XVII Century Research Articles

Белорусская национальная идея сквозь призму исторического анализа: этапы, подходы, перспективы

Among the variety of functions of the national idea as an important part of the modernization processes, one can single out its significance as a historical constant, an imperative defining the goals of the national-state organism. From the position of the epistemological ideal, it is possible to analyze and evaluate various national ideas, since the true effectiveness of a national idea depends on its historical adequacy. Within the framework of five stages of the history of the formation and evolution of the Belarusian national idea during the late XVIII – first decades of the XXI century, the last of which is not completed, the cultural and civilizational confrontation of the Polish-Catholic (and later the entire Western) and the Russian-Orthodox world manifested itself. As a result, today there are three competing approaches to the definition of Belarusian national identity – the Western-Russian-pro-Soviet (which has an obvious advantage in terms of rational validity and historical authenticity), the Litvinist and hybrid (dualistic). The complex of the main myths of Litvinism, refuted within the framework of his-torical analysis, includes the concepts of the cultural and state development of Belarus isolated from the rest of the principalities of Ancient Russia in the XI – XIII centuries, the non-Slavic (Baltic) ethnic origin of Belarusians, the great cultural development and a high degree of legal democracy of the Belarusian society under the rule of Lithuania and Poland, its significant linguistic and the cultural difference from Moscow Rus, the decline of the Belarusian lands after their incorporation into the Russian Empire, the genocide of Belarusians on the initia-tive of Moscow in the XVII and XX centuries. The condition for completing the formation of a full-fledged na-tional idea in the Republic of Belarus is the rejection of the artificial construction of parallel history, the use of Western-centric cultural stamps, fetishization of what has no real relation to its national-state formation. A pro-ductive methodological principle of studying the past of Belarus can be the identification of the history of the Belarusian people and the history of Polish-Lithuanian subjects and institutions, as well as an objective as-sessment of the processes and consequences of foreign expansion into its territory.

The Attitude of the German Humanists of the XVI Century
 to the Catholic Church

The article examines the works of German humanists of the XVI century. The author studies the attitude of the German humanists of the XVI century to the Catholic Church. The analysis of the historical context and characteristic features of German humanistic thought in the XVI century is made, as well as the positions of the leaders of the humanistic and reformation movement in relation to the Catholic Church are considered. The article emphasizes that German humanists showed a critical attitude towards the church, condemning its theological errors and shortcomings in practice. At the same time, the author points out, that humanists did not deny the importance of the church and its role in society, but tried to achieve its reformation and improvement. The article shows that humanists treated the Catholic Church ambiguously, their views on its role and significance in society were peculiar. German humanists
 in the XVI century were critical of the Catholic Church, but did not reject its teachings as a whole. They sought to identify and rid the church of vicious practices. Overall, the article is of interest to anyone studying the history of the church and humanistic thought in the XVI century.

Food Supply of Captured Non-Commissioned Officers and Enlisted Men in Russia and Western Countries in the XVIIIth Century

The purpose of the study is to reconstruct the procedure for providing food to
 military personnel of various nationalities captured in the wars of the XVIII century.
 The object of the article is prisoners interned in Russia, Austria, England, France,
 Prussia, Spain, Sweden and Turkey. The absence of such works in both domestic and
 foreign historiography indicates the novelty of the work, and its relevance is due to
 the fact that it allows us to expand and clarify our ideas about the place of Russia in
 the world in the early modern period. In the process of investigation, mainly historical-typological and historical-comparative method were used. The source base of the
 article consists of works published mainly abroad, and documents from six archives
 of the former USSR. In the course of the study, three key Western European models
 of food supply for prisoners were identified. The genesis and evolution of the corresponding Russian model are studied step by step. The article shows that the basis of
 the Russian model was based on the principle of equality of food provision for prisoners of war and Russian soldiers of the garrison troops. The article emphasizes that
 the Russian model was a synthesis of domestic and foreign experience and retained
 the best features from the practice of the Moscow state of the XVI–XVII centuries.
 The article proves that in terms of the quantity and assortment of food products released to prisoners (36 kg of bread and 2–3 kg of cereals per month), Russia surpassed any other European country until the middle of the XVIII century and only with the beginning of the Seven Years' War of 1756–1763 was inferior to the leadership of Great Britain and France (and even then only in terms of the assortment). According to the author, the Russian model of prisoners' nutrition was highly effective and could be easily adapted to any situation, including the ethnic and confessional characteristics of individual groups of prisoners of war.

Defensive Social Practices in the History of Russia: the Early Formation of “Cancel Culture” or a Rare Event of the Past?

While the concept of “cancel culture” is already a given in contemporary culture; through this article, the authors propose to illustrate a comparable concept/term “defensive practice” in a broader historical retrospective. The authors emphasize that in general there were relative few examples of such “defensive practices” in Russian history, but analyzes the two earliest of them. The first is at the end of the XVII century, when a conflict broke out between the religious and political groups of “Latinisers” and “Graecophils.” Patriarch Joachim played an active role in resolving the conflict by unequivocally taking the side of the “Graecophils.” As a result, the writings of “latinising heretics” were banned, and they were either executed or condemned by the local council of the Russian Church. In the XVIII century manifestations of comparable defensive practice became even rarer, but already at the very end of the century, under Emperor Paul I, the highest authorities again re-used this technique. Fearing the spread of revolutionary “contagion,” Paul I set the goal of banning the spread of “French fashions” in Russia, individual French words, as well as writings by French authors (or those who sympathized with the events of the French Revolution). However, all these measures had no effect and were eventually ended under Alexander I. As a result, the authors come to the conclusion that at the initial stage of the Modern era and even in the XVIII century, practices comparable to modern cancel culture were not widespread in Russian life, and were an exception rather than socio-political practice.

The Dastan of M.H. Dughlat Jahan-nama

The person of the XVI century Muhammad Haidar Dughlat (1499–1551) was not only a famous historian, but also a major creative owner. His popular work «Tarikh-i-Rashidi» is a historical and memoir work from a genre point of view. Meets the requirements of a work of art in terms of the creation and structure of images, language features. And the dastan «Jahan-nama» is a purely literary and poetic work. In the poem, written on the example of the eastern literary tradition, the poet sings about love. Although the work is built on a legendary line, the relationship between parents and children, friends, kinship and brotherhood are described by a complex story. Also, the plot of the dastan reflects the Muslim worldview, a sense of true worship of Allah. The state administration is mentioned. In the introduction to the poem, the author tells about the history of writing the work, including the historical event that he witnessed. Valuable opinions were expressed about the poem by literary scholars. In addition to translating the dastan from the ancient Chagatai language into Kazakh, academician, Orientalist A. Derbisali wrote a voluminous article based on a deep analysis. In the study A. Derbisali's article was based on a methodological basis, a literary and cognitive analysis was carried out; its own views and conclusions were presented. The article used methods of textual, artistic analysis, comparison. The dastan should be widely included in the literary circulation. It is a valuable work that occupies an important place in the history of Kazakh literature. The poet's humanistic reflections are also important for today.

Translate Italian baroque poetry into Romanian

Abstract The paper illustrates the Romanian solutions in translating Italian baroque poetry represented by Giambattista Marino and his XVII century followers: redundancy, enumeration, mythological allusions, extravagant concettos, syntactic puzzles and the restrictions imposed by the hendecasyllable.

Syair Hamzah Fansuri sebagai Negasi Tuduhan Wahdatul Wujud

This study explores the work of Hamzah Fansuri (HF) in the early vortex of the entry of Islam into the archipelago. The purpose of the analysis is to describe the various schools and views on the way religion developed through poetry and HF works. This research uses hermeneutics methods by reading, recording, and studying literature. The historical approach of the text is used by emphasizing the problem of wahdatul wujud. The research data is HF's work in the form of poems and books opposed by Nurudin Al-Raniri. The analysis is carried out by looking at the ideas, and concepts of HF's work. The results showed that HF's work was patterned Sufism not as a heresy. The accusation of deviant manifestation by Nur ad-Din Al-Raniri is untrue and tends to be forced. HF as a believer of wahdatul wujud recognizes the oneness of god. HF is not heterodox panties but adheres to mystical Sufism. Sufism HF is evidence of the symbol of Khaliq-Makluq to affirm the influence of the continuous current of Sufism in the network of Islamic intellectuals in the archipelago since the XVI century. The Book of Shaqāq al-Asyiqin formulates the Sufi path of Shari'a, Tariqat, Hakekat, and Makrifat while denying the notion that it is not a deviant form as alleged by Al-Raniri. 
 Keywords: Hamzah Fansuri; Wahdatul Wujud; Sufism

Система национальных счетов: развитие в исторической ретроспективе

The article discusses the history of the formation of the system of national accounts (SNA), from the XVII century to the present day. The contribution of not only Western economists L. Pacholi (XV century), W. Petty (XVII century), F. Quesnay (XVIII cen-tury), A. Marshal (XIX), but also Russian economists not only of the XVII- XVIII centuries, but also of the Soviet Union and Russia. The article presents the main indicators of the modern SNA. It is shown that the main indicator of the SNA assessment in fisheries is uncultivated aquatic biological resources, assessed as the main capital asset. The authors believe that further im-provement of the SNA is required. At the first stage of the work, it is advisable to bring the list of indicators to the system adopted by the state statistics bodies in 2008.

Guinea pig remains from the XVIth century Ojców castle (southern Poland)

The mandible of a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) was found in osteological material collected during archaeological excavations at Ojców Castle (southern Poland). The bone fragment was radiocarbon dated and subjected to ancient DNA analysis. The age of this guinea pig mandible fragment was directly dated between the late 16th and the early 17th century. The radiocarbon dating results are compatible with dating based on stratigraphic position. The ancient DNA analysis confirmed the taxonomic identification and indicated possible routes of introduction of this species into Europe. Given the high-status of the castle’s possessors in the 16–17th centuries, it can be assumed that the single guinea pig bone in Ojców belonged to a pet and was probably not acquired as a source of food, which also may have been the case in the few other European archaeological sites with guinea pig remains.

Illuminating the Neuroscience of Decision-making Through the Dark Night of John of the Cross

In this publication, we will use the principal concepts of John of the Cross, the famous mystic of the XVIth century, as a framework to go over, in a non-reductionist way, three challenges in contemporary neuroscience of decision-making. Firstly, the dark night and the purgative paths will be related to discontinuity in decision-making. Secondly, the passive and active paths will be associated to brain plasticity, architecture, and levels of decision. Thirdly, the illumination, which can be felt when a solution is reached, has to do with positive emotions and can be inspired by the science of love of John of the Cross. We shall lastly conclude by emphasizing the usefulness of his work to illuminate the neuroscience of decision-making.

LagunAR: A City-Scale Mobile Outdoor Augmented Reality Application for Heritage Dissemination.

In this paper, we introduce LagunAR, a mobile outdoor Augmented Reality (AR) application for providing heritage information and 3D visualization on a city scale. The LagunAR application was developed to provide historical information about the city of La Laguna in the XVI century, when it was the main city in the Canary Islands. The application provides a reconstructed 3D model of the city at that time that is shown on a mobile phone over-imposed on the actual city using geolocation. The geolocated position is used also for providing information of several points of interest in the city. The paper describes the design and implementation of the application and details the optimization techniques that have been used to manage the full information of the city using a mobile phone as a sensor and visualization tool. We explain the application usability study carried out using a heuristic test; in addition it is probed by users in a qualitative user test developed as preliminary research. Results show that it is possible to develop a real-time application that shows the user a city-scale 3D model and also manages the information of the points of interest.

The attitude of the Ecumenical Patriarchs to the deposition of Patriarch Nikon

As a result of Russia's foreign policy in the second half of the XVII century, which was reduced to recognizing her mission as the liberator of Christian peoples and the idea of creating an ecumenical Orthodox Church, Patriarch Nikon of the Russian Orthodox Church found himself in the position of one of the leaders of the Eastern Christian world. The object of this study is one of the issues of Russia's relations with the Orthodox East – the attitude of the Greek hierarchs to the conflict between Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and Patriarch Nikon. The subject of this article is the position of the Greek clergy on the issue of the accusations made by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich against Patriarch Nikon, the participation of the Greeks both during the attempt to reconcile the parties, and then in the deposition of Nikon, and in his subsequent rehabilitation. The purpose of this article is to study the question of the role of the Greek clergy in the fate of the patriarch, about the reasons for the repeated change of their position on the fate of Nikon. The author of the article uses the historical and systematic method of scientific research - the study and critical analysis of the totality of the complex of published and unpublished documents of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA). The main attention is paid to the analysis of a complex of archival materials related specifically to the "Nikon case". The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the use of these methods allowed the author to clarify a number of issues related to the "case" of Nikon and concerning the activities of representatives of the Orthodox East, their role in the political and spiritual life of Russia. The research make it possible to draw a conclusion about the regularity of the contradictory position of the Greek clergy in the "case" of Patriarch Nikon, which is explained, first of all, by their political and economic dependence on Russia.

Special features of the Portuguese colonial expansion of the XV–XVI centuries

The overview of the causes of the early colonial conquests of Portugal was carried out by using the basic scientific methods of historical research and analyzing sources and literature. The Portuguese expansion was not caused by immediate needs of its economic development unlike the colonial expansion of England and Holland. The article attempts to understand the specifics of Portuguese colonialism and the historical conditions in which it developed. Colonial expansion was carried out in the interests and under the leadership of the fidalgu (nobles). Consequently, the enormous funds coming from the colonies were not spent on the development of production, but on the strengthening of the feudal organization of society. Special attention is paid to the discovery of the sea route to India in 1498, because after that Portugal became a leading world power, controlling the most important trade routes linking Europe and Asia. The novelty of the study can be seen in the fact that the considered topic was a prologue to globalization and the creation of a single world market, and Portugal was at the origins of this process, providing a basis of Western European expansion to the East. Portugal was able to build an empire, controlling vast territories located in the Indian Ocean basin, but could not retain the palm, finding limited material and human resources. The study of Portuguese expansion leads to the conclusion that there were several reasons that influenced the phenomenon of Portuguese colonialism: subjective internal and objective external. Some of these reasons are highlighted in this article.

Inheritance law in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The subject of the study is the development of legislation on inheritance of property in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The object of the study is the hereditary legal relations of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the XV-XVI centuries. The purpose of the work is to reveal the evolution of hereditary legal relations, to identify their essence and patterns of development. From the standpoint of the achievements of modern historical and legal science, the aim is to analyze the main provisions of the inheritance law of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, to note the characteristic features of the codification process of the XVI century, to analyze the causes and identify trends in the evolution of the institutions of inheritance law. To achieve the goal, general scientific and special research methods were used, including dialectical, historical-legal, comparative-legal and systemic. The result of the work was the first in modern Russian historical and legal science study of the problem of inheritance of property under the legislation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The peculiarities of inheritance by law are revealed. A number of controversial issues in historical and legal science (veno, extortionate property, etc.) are touched upon. Provisions describing trends in the development of hereditary legal relations in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania are introduced into scientific discussion. A comparative analysis of inheritance of property in the male and female line in the Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is made. In the course of the study, the main features and patterns of the development of the inheritance law of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania are revealed, thereby filling a gap in the national historical and legal science.

The Rurikids: The First Experience of Reconstructing the Genetic Portrait of the Ruling Family of Medieval Rus' Based on Paleogenomic Data.

The Rurikids were the reigning house of Rus', its principalities and, ultimately the Tsardom of Russia, for seven centuries: from the IX to the end of the XVI century. According to the Primary Chronicle (the Tale of Bygone Years), the main chronicle of Rus', the Rurik dynasty was founded by the Varangian prince Rurik, invited to reign in Novgorod in 862, but still there is no direct genetic evidence of the origin of the early Rurikids. This research, for the first time, provides a genome-wide paleogenetic analysis of bone remains belonging to one of the Rurikids, Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich (?-1294), the son of the Grand Prince of Vladimir Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (1221-1263). It has been established that his Y chromosome belongs to the N1a haplogroup. Most of the modern Rurikids, according to their genealogies, belonging to the N1a haplogroup, have the most similar variants of Y chromosomes to each other, as well as to the Y chromosome of Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich. Genome-wide data of the medieval and modern Rurikids unequivocally indicates that they belong to the N1a haplogroup of the Y chromosome, starting at least from the XI century (since the time of Prince Yaroslav the Wise). All the other alleged Rurikids, both ancient and modern, being carriers of other haplogroups (R1a, I2a), possess high heterogeneity of the sequence of Y chromosomes, meaning that we cannot confirm their common ancestry. The most probable ancestors of Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich in the male line were the men who left the burial ground Bolshoy Oleny Island on the coast of the Kola Peninsula about 3,600 years ago. The reconstruction of the genome of Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich indicates the contribution of three ancestral components to his origin: (1) the early medieval population of the east of Scandinavia from the island of Oland, (2) representatives of the steppe nomadic peoples of the Eurasian steppes of the Iron Age or the early medieval population of central Europe (steppe nomads from the territory of Hungary), and (3) the ancient East-Eurasian component. Reliable statistics were also obtained when the Scandinavians were replaced with the Medieval Russian Slavic populations of the XI century. Thus, for the first time, we have shown the complex nature of interethnic interactions in the formation of the nobility of medieval Rus' on the example of the ancient Rurikid.

Thinkers of Russia of the XV-XVI Centuries About Justice

At the end of the XV–XVI centuries, Russian religious and secular thinkers discussed a number of issues related to the formation of a sovereign state, the formation of a permanent army subordinate to the head of state, the organization of power, administration and judicial proceedings in the country. The topic of righteous judgment, discussed back in the XI–XIII centuries, was not only in demand, but also became the focus of attention of prominent thinkers and publicists of that time. The authors analyze the works of Russian philosophers who defined the foundations of the doctrine of justice in Russia of the late Middle Ages and have not lost their significance in the modern period. The scientific article completes the cycle “Medieval Russian thinkers about justice”, which includes articles besides it: “The first words about justice in Russia (The Election of 1076 and ‘Bee’)” and “Russian thinkers of the XI–XIII centuries about justice”. Knowledge of the past is important for the future and allows not to repeat its mistakes, and therefore the problem chosen for research remains relevant and needs further study.

«Из-Ындеи в Астрахань, в Казань, на Москву»: из истории культурных, торговых и дипломатических связей России и Индии в XVII в.

The “turn to the East” in politics and science formed in recent years attention to the study of the exclusively Chi-nese model of civilizational development. At the same time, research on India, whose human and cultural po-tential is comparable to China's, were forced out to the periphery. Nowadays, India is increasingly mentioned as Russia's leading strategic partner. The historical context of relations between the two countries is becoming the basis on which the current configuration of ties is built. The notion of the origins of these relations, their quality, and stylistics makes research on this topic relevant. The article touches upon the issue of Russian-Indian trade, cultural and diplomatic ties during the XVII century. During this period, a colony of Indian merchants on the territory of Astrakhan was established, and four embassies to India were organized. This period was of great importance in the formation and development of ties between the two states, laid the foundations of friendly perception of the peoples by each other. The au-thors have attracted and quoted documents (orders of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, reports of ambassadors, doc-uments reflecting the life of the merchant colony in Astrakhan), as their style reflects the quality of the emerging relations between Russia and India.

TOHAKU HASEGAWA’ S ARTISTIK HERITAGE: «PINE TREES IN THE FOREST»

The article considers one of the most famous works of the Japanese artist of the XVI century Tohaku Hasegawa «Pine Trees in the Forest». The detailed analysis of the conceptions of emptiness, characteristic of oriental painting, is made besides the characteristic of the Momoyama period in which the master created. The author's greatest attention is attracted by interpreting the image of pines and symbolism of a pine in the Japanese culture. Tohaku Hasegawa’s work represented by a pair of six folding screens painted in the technique of monochrome painting, is included in the list of the National treasures of Japan.

Теоретичні джерела соціальної держави

The growing demand of the Ukrainian society to “reboot” the state actualizes the rethinking of the sources and content of the theory of the social state for the scientific justification of the post-war recovery, transformation of the economy and the socio-humanitarian space of Ukraine. The article aims to reveal the genesis of the theoretical concept of the social state and its economic interpretation based on the assessment and generalization of the assets of socio-economic thought in this area. Chronological boundaries cover the period from the birth of the ideas of a socially oriented state (XV–XVI centuries) to forming a coherent theory in the second half of the XX century. The methods of hermeneutics, comparative analysis and structural-logical synthesis are used. The results. The idea of a socially oriented state was born in the late Middle Ages. The supreme power’s social justice and economic efficiency were determined by the ability to ensure the public good. John Locke substantiated the concept of private property as a necessary prerequisite for civil society and the contractual interpretation of the powers of the state. The idea of building a state that regulates public life was established in the 18th century. F. Prokopovich defined the principle of public good as the basis for creating a “regular state”. The ruler’s power should be limited by law and aimed at ensuring the people’s education, security and welfare. Lorenz von Stein combined legal regulation and social orientation through the term “social state”. Representatives of the social direction in economic theory specified the regulation mechanisms of social and economic relations. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries a view of the state as a corporate union was formed. In the 20th century, the theory of the minimal state gained popularity as the opposite of statism. At the same time, implementing the concepts of the social state and the social market economy based on neoliberalism became the basis of the booming post-war reconstruction of Germany, the revival of Western Europe and the development of European economic integration. Conclusions. The synthesized concept of the social state results from a long process of development of scientific thought regarding interpreting the unity of the state, law and economy. The rule of law is the institutional basis and a prerequisite for building a social state. The economic basis of the welfare state is a socially oriented market economy. This direction is attractive for Ukraine when choosing a vector and defining the main features of the future institutional model of the economy.

Inheritance of cities in the Russian state by the sons of Ivan III according to his will of 1503

The article is devoted to the distribution of possessions, mainly cities of the Russian state at the beginning of the XVI century, between the five sons of Ivan III (Vasily, the future Vasily III, his brothers Yuri, Semyon, Dmitry and Andrei, born in the marriage of Ivan III with the Greek Princess Sophia Palaiologos). This distribution was fixed by a will ("spiritual letter") Ivan III, composed in 1503. In historical science, both domestic and foreign, this testament has clearly not been studied enough, although the first publication of this document dates back to 1788. The source was already known to N. M. Karamzin. S.M. Solovyov pointed out that the will mentioned 66 cities that Ivan III had bequeathed to his eldest son Vasily and 30 cities bequeathed to 4 younger brothers of Vasily, taken together. Where the historian got these figures from, he did not explain. Nevertheless, V.O. Klyuchevsky used them to show how much the material possibilities of Ivan III's eldest son Vasily had grown. In Soviet times, the will of Ivan III was often quoted, but in general it was never studied. An appeal to this source showed that it does not refer to 66 cities that were tied to the future Vasily III, but at least 95. His younger brothers in total received not 30 cities, but 26 and half of another 1 city. Ivan III's successor Vasily eventually received more than 78% of all cities in the Russian state, his four brothers - less than 22%. At the same time, the younger sons of Ivan III were forbidden to expand their possessions, they became precarious, and Vasily III received the right to deprive his brothers of their inheritance if they schemed against him. The immediate result of these innovations was the cessation of the internal dynastic struggle in the Russian state among the Moscow Rurikovich.