XVII Century Research Articles

Children Portrait in Golden Age Spanish Painting: Iconographic Types, the Artistic Image Specificity, Development Stages

The article is devoted to children court portraits in the Spanish Art Golden Age. The Spanish children portrait has been unfairly overlooked by researchers. Meanwhile, its development visibly and vividly reveals the specifics of the Spanish art evolution. It also has a number of specific features that are absent in an adult portrait. The study of Philip II letters to his daughters reveals the closeness and warmth of relations in the Spanish royal family, and also shows the richness and diversity of the infantas activities. The images of fine art and the world of Philip letters to his daughters are “not congruent”, what clearly demonstrates the conventionality and canonicity of children representative images. The canon of representation helps to understand the modern didactic works of Erasmus of Rotterdam, Luis Vives, Baldassare Castiglione. Children, and especially royal children, were trained from an early age for their adult roles. Accordingly, there was a rigid canon of representation. It turns out to be the strictest in the era of Philip II. It was then that the first children portraits of infantes appeared. Subsequently, the iconography of children portraits is diversified. Italian Sofonisba Anguissola brought a sense of transience and emotionality to the strict Spanish canon, what would be adopted by Diego Velazquez. In the XVII century second half, the feeling of the variability of life was replaced by baroque bravura, enriched with allegorical figures and royal attributes in the portrait of Carlos II child by Sebastián de Herrera Barnuevo. And in the 18th century first half under the Bourbons the strict Spanish iconography was complemented by bright rocaille colors and glorification in encrypted emblems.

Служилые люди болховца 1647–1687 гг.: чиновная структура и служебные обязанности

Introduction. Using the example of the history of Bolkhovets, one of the cities of the Belgorod region, the author analyzes the socio-demographic processes of the development of fortress cities in the south of Russia in the XVII century, considers the city service as the basic structure for the formation of the regimental service, traces the evolution and archaization of the duties of serving people from the moment of settlement of the city to 1687. Materials and methods. The work is based on archival sources from the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. The main method of research was the analysis of sources, as well as their classification and systematization. Based on the material, tables were prepared that reflect key information on the structure of official duties of Bolkhovets' employees. Results. The study describes for the first time the official structure and official duties of serving people on the example of a particular city during the key period of the formation of Russian statehood in the south of the country. Conclusion. The presented version of the established official structure of Bolkhovets from 1647 to 1687 can be described as typical for most cities of the Belgorod region. The processes of evolution of the civil servants of this city, their responsibilities and structural changes in the accounting structure of the city are directly correlated with national processes, which are based on the construction of effective regional management. And the formation of mobile territorial regiments made it possible to solve security issues outside the region, which became a new form of the previously adopted defense strategy through the offensive.

Adventive component of Kuzbass flora

The article presents data about of the adventive component of the flora of the Kemerovo region, which differs from other subjects of the Asian part of Russia with the highest population density and is a region of intensive development. It is noted that the beginning of the introduction of alien species into the territory of the region through human activity can be considered by the XVII century. A group of archaeophytes is indicated for this period. For the territory of the Kemerovo region, the boundary between archaeophytes and neophytes can serve as the XVIII century. The most significant anthropogenic influence on the vegetation cover of Kuzbass began in the 20th century. It was established that the alien component of the flora of vascular plants is 338 species of 224 genera, 80 families. The largest foreign species and genera of the family are noted: Asteraceae, Poaceae Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Lamiaceae, Boraginaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae. For each floristic area, the number of alien species is indicated, as well as the “original” alien species, noted so far only in this area. It is proposed to supplement the list of invasive species of Kuzbass with 15 species. It has been established that among the alien species of Kuzbass xenophytes, therophytes, one-two-year-old summer-green grassy rod-rooted monocarpics predominate. Geographical analysis of the adventitious flora showed that the enrichment of the Kuzbass flora with alien species was multidirectional.

Early forms of accounting for sustainable development: The Grand Duchy of Tuscany in the XVI and XVII centuries

Introduction: The paper explores early forms of accounting for sustainable development by considering the Grand Duchy of Tuscany when it was under the rule of Cosimo I, Francesco I, Ferdinando I and Cosimo II de Medici. Aim of the work: The study shows how accounting practices were crucial means used by the Medici rulers to monitor the implementation of far-reaching environmental strategies that sought to balance civil and economic development with the need to protect the environment. Methodological approach: The work draws upon primary sources located at the State Archive of Pisa. Their interpretation has been informed by the literature that has explored the role of the State in promoting sustainable development and the place of accounting in this endeavour. Main findings: Accounting provided the Grand Dukes with crucial information on the Pisan territory, which enabled them to act on environmental matters to provide citizens with healthy and safe living conditions. Written information also allowed interventions that shaped the way in which citizens engaged with the environment so that human activity would not endanger natural resources. Originality: The paper offers a novel perspective on how accounting can support interventions by States which seek to promote sustainable development. It also provides evidence of very early forms of environmental accounting that were mobilised by a State which deeply cared for safeguarding nature.

К ВОПРОСУ ОБ ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЙ ОСНОВЕ НЕКОТОРЫХ УДМУРТСКИХ ЛЕГЕНД И ПРЕДАНИЙ

Due to the insufficient amount of written evidence covering a particular chronological period, researchers are forced to resort, among others, to the help of folklore sources. In this article the author tried to identify the real historical basis of the plots of a number of Udmurt folklore works, which are often used to illustrate the history of interaction between the Udmurts and the peoples and states of the Middle Volga region in the period of the X–XVI centuries. As the research has shown, the considered historical stories and legends actually reflect historical events dating back to the period of the XVII–XIX centuries. In a number of cases, significant authorial interference in the plot of folklore works was revealed. Thus, the analyzed historical stories and legends cannot be used to highlight events dating back to the existence of the Volga-Kama Bulgaria, the Mongol conquests of Eastern Europe, as well as to the Golden Horde and Kazan periods of the history of the Middle Volga region.

LA BELLE DANSE ON THE HABSBURG COURT STAGE AT THE END OF THE XVII — FIRST THIRD OF THE XVIII CENTURIES

Since its foundation in the first half of the 16th century, the Austrian Habsburg court has focused its cultural attention on Italy. This was due to many factors, among which in the XVI century one can name the undoubted cultural superiority of Italy among other European countries, in the first half of the XVII century — the marriages of the Habsburg emperors with the Mantuan princesses, in the second half of the same century — the competing policy of the Holy Roman Empire towards France; the latter factor also extended to the beginning of the XVIII century. As with other European courts, the dance culture of the Habsburgs began with court ballets, which gradually transformed into stage dance, and the dance turned into a professional one. At the same time, the center of dance culture moved from Italy to France, where already in the first half of the XVII century a set of choreographic techniques arose that raised dance art to a new level. Ballet was a significant interest of the French monarch Louis XIV (r. 1643–1715). This led to the establishment of the world’s first dance academy at the royal court, which played a crucial role in the development and spread of the French style of dance. Therefore, despite the anti-French policy of the Habsburgs, the style developed at Louis XIV’s Royal Academy of Dance and called la belle danse was practiced on the stage of the Vienna Court Theater. The article examines the background, appearance, place, role and significance of la belle danse in productions of the Habsburg court stage using specific examples of theatrical events.

"ПО ТУ СТОРОНУ ПРАВОВОЙ НОРМЫ": ПОНЯТИЕ СУВЕРЕН С ПОЗИЦИИ ЮРИДИЧЕСКОГО ДЕЦИЗИОНИЗМА И ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕОЛОГИИ КАРЛА ШМИТТА

The author of the article attempts to analyze the concept of sovereign according to Carl Schmitt’s legal decisionism and political theology. – the doctrines developed by the German philosopher and jurist Carl Schmitt (1888–1985). Decisionism is rightfully considered as one of the basic concepts of Schmitt’s political and legal discourse. In his voluminous treatise “Dictatorship” (1910), Schmitt initiates a detailed doctrine of decizionism, which is based on the adoption of a political decision justified by the relevant authority (and not the law). Later (in 1922), Schmitt publishes his “Political Theology”, which again takes into its optics decisionalism and those of its state-legal concepts that can be correlated with theological ones. Sovereign, sovereignty and state of emergency are the first to belong to them. And finally, in his work “On Three Types of Legal Thinking” (1934), he works out classification of legal thinking (in which it is permissible to assume the simultaneous existence of all three of its types), rejecting normativism and justifying his own inclination towards decisionism and thinking in terms of the specific order. Some researchers of Schmitt’s works – and in particular his “Political Theology” – believe that by correlating sovereign with God, state of emergency with a miracle, and political action with Way of the Cross, Schmitt tried to protect his doctrine of decisionism from any criticism, since being “passed” through the prism of the theological, not the critical politics, it became an object of faith, taking the form and expression of an indisputable dogma. In fact, such an “exploratory” vision of Schmitt’s analogies did not explain either the interpretatively complex theory of the sovereign or his political theology, but only simplified and sometimes vulgarized it. While researching the genealogy of political power, Schmitt attempted to establish a type of sovereign being characteristic for a particular era (the Pope – during the Early and Classical Middle Ages (V–XIV centuries); the Protestant reformer (represented by J. Calvin) – during the late Middle Ages (XVI century), the absolute monarch – during the period of European absolutism (XVI–XVIII centuries), the German people – during the existence of the Weimar Republic in Germany (1918–1933), the Reich president – during the birth of national socialism (the 30s of the XX century). The essential nature of each of them is revealed in the process of taking only those political decisions that the German Schmitt defines as decisions on introducing a state of emergency. At the same time, each epoch “sets” its own sovereign, what implies the obligatory subordination of its political decision to the spirit of the time in a particular historical period. Thus, with the progressive development of political theology, (legal) decisionism is also developing, resulted in the concepts of sovereign, sovereignty and emergency decision “acquiring” new semantic meanings

The crypt complex «city of the dead» in the Dargavs village (North Ossetia) is a witness to the late medieval earthquake in the Caucasus

During the study of the crypt complex near the Dargavs village in North Ossetia, seismic deformations were detected in some burial structures. The presence of only a few damaged crypts among the many relatively wellpreserved burial structures indicates that a significant earthquake took place at the very beginning of the functioning of the burial ground. Its local seismic intensity was VII-VIII points. The age of the earthquake is the XVI century. The data obtained will help to supplement the catalog of strong earthquakes in the Caucasus and clarify the assessment of its seismic hazard based on longterm seismic data.

A Peek Behind the Façade. The Virtual Interiors Approach to Visualise Herengracht 573 in the 17th century

The Amsterdam City Archives have launched a vast plan for the digitization of notarial deeds and other historical documents with the aim of making their collection available and fully searchable online. This and other initiatives provide a large amount of previously unknown data about the city of Amsterdam and its inhabitants over the centuries. The challenge ahead is to organize these thousands of digitized documents in a way that facilitates access and consultation by a larger public. The spatial information that can be extracted with varying degrees of accuracy from these documents allows them to be mapped to reconstruct urban historiographies and geographies. This contribution takes the house as a starting point for this spatialization and discusses the approach of the Virtual Interiors project which aims to create virtual reconstructions of XVII century domestic interiors that act as interfaces to access the archival documents used as primary sources for their creation. The case study that will be presented in detail is Herengracht 573 in the Amsterdam historical centre. As will be demonstrated with the reconstruction of the XVII century entrance hall, a prototype web viewer developed as part of the project integrates the 3D models and contextual information, thus giving direct access to digitized archive documents. This approach would offer a way to organize the sources about this and other houses and to make the stories hidden behind the façades known to a larger public even when these historical buildings are closed.

The mid- and Late Holocene history of forest fires in Central Evenkia inferred from macrocharcoal analysis

The paper presents the reconstruction of the Mid- and Late Holocene frequency of forest fires in the Lower Tunguska River basin in the vicinity of the settlement of Tura (central Evenkia) revealed from plant macro remains and macroscopic charcoal analysis of peat cores from two peatlands. The results of analysis showed similar patterns of charcoal accumulation rates in peat deposits from both bogs during the Holocene and their significant temporal variability. According to the data obtained, the stages of increased frequency and intensity of fires in Central Evenkiya occurred during the periods 7800-6500 cal years BP and 3800-2900 cal years BP and were influenced by climatic factors. The period of increasing fire activity, which has been observed from the first half of the XVII century to the present day, was caused by a combination of anthropogenic and natural factors. A decline in the charcoal accumulation rate in peatlands and an increase in the length of fire return intervals were characteristic for periods 6500-3800 cal years BP and 2900-600 cal years BP. Perhaps the cooling climate created unfavorable conditions for the occurrence and spread of forest fires.

Корчма, кабак, кружечный двор как прародители ресторана: историографический обзор материалов Уфимского уезда XVII в.

This article is devoted to the problem of the development of leisure establishments in Ufa district during the first century after voluntary entry of Bashkiria into Russia. The purpose of this article is to determine what is known in modern historical science about the spread and peculiarities of drinking industry penetration into Ufa district. At the beginning of the article there is a historiographic review of materials on the formation and development of the accommodation and catering services in Russia since ancient times. Special attention is paid to the works of historians Ivan Pryzhov and William Pokhlebkin, ethnographer Alexander Tereshchenko, lawyer and public figure Dmitriy Borodin, politician Afanasy Petrishchev, etc. Based on these studies, the author concludes that the issues related to the development of catering and drinking industry since ancient times in Russia, as well as with the development of technologies for the production of strong alcohol, the impact of drinking on the state budget and alcoholization of the population have been studied quite well. Thus, the author found that for a long time, until the end of the XVII century, the only type of public leisure facilities was an alehouse, which was later renamed into a pub. At the end of the 17th century, a wine-cellar appeared in Moscow like a new kind of place, where one could buy or consume foreign grape wines together with snacks. But such an innovation did not reach the province. In the second part of the article, the author analyzes the materials related to the problem of integrating the annexed territories of Bashkortostan into the legal and administrative system of Russia. Of particular interest to the author were Bulat Aznabaev’s, Rose Bukanova’s, Natalia Demidova’s materials about the history of Bashkortostan, on the basis of which conclusions were drawn about the peculiarities of Moscow's interaction with the indigenous population of Bashkortostan, on the spread of agriculture and distillery in Bashkir lands. Next, the author made an attempt to search for historical research on the development of public leisure facilities in Bashkiria in the 17th century. At this stage, only one research made by Bulat Aznabaev was discovered. Therefore, the author concludes that so far little attention is paid to this issue in the scientific community. As a result of the review of research on the subject matter of the article related to Ufa distric of the 17th century, the author formulated two conclusions: 1. Bashkirs, who were nomadic and practiced Islam, were opponents of strong alcohol. 2. The indigenous population had enjoyed the patrimonial right to land, had not engaged in land and had not transfered patrimonial lands to the new settlers for long time after joining the Russian state. A small number of Russian settlements with limited land resources were formed in the region. The raw materials required for the production of bread wine in the county were scarce. Single pubs / alehouses have appeared, but only in places where immigrants from other regions of the Russian state lived.

Каменное храмостроительство в Вологде и в Троице-Сергиевом монастыре в последней трети XVI века

The article deals with the origin and history of stone construction in Vologda in the 16th century, especially in the last third of the century, when the St. Sophia Cathedral, the fortress and, judging by some information, several stone structures inside the fortress were built. Simultaneity and compactness of the construction allows us to assume the participation of one large brigade. Researchers drew attention to the participation of foreigners Razmysl and H. Locke in the building of the Vologda fortress. But the volumes of construction directly indicate the multiplicity of its participants. In the act of the Trinity-St. Sergius Monastery of January 13, 1586 the Vologda mason Leonty (Pozdey) Vasilyev’s son is noted, who sold the yard to the largest Russian monastery according to this document. Finding the mason in Vologda allows us to assume with a high degree of probability his participation in the sovereign city construction of the last third of the XVI century. The fact that his neighbors sold another part of the courtyard to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery in 1584 leaves no doubt about his acquaintance with the authorities of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery already at that time. Taking into account that in 1585 in this monastery the construction of the largest monastery building at that time - the Dormition Cathedral - was being completed, one can have no doubt that around the time of the transaction with the Vologda mason, the most important Russian monastery needed such specialists. This gives grounds for assumption about the work of the Vologda mason Leonty (Pozdey) Vasilyev’s son not only on sites in Vologda, but also in the Trinity-St. Sergius Monastery. Our assumption can be supported by architectural proximity of the Sofia Cathedral in Vologda and the Assumption Cathedral in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, oriented on the main Russian temple - the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. We take into account the interest of Tsars Ivan the Terrible and his son Fyodor Ivanovich in both the Vologda cathedral and the cathedral of the Trinity-St. Sergius Monastery, their location in the same direction from Moscow, as well as the perception of both monumental buildings as typologically similar not only in our days, but already at the end of the XVII century, a century after their building. Attention is drawn to the fact that the yard of the Vologda mason Leonty (Pozdey) Vasilyev's son was white, i.e. free from sovereign taxes, which was usual for the yards of sovereign craftsmen, which is symptomatic, since stone architecture in Vologda and in the Trinity-St. Sergius Monastery in the second half of the 16th century, which took place under vigilant sovereign control, was obviously carried out primarily by sovereign specialists.

СИМВОЛИЗМ И УГОЛОВНОЕ ПРАВО XVI–XVII ВЕКОВ В МОСКОВСКОМ ГОСУДАРСТВЕ

the article considers the process of symbolism development in the criminal law of the Moscow state of XVI–XVII centuries. In its development it passes two stages. At the first stage, covering the time from Ivan IV to the end of the Time of Troubles, symbolism had supra-legal character. The first most widespread use of supra-legal symbolism was during the Oprichnina. During this period, Ivan IV abandoned the traditional dogmas of orthodoxy, according to which the monarch had the right to torture the body, but not the soul. Moreover, he was obliged to take care of the legality of the transition to the afterlife. Mass executions with the use of drowning, mauling by animals and hanging without observing funeral rites became an opportunity for the tzar not only to intimidate his enemies, but also to subject the souls of the executed to “ordeal”. The Time of Troubles added to the already proven methods of intimidation and punishment of souls through the death penalty a new kind of symbolism – self-harming punishments. The second stage of the development of symbolism begins after the end of the Time of Troubles. The search for various forms that affirmed the principles of justice of criminal law without regard to estates led to the state’s concern about ensuring a Christian transition to the afterlife for the executed and giving legal forms to symbolism.

A Review of the Collection of commented Metarules of Pāṇini's Sanskrit Grammar — "Paribhāṣāvṛtti" by Nīlakaṇṭha Dīkṣita

A while after the compilation of the Sanskrit grammar called "Aṣṭādhyāyī" (≈ V century BC) by the ancient Indian linguist Pāṇini, commentators of this treatise began to formulate numerous metarules guiding to the correct interpretation of grammatical rules. The object of our study are these post-Pāṇinian metarules, also known as paribhāṣās. They describe the metalanguage developed by Panini, varieties of technical use of language’s expressive means in the "Aṣṭādhyāyī", they also help resolve contradictions that arise when reading grammatical rules and settle priorities in the execution sequence of grammatical operations. The material of the study are metarules collected and commented on by the Sanskrit grammarian of the XVII century AD Nīlakaṇṭhadīkṣita in his work "Commentary on paribhāṣās" (Paribhāṣāvṛtti). The purpose of our work is to expose the content of the "Commentary on the paribhāṣās", to classify the metarules collected in this work, to indicate their purpose. The method of the work is a structural and hermeneutical study of the text. For the first time, a detailed analysis of the Nīlakaṇṭhadīkṣita's "Commentary on the paribhāṣās" and the classification of the metarules collected in this work were carried out. For the first time in Russian-language literature, the content of a large number of post-Pāṇinian metarules of Sanskrit grammar "Aṣṭādhyāyī" is exhibited, as well as biographical data about the grammarian Nīlakaṇṭhadīkṣita is revealed.

Peculiarities of fixation of data on deposits in the records of the Dormition Tikhvin Monastery in the middle of the XVII century

Peculiarities of fixation of data on deposits in the records of the Dormition Tikhvin Monastery in the middle of the XVII century

The textiles from the burial complexes of the noble women of Russia and Poland in the XVI–XVII centuries: A comparative analysis

The textiles from the burial complexes of the noble women of Russia and Poland in the XVI–XVII centuries: A comparative analysis

ГРОШОВО-ВАГОВІ МІРИ КРАЇН СХІДНОЇ ЄВРОПИ ВІД ДОБИ АНТИЧНОСТІ ДО XIX ст.

The first European civilisations emerged in the third and second millennia BC on the island of Crete and other Aegean islands, as well as in the southern territories of the Balkan Peninsula. The first European systems of measures, including weights, were created here. The first European writing system, the linear syllabic A and B script emerged on this land. The syllabic writing of the Minoan civilisation on Crete and the Mycenaean civilisation in the territory of modern mainland Greece was completely original. It had a great influence on the first alphabet on Earth, which was created in Phoenicia in the middle of the second millennium BC. In turn, the weights and measures of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilisations were formed under the influence of the system of weight measures of Ancient Sumer of the third millennium BC. The use of the written language and its integral component, the number system, contributed to the spread of unified weight measures over large areas. Numerous weighing systems were created in ancient Greece in the first millennium BC. Thanks to trade, they began to be used in the Balkan Peninsula – in Macedonia, Thrace, Illyria, as well as in the Northern Black Sea region, where there were ancient Greek colonies. The incorporation of the Balkan Peninsula and the territory of the ancient Greek colonies of the Northern Black Sea in the second and first centuries BC into the Roman Empire led to the use of the Roman system of weight measures in these lands. In the IV–XV centuries, the Byzantine measures derived from the Roman ones influenced the formation of the systems of measures of the Eastern European states through political and economic relations. In the second half of the first millennium, the first states were created in Eastern Europe – Bulgaria, Great Moravia, Hungary, Poland, and Ancient Rus. In the first half of the second millennium, the states of Serbia, Lithuania, Wallachia, Moldova, and others were formed. The weight systems of these countries were formed on the basis of natural measures of the primitive era, as well as the weight units borrowed from international trade. In the Middle Ages, Eastern European measures of weight were significantly influenced by those of the Carolingian Empire, the Germanic Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The conquest of the Balkan Peninsula by the Ottoman Empire in the XV–XVI centuries led to the spread of Turkish measures in this area. This article analysis the origins of the ancient weight measures of Eastern Europe. The degree which peculiarities of political and economic development of particular countries and territories influenced the formation of weight systems was determined. Special attention was devoted to the relation between weight measures and aspects of the emergence and development of money in circulation, and the interaction between historical metrology and numismatics in studying processes. The mutual influence between weight system of various countries and the borrowing of certain foreign weight units in the course of international trade was considered.

M. И. Воротынский, Новосильский град и немилость государя

Introduction. The events of the second half of the XVI century, which unfolded around the town of Novosil, have a close connection with both the domestic and foreign policy situation that was relevant at that time. They were also connected with a number of not quite obvious aspects of the financial, administrative, status position of Prince Michael Vorotynsky. Tsar John Vasilyevich perceived him negatively, feared him as a potential "troublemaker", despite the obvious loyalty of the prince. This had a significant impact on the fate of this outstanding Russian politician and military commander and, as it seems, was closely connected with the fate of the family heritage of the Novosilsk lords. Materials and methods. The texts of the wills of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich and Prince Michael Vorotynsky, the messages to the prince and the tsar's reply messages on behalf of the prince to the leaders of Poland and Lithuania, information from Russian chronicles, data on the formation of military contingents, information of a historical and linguistic nature and the results of research on the era in question were used as source materials for the study. In this work, comparative-historical and system-analytical methods were used using an interdisciplinary approach. Results. The transfer of family lands into the possession of Michael Vorotynsky, issued as a "land exchange" with the sovereign, combined with the confiscation of property and the need to restore fortifications, as well as maintaining their combat readiness in the conditions of Crimean Tatar activity and the Livonian War, led to the actual ruin of the prince. The analysis of the published epistolary heritage of the epoch makes it possible to identify flaws in the generally accepted translation of the "correspondence of Ivan the Terrible" and to evaluate the semantic shades conveyed in it closely related to the city of Novosil in a slightly different way. Conclusions. The transfer, restoration and maintenance of the fortress of Novosilsk and a number of other fortifications at nonstate expense, the strengthening of the defense capability of the southern borders and the subsequent foreign policy epistolary registration of the status associated with them were part of a long intrigue against Prince Michael Vorotynsky, the author of which could be the Tsar of Russia Ivan Vasilyevich.

SIMEON POLOTSKY’S DRAMA NEBUCHADNEZZAR THE TSAR AND ITS WESTERN-EUROPEAN DRAMA SOURCES

Тhis paper aims to reconsider the influences of Western-European drama of the XVII century on the creation of Russian baroque and the first drama writer in Russia Simeon Polotsky. During the initial period, Russian theatre, especially during the XVI and XVII centuries, was under the strong influences of Western theatre culture. This paper reconsiders the influence of German, French, English and Polish theatre plays. Plots of his playwright were popular and well known in Western European literature from the XII century. In this paper, we tried to reconsider those influences on the example of his drama Nebuchadnezzar the Tsar. This drama plot was well-known in Western European theatre, and Simeon Polotsky knew some of them.

Reasons for the Success of Imposture in Russia at the Beginning of the XVII Century: Charisma, Luck or Adventurism?

Reasons for the Success of Imposture in Russia at the Beginning of the XVII Century: Charisma, Luck or Adventurism?