 1m from the target way-point for arbitrarily chosen sets of consecutive way-points.

3D-Computer Simulation of Physical Transfer Process in Laser Molten Pool

The physical mathematic model for heat transfer and convection in laser molten pool established. 3D-computer simulation of temperature and fluid fields has been completed with finite difference method. It is shown that in laser molten pool there is a strong fluid flow, which is symmetrical in XY plane and anti symmetric in XZ plane. Due to effects of convection and heat transfer laser molten pool is widen. Surface tension gradient is the main drawing force for convection.

Self‐phase‐locked degenerate femtosecond optical parametric oscillator based on BiB3O6

AbstractA self‐phase‐locked degenerate femtosecond optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on the birefringent nonlinear material, bismuth triborate, BiB3O6, synchronously‐pumped by a Kerr‐lens‐mode‐locked Ti:sapphire laser at 800 nm is described. By exploiting versatile phase‐matching properties of BiB3O6, including large spectral and angular acceptance for parametric generation and low group velocity dispersion in the optical xz plane, stable self‐phase‐locked degenerate OPO operation centered at 1600 nm is demonstrated using collinear type I (e → oo) interaction in a 1.5‐mm crystal at room temperature.The degenerate OPO output spectrum extends over 46 nm (∼5.4 THz) with 190 fs pulse duration for input pump pulses of 155 fs with a bandwidth of 7 nm. Phase coherence between the pump and degenerate output is verified using f‐2f interferometry, and discrete frequency beats caused by different carrier‐envelope‐offset frequencies are measured using radio frequency measurements.Photo shows a 1.5‐mm BiB3O6 crystal used as a nonlinear gain medium in a degenerate self‐phase‐locked femtosecond OPO operating at room temperature. The green beam is the result of non‐phase‐matched sum‐frequency mixing between the pump light and the sub‐harmonic OPO field at degeneracy.

A high energy 3.75 μm KTA optical parametric oscillator at a critical angle

A high energy 3.75 μm nano-second KTiOAsO4 (KTA) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) at a critical angle is demonstrated in this letter. The OPO is pumped by a 1.064 μm laser and the KTA crystal is cut at 41.2° in the XZ plane. The phase matching angle is at the edge of the phase match curve and the edge of the absorption region for mid-infrared lasers. The cavity is a signal resonant oscillator. The spatial distribution of the pump light is a quasi-plane wave and the pulse width is 10 ns. A 218 mJ signal at 1.484 μm and a 60 mJ idler at 3.75 μm are achieved with a pump energy of 795 mJ, corresponding to a conversion efficiency of 35%. The idler pulse width is 7 ns. The divergence angle in the walk-off plane is 4 mrad and it is 14 mrad in the other plane. The results prove that the OPO phase matching of KTA exists at 3.75 μm and the KTA OPO can generate a high energy idler at 3.75 μm.

Quartz c-axis evidence for deformation characteristics in the Sanandaj–Sirjan metamorphic belt, Iran

Quartz c-axis fabric, finite strain, and kinematic vorticity analyses were carried out in well-exposed quartz mylonites to investigate the heterogeneous nature of ductile deformation within the Eghlid deformed area in the High Pressure–Low Temperature (HP–LT) Sanandaj–Sirjan metamorphic belt (Zagros Mountains, Iran). This belt belongs to a sequence of tectonometamorphic complexes with low- to high-grade metamorphic rocks affected by a polyphase deformation history. Asymmetric quartz c-axis fabrics (type I) confirm a localized top-to-the-southeast sense of shear. Quantitative finite strain analysis in the XZ, XY and YZ principal planes of the finite strain ellipsoid demonstrate that the strain ratio increases towards the thrust planes of the Zagros Thrust System. Kinematic vorticity analysis of deformed quartz grains showed sequential variation in the kinematic vorticity number from ∼0.5 to ∼0.8 between the thrust sheets. Such vorticity numbers show that both simple and pure shear components contribute to the deformation. Our results show that simple shear dominated deformation near the thrust faults, and pure shear dominated deformation far from them. Quartz c-axis opening angles suggest deformation temperatures range between 450°±50°C and 600°±50°C, which yield greenschist to amphibolite facies conditions during ductile deformation.

Motion and Force Analysis in Pantograph Mechanism for Micro- Nano Patterning

In order to meet the growing demand of direct patterning over solid surfaces in micro-nano scale, a pantograph based mechanism has been developed. This mechanism ensures the precision positioning of tool tip while retaining the tool tip orientation irrespective of scratch depth unlike cantilever mechanism used in AFM systems. This mechanism provides one DOF motion in XZ plane at ¼ of the motion induced at driving point by the linear actuator. The design of pantograph mechanism including analysis performed on motion and force transfer between actuator and the tool tip is presented.

Interaction between parallel Gaussian electromagnetic beams in a plasma with weakly relativistic-ponderomotive regime

In this communication, authors have studied the interaction between two Gaussian electromagnetic beams in a plasma for weakly relativistic-ponderomotive regime when the axes of two beams are initially parallel along z-axis in the xz plane: the beams are initially propagating in the z-direction. Second order coupled ordinary differential equations have been obtained for the distance between centers of the beams and the beam widths in the x- and y-directions along z-axis. The so obtained equations are solved numerically for a range of parameters and the results are depicted in the form of graphs.

Edge Contour Measurement of Single Point Diamond Cutting Tools by an Optical Probe

This paper presents an optical probe employed for edge contour measurement of single point diamond cutting tools. The laser beam from a laser diode (LD) is focused by an objective lens to form a small light spot with a radius of approximately 20 μm, and is then received by a photodiode (PD) after passed through the focal point of the objective lens. The cutting edge of the tool, which is placed on a line with the LD and the PD, is inserted into the laser beam section. At an each X-position, the output of the PD is recorded while the light spot is moved along the Z-direction, scanning across the cutting edge of the tool with its rake face aligned in the XZ plane. The Z-position of the cutting edge is evaluated by determining a specific value from the obtained outputs of the PD. The edge contour of the diamond cutting tool can thus be measured by repeating the Z-scanning at different X-positions. Computer simulation was carried out to investigate the influences of error factors on the evaluation of the cutting edge. Experiments were also carried out to measure a round nose of a tool with nominal nose radius of 2 mm.

Plane waves in a transversely isotropic rotating magnetothermoelastic medium

Formulation of the Problem and Its Solution. We consider an infinite, homogeneous, transversely isotropic, thermally and electrically conducting elastic medium with the reference temperature T0 under the action of a primary magnetic field with the magnetic induction B0. The medium is uniformly rotating with an angular velocity = Ωn, where n is the unit vector in the direction of the axis of rotation. The displacement equation in a rotating frame of reference includes two additional terms corresponding to the centripetal acceleration due to only time-varying motion ( × × u) and to the Coriolis acceleration ⎛ ⎝ ⎞ ⎠ a way that the planes of isotropy are perpendicular to the z axis. The origin of the frame is located on the plane surface, and the z axis is directed normally into the medium which is thus represented by z ≥ 0. We restrict our analysis to the plane strain parallel to the xz plane with the displacement vector u = (u, 0, w) and temperature T(x, z, t). We also assume that the half-space is rotating about the y axis with the angular velocity = (0, Ω, 0). We consider the time-dependent dynamic solutions and the time-independent part of the centripetal acceleration, and all the body forces are neglected, except for the time-dependent part of the electromagnetic body force. Then, the displacement equations in an elastic solid with increase in the temperature T above the reference temperature T0 are

Angle-Dependent Irradiation of C4 in Femtosecond Laser Pulses

We study the angle-dependent irradiation of linear C4 in the strong femtosecond laser pulses with the help of time-dependent local density approximation applied to valence electrons, coupled non-adiabatically to molecular dynamics of ions. It is found that the excitation of C4 including the electrons and ions has a strong relation to the angle between the laser polarization and the internuclear axis of C4. The ionization yield decreases when the angle ranges from 0 to π/2. A clear suppression in the ionization yield is found when the laser polarization is perpendicular to the internuclear axis of C4. We track the dynamic motion of ionized C4 even in the relaxation time. It shows that the ionized C4 keeps on oscillating without fragmenting after the irradiation in different cases, while it is more excited when the laser polarization is along the internuclear axis. Furthermore, it is found that the change of the ELF takes place mainly in the xy plane and xz plane and the electron ejection mainly comes from the middle two atoms for the θ = 0 case.

SU-E-T-152: Development of a Phantom for Commissioning and Patient Specific QA for Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT).

To design a cost effective phantom for commissioning tests and patient specific quality assurance in VMAT techniqueMethods: The phantom is made of PMMA with the physical density of 1.18 gm/cc. It consists of 20 numbers of 20cm diameter discs connected together in a horizontal stack, making a cylinder of length 20cm. The centers of the discs are drilled with 2.1cm hole which accommodates chamber sleeve of near 2.1cm diameter, which is made of Delrin with the physical density of 1.414gm/cc. The cylindrical geometry of the phantom is ideal for rotational therapy QA like VMAT or Rapid arc. The entire phantom is self supporting and hence no supporting bar or holders are in the path of beam geometry. The chamber sleeve itself acts as the supporting rod for these discs and it can be inserted in to the disc assembly from distance of-9cm to +10cm from the origin and hence any axial point from -9cm to +10cm with respect to isocenter can be used for point dose measurement. The other side of the chamber sleeve is filled by spacer rod for sustaining the discs in place. The films can be inserted, transversely in any XZ plane from -9cm to +10cm from the origin between the discs next to the chamber center. Simultaneous irradiation for the chamber and the film is done for VMAT plans without collapsing the gantry angles to nominal angle of zero. Evaluated the results using RIT film analysis software for gamma index of 3%, 3mm. Good agreement is found with more than 95% of pixels passing 3% 3mm criteria. The point dose verification showed less than 3% variation with TPS planned dose. Most of the commercial QA systems needs gantry to be collapsed to zero degree to perform QA for modern RT techniques. Especially for techniques like VMAT, collapsing gantry to zero will fail to validate the influence of gantry speed on dose delivery.

Simulation of mode conversion at the magnetopause

Two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) hybrid simulations are carried out for mode conversion from fast mode compressional wave to kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) at the inhomogeneous magnetopause boundary. For cases in which the incident fast wave propagates in the xz plane, with the magnetopause normal along x and the background magnetic field pointing along z, the 2-D (xz) simulation shows that KAWs with large wave number k x ρ i ∼ 1 are generated near the Alfvén resonance surface, where ρ i is the ion Larmor radius. Several nonlinear wave properties are manifest in the mode conversion process. Harmonics of the driver frequency are generated. As a result of nonlinear wave interaction, the mode conversion region and its spectral width are broadened. In the 3-D simulation, after this first stage of the mode conversion to KAWs with large k x , a subsequent generation of KAW modes of finite k y is observed in the later stage, through a nonlinear parametric decay process. Since the nonlinear cascade to k y can lead to massive transport at the magnetopause, the simulation results provide an effective transport mechanism at the plasma boundaries in space as well as laboratory plasmas.

Propagation of plane waves in an anisotropic generalized thermoelastic solid with diffusion

UDC 536.21 This paper is concerned with the propagation of plane waves in a transversely isotropic generalized thermoelastic solid half-space with diffusion. The governing equations are modified in the context of the Lord and Shulman theory of generalized thermoelasticity and are solved to show the existence of four plane waves in the xz plane. Reflection of these plane waves from a thermally insulated free surface is studied, and a system of four nonhomogeneous equations for the reflection coefficients is obtained. For numerical computations of the speed and reflection coefficients, a particular material is modeled as a transversely isotropic generalized thermoelastic solid half-space. The speeds of plane waves are calculated against the angle of propagation to reveal the effects of anisotropy and diffusion. The reflection coefficients of various reflected waves are also obtained that demonstrate the effect of diffusion parameters.

A Compact Size Reconfigurable Antenna for Ultra-Wideband Applications

This paper presents a simpler method of designing a compact size reconfigurable antenna useful for ultra-wideband applications. The reconfigurability of the antenna designed was achieved by using the concept of open-circuit and short-circuit so only single structure was designed and reconfigurability of frequency was achieved. The substrate on which the antenna was to be designed was taken as Taconic(TLY) and the ground part was taken as Copper.The feed was given through the lumped port at 18mm in the XZ plane from the origin of the 3-dimensional co-ordinates i.e the starting left point of the substrate. Due to reconfigurable ability of the antenna four bands were obtained namely band-I (7.1GHz-10.8GHz) ,band II (7.3GHz-11.3GHz.), band III (12.8GHz-15.6GHz) & band-IV(17.3GHz -18.8 GHz) with corresponding return losses of -33, -25.4 and -25.9 dB respectively.

A COMPACT ULTRAWIDEBAND MONOPOLE ANTENNA WITH 5.5 GHZ NOTCHED BAND

This paper proposes a compact ultrawideband monopole antenna fed by CPW with a 5.5GHz notched band of WLAN/WiMAX systems. The antenna input section is designed by using a gradual curvature central line and ground planes for ultrawideband achievement. In order to reject the unwanted frequency of the existing WLAN/WiMAX band, the C-shaped slit with perimeter length of a half wavelength at center frequency of 5.5GHz has been embedded into the monopole patch. The designed antenna is completely implemented and measured for impedance bandwidth covering UWB range and stably performs omnidirectional pattern in xz plane from 3.1 to 10GHz. The proposed antenna could potentially minimize frequency interference in the WLAN/WiMAX bands.