XRD Results Research Articles

Effects of repeated and continuous dry heat treatments on the physicochemical, structural, and in vitro digestion properties of chickpea starch

The study investigated the impacts of repeated (RDH) and continuous dry heat (CDH) treatments on the physicochemical, structural, and in vitro digestion properties of chickpea starch. The results of SEM and CLSM showed that more fissures and holes appeared on the surface of granules as the treated time of CDH and the circles of RDH increased, both of which made the starch sample much easier to break down by digestive enzymes. Moreover, the fissures and holes of starch granules treated by CDH were more obvious than those of RDH. The XRD and FT-IR results suggested that the crystal type remained C-type, and the relative crystallinity and R1047/1022 of the chickpea starch decreased after dry heat treatments. In addition, a marked decline in the pasting viscosity and gelatinization temperature of chickpea starches was found with dry heat treatments. Moreover, the increased enzyme accessibility of starch was fitted as suggested by the increased RDS content and digestion rate. This study provided basic data for the rational design of chickpea starch-based foods with nutritional functions.

Facile synthesis of chromium doped cadmium sulfide/zinc telluride nanocomposites for enhanced electrochemical energy storage and photocatalytic applications

Polluted industrial wastewater from various dyes is becoming a serious problem that needs to be addressed as soon as possible to preserve the ecosystem. Additionally, in pursuit of effective capacitive electrode materials, we synthesized bifunctional Chromium doped Cadmium Sulfide/Zinc Telluride (Cr–CdS/ZnTe) nanocomposites for enhanced energy storage and improved photocatalytic activity using a sonochemical approach. XRD, Raman, EDX, and FT-IR results confirmed the successful formation of Cr–CdS/ZnTe nanocomposites. UV–Vis analysis presented that the bandgap of CdS/ZnTe nanocomposites was decreased by increasing the Cr concentration. The prepared Cr–CdS/ZnTe nanocomposites exhibited a nanoflake-like morphology as can be in SEM micrographs. The optimized sample (5 % Cr–CdS/ZnTe nanocomposites) showed boosted photocatalytic activity with degradation efficiencies of 99.43, 99.72, and 96.97 % against MB, MO, and RhB respectively, after 45, 45, and 40 min of visible light irradiation. For the first time, the electrochemical properties of Cr–CdS/ZnTe nanocomposites were also studied. The electrode based on 5 % Cr–CdS/ZnTe nanocomposites offered a higher specific capacitance of 523.6 F/g, an exceptional energy density of 18.18 W h/Kg, and a boosted power density of 250 W/kg at a current density of 1 A/g. This research opens up new opportunities for Cr–CdS/ZnTe nanocomposites to be used in environmental, and energy storage applications.

Sustainable strategies for recovering metallic copper from waste printed circuit boards: Clean leaching and micro-nano copper powder preparation

Recovery and utilization of valuable metals from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) have the dual significance of alleviating resource shortages and protecting the ecological environment. This study focuses on the feasibility analysis of copper in WPCBs for preparing micro-nano copper powders by clean leaching and chemical reduction processes. Firstly, the effect of temperature and other parameters on copper leaching rate in glycine-hydrogen peroxide (Gly-H2O2), ammonia-ammonium chloride (NH3·H2O-NH4Cl) leaching systems with sulfuric acid-hydrogen peroxide (H2SO4-H2O2) system as control group were emphasized. Subsequently, the leaching characteristics of copper concentrate particles were analyzed by leaching kinetics to elucidate the leaching mechanism and apparent activation energy of copper. Finally, the micro-nano copper powders were prepared using ascorbic acid and sodium borohydride reduction system with different copper leach solutions as precursors. The micro-nano copper morphology and phase compositions were analyzed by SEM and XRD. The results show that both the Gly-H2O2 and NH3·H2O-NH4Cl system can replace the H2SO4-H2O2 system to achieve efficient leaching of copper. Increasing temperature can significantly enhance the copper leaching rate. When the temperature was increased from 15 °C to 45 °C, the maximum copper leaching rate in the three systems increased from 58.13 %,71.26 %,78.26 % to 90.36 %,91.21 %,92.87 %, at − 0.074 mm for 40 min. The Avrami model accurately describes the leaching behavior of copper concentrate particles, and the copper leaching process is dominated by chemical reaction control. SEM and XRD results show that micro-nano copper particles of hundreds of nanometers are successfully prepared by both reduction systems.

Activated Carbon from Mulu Bebe Stem Waste for Methylene Blue (MB) Adsorption

Methylene blue is a harmful synthetic dye waste component that poses a significant threat to the environment and human health if not disposed of properly. The best way to tackle this problem is by adsorption through activated carbon from Mulu Bebe banana stems, which are widely available in North Maluku. This agricultural waste can be used to produce activated carbon through pyrolysis at 500˚C for 30 minutes and activation using 0.5 M KOH solution for 24 hours. The activated carbon is then characterized using FTIR, SEM and XRD, which reveal the presence of various functional groups and pores. The XRD results indicate that the activated carbon structure tends to be amorphous. The adsorption analysis shows that the activated carbon from Mulu Bebe banana stems has a high adsorption capacity of 12.4 mg/g at the optimum condition of pH 7, contact time of 30 minutes, and initial concentration of 50 ppm. The Langmuir and Freundlich equations provide the best fit for the equilibrium adsorption data. By using activated carbon from Mulu Bebe banana stems, we can effectively reduce the amount of methylene blue waste in the environment and protect the ecosystem and human health.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using green tea leaf extract and their structural and optical analysis

In the present study, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized by biosynthesis method using Green tea leaf extract. Biosynthesis is an easy, economical, and environmentally friendly method to prepare NPs. The synthesized NPs were characterized by using an X-ray diffraction spectrum (XRD), UV-Vis spectra, Tauc plot and Dynamic light scattering spectrum analysis. The XRD results of biosynthesized Ag NPs show that the particles are crystalline and face-cantered cubical in shape, with an average size of 14 nm. UV-visible spectra studies and Tauc plot analysis confirm the excellent optical properties of the Ag NPs. Due to these outstanding qualities, we anticipated that the use of green-produced Ag NPs would result in an exponential increase in various applications. Ag NPs exhibit cytotoxicity and anticancer characteristics, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antifungal activity.

Evaluating the pharmacological activities of Aloe perryi-Silver nanoparticles induced apoptosis against colon cancer cells (HCT-116).

Aloe perryi has been studied and possesses several activities, including antibacterial, antiparasitic, and anticancer properties. In this study, A. perryi was used as a reducing agent of silver ions into silver nanoparticles. Aloe perryi-silver nanoparticles (APS-NPs) were characterized and evaluated using characterization techniques. However, the antioxidative, antibacterial, and anticancer assays were studied to evaluate the pharmacological activities of APS-NPs. APS-NPs were developed and changed to dark brown and the maximum absorption was 442 nm. SEM (5-583 nm), TEM (4-110 nm), XRD (21.84 nm), and zeta potential analysis (63.39 nm) revealed that the APS-NPs were nano-sized, and the APS-NPs had a cubic crystalline structure, according to the XRD results. FTIR analysis suggested that functional groups of A. perryi metabolites were involved in forming APS-NPs. The zeta potential indicated that the APS-NPs were negatively charged (-32 mV), suggesting good stability. APS-NPs showed significant antioxidative stress activity by reducing DPPH-free radicles in a dose-dependent manner. APS-NPs-induced antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii). APS-NPs reduced the cell viability and cell migration of the human colon tumor cell line (HCT 116) compared with controls, indicating that APS-NPs could play a role in reducing metastasis and inducing cell apoptosis against colon cancer. In conclusion, the nanoparticle synthesis from A. perryi extract demonstrated excellent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities, thus suggesting that our APS-NPs have the potential to be used as antioxidative and antibacterial in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Metal-organic decomposed lanthanum cerium oxide thin films: A study of chemical and surface properties

Lanthanum cerium oxide thin films have been deposited on n-type (100) silicon wafers using the spin coating technique. The post-deposition annealing was performed over spin-coated films. The compositional studies were conducted by performing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Ellipsometry was used to determine the thickness and atomic force microscopy was performed to understand the surface morphology of the deposited thin films. The effect of rapid thermal annealing at different temperatures over the structural and chemical properties of the LaCeO2 thin films was observed. The FTIR spectra show the formation of silicates at the interface of the oxide and semiconductor, while XRD results show that the films become crystalline with increased annealing temperature. The refractive index was observed to be reduced with an increase in the annealing temperature and a minor reduction in the physical thickness as per the sample standard deviation of 0.2981[Formula: see text]nm.

Removal of lead ions from aqueous solution by modified nanocellulose.

Heavy metals significantly impact the environment due to their non-biodegradable, toxic, and carcinogenic behaviors. Lead contaminants impose severe health impacts on humans and the water environment. Therefore, eco-friendly and efficient lead ion removal practices such as nanotechnology are an urgent requirement for the abatement of lead pollution. In the present study, nanocellulose was synthesized from the cotton straw residue using chemical methods and modified with titanium dioxide to form a nanocomposite. The nanocomposite synthesized was characterized by using FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and BET. FTIR results noticed peaks at 1648.43 and 1443.57cm-1 for cellulose and Ti-O-Ti bonding at 505.02cm-1. The nanocomposite was noticed to be disordered and irregular in shape. The nanocomposite has particle sizes of 83nm. The nanocomposite crystalline particle had 65% anatase and 32% rutile phases observed from the XRD result. BET results show that the surface area of nanocellulose increases after surface modification from 25.692 to 42.510 m2/g. The adsorption capacity of the nanocomposite was 0.552mg/g was noticed. The Elovich kinetic and Baudu isotherms are the best-fitted models for lead ion adsorption. Thermodynamic parameters resulted in Gibbs free energy decreasing with temperature. This study revealed that modified cellulosic adsorbents efficiently absorbed lead ions derived from cotton straws.

Recovery and reuse of phosphogypsum: Effect of ternary cementitious materials on the performance of phosphogypsum pavement base layers

In this paper, the performance of a new type of phosphogypsum (PG) pavement material is studied under the joint action of ternary cementitious materials (cement, mineral powder, and fly ash), CaCl2 and gravel. The experimental results of mechanical properties and durability of the material system, including compressive strength, splitting strength, dry and wet cycle, freeze-thaw cycle, etc., confirm that the material system can meet the design standards for road base material design standards for highways and primary highway sub-base. The test results of SEM, XRD, EDS, contact angle, and solubility of trace elements show that the material system does not cause secondary pollution to the environment, and its strength mainly comes from the C-S-H gel and calcium alumina (AFt) generated by the reaction of the reactive substances in the cementitious materials with PG in an alkaline environment. Finally, the optimal ratio of modified PG: mineral powder: cement: fly ash: gravel: water: CaCl2 was 50:8:3:0:39:11:0.22, and its 7d compressive strength, splitting strength, loss of strength in dry and wet cycles, loss of strength in freezing and thawing cycles, and water absorption were 6.41 MPa, 6.84 MPa, 3.01%, 16.22%, and 8.87%, respectively.

Impact of Superplasticizers on the Performance of Low-Grade Limestone-Based Cement Mixes.

Low-grade limestone (LGL) is not used to produce cement clinker, but this leftover material in cement quarries increases the water demand when used as a filler in concrete production. In this study, the effect of six commercial superplasticizers on the performance of cement mixes containing 35% LGL and 2% gypsum was investigated. The optimal doses of these superplasticizers were found in a range of different water/binder (w/b) ratios by conducting several Marsh cone and mini-slump tests. The addition of a superplasticizer with a higher active solid content produced a maximum cement flow, regardless of the w/b ratios. The LGL-based mortar samples admixed with this superplasticizer obtained a maximum compressive strength of about 36 MPa at the end of 28 days. SEM and XRD results showed the formation of a new calcium-rich mineral in their microstructure. These findings highlight the impact of the type and properties of superplasticizers on the performance of concrete mixes containing LGL as a supplementary cementitious material.

Enhanced electrochemical performance of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode for lithium ion batteries via a modified calcination process

Nickel (Ni)-rich cathodes with long service life and high energy density are play important role in the rapidly development of lithium ion batteries. However, the rapid development of Ni-rich cathode is still limited by its unstable structure and severely attenuated capacity. Herein, the LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode was obtained from the solid phase method followed by calcination with a low-temperature holding step. The sample (LNCM-3) synthesized with calcination at 250 °C for 6 h and 850 °C for 10 h exhibits higher discharge specific capacity of 194.8 mAh g−1 and 131.0 mAh g−1 at 0.1C and 5C current density, and the capacity retention were 96.2 % and 75.7 % at 1C and 5C after 100 cycles in half cell. The obvious improved electrochemical performances are due to the low-temperature holding step could extend layer spacing and increase the crystalline of materials, which are confirmed by the results of XRD and TEM. Moreover, the full battery assembled with LNCM-3 as the cathode displays a higher specific capacity of 165.8 mAh g−1 at 0.1C and a superior cycling stability of 96.0 % after 100 cycles at 1C rate in the voltage range of 2.7–4.2 V.

Investigating the preparation process of excellent Cu3VSe4 absorption layer prepared by amine-thiol system

Cu3VSe4 material has become a new kind of photovoltaic absorber due to its optical bandgap matching light-absorbing, abundant elements in crust, and high light absorption coefficient. Here, we prepared Cu3VSe4 thin films by amine-thiol method and investigated the preparation process of excellent Cu3VSe4 absorption layer for the first time. The effects of various Cu/V ratios on the morphology, structure, and electrical properties of the films are studied. XRD and Raman results show that pure-phase Cu3VSe4 films are obtained with the Cu/V ratios lower than 2.9. SEM results simply adjusting the Cu/V ratio cannot obtain a compact selenized Cu3VSe4 thin films. The best crystallinity of thin film with 2.8 of Cu/V ratio is named as Cu2.8VSe4 and selected as the representative. Though optimizing the selenization conditions, a dense morphology and good electrical properties of the absorption layer can be prepared under 570 °C of the high-temperature process. Our findings can lay the favorable foundation for high-efficiency Cu3VSe4 devices.

Preparation and Performance of Cement-Stabilized Base External Curing Agent in a Desert Environment

To explore and deal with the difficulty in curing cement-stabilized bases in desert environments, curing agents were prepared to enhance the curing effect on the base in this research. The composite curing agent was prepared through orthogonal experiments and the durability of the curing agent coating were studied by simulating a desert environment. Subsequently, the curing effect on the performance of bases was analyzed. Finally, the hydration degree of cement was studied via scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and the curing mechanism of the curing agent was explored. The results show that the composite (paraffin emulsion is the main component of the film, vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer dosage is 20%, ethanol ester-12 dosage is 10%, and sodium silicate dosage is 18%) could effectively improve the water-retention performance (water-loss ratio: 2.36%) and mechanical properties of the specimen (7 d compressive strength: 7.48 MPa; 7 d indirect tensile strength: 0.70 MPa). The dry shrinkage coefficient of the specimen with composite curing agent was reduced by 116.26% at 28 days. The compressive strength of dry and wet freeze could reach 7.48 MPa and 6.88 MPa, respectively. The durability of the curing agent-coated base met the requirements of pavement performance in desert areas. The results of XRD, TG, and SEM indicated that the curing agent promoted hydration. In addition, the number of C-S-H gel and AFt crystals significantly increased. The curing difficulty of road bases in desert areas could be reduced effectively through the application presented in this study, which contributes to the conservation of natural and human resources.

Biogenic synthesis of hybrid array of ZnO nanoparticles and nanorods for modeling the surface response behavior of Congo red dye in adsorptive studies

ZnO nanostructures are of substantial interest because of having exclusive potential to inculcate in the plethora of applications. Numbers of reports have been reported in literature depicting the synthesis of ZnO nanostructures with variable dimensions using different precursors with complex mechanism. As per our knowledge, no research work discussing the synthesis of hybrid array of ZnO nanoparticles and nanorods based on single precursor in one pot biogenic reaction has been discoursed so far. Herein, ZnO nanostructures (0-D and 1-D) have been biogenically synthesized at room temperature with average crystallite size of 43.05 nm as depicted by XRD results and further utilized to remove Congo Red dye from aqueous solution. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity has been found to be 16.6670 mg g−1 at 298 K temperature. Isotherm models and thermodynamic study have suggested the feasible monolayer adsorption of Congo Red dye on ZnO with activation energy of 21.616 kJ mol−1.

Anti-Alzheimer's effect of memantine/donepezil/metformin-loaded PVA/PEO composite nanofibers produced by pressurized gyration: Production, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

In this study, memantine (MM) and donepezil (DO) were combined with metformin (MF) as a new approach to Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment sublingually. MM, DO, and MF were loaded in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyethylene oxide (PEO) composite nanofibers (NFs), which were produced in three different ratios (9/1, 8/2, and 7/3) by pressurized gyration. The diameter of fibers was decreased by reducing the PEO ratios and adding the drugs in polymer solutions. MM, DO, and MF were successfully loaded and distributed in NFs by the results of FTIR, XRD, and DSC tests. The drug release percentages were enhanced with an increasing ratio of PVA in fibers by the dissolution test results. All fibers at various ratios were found suitable for the sublingual route by disintegrating quickly. No significant toxicity of nanofibers at 24 and 48 h was observed on SH-SY5Y cells. The highest neuroprotection activity was observed in the cells treated with MM/DO/MF-loaded NFs at 7/3. The mRNAs of APP and BACE-1 of the MM/DO/MF-loaded NF group were lower than those of the Aβ1-42 group. While, ADAM-10 mRNA expression increased in the MM/DO/MF-loaded NFs treatment group via PCR results. The morphological structure of the cells treated with the MM/DO/MF-loaded NFs was protected from Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity according to confocal laser scanning microscopy images.

Ignition performance and mechanism of Ti/CuFe2O4 composites with high microwave sensitivity

The microwave ignition holds potential in the ignition of weapons due to its simple structure, non-contact property, and simultaneous ignitions of large area. However, the long ignition delay time of the current ignition agents cannot meet the microwave weaponry advancements. To address the issues, a microwave sensitive oxide-CuFe2O4 (CUFO) which was firstly discovered to be easily ignited by microwaves compared many ferrites, was coupled with Ti nanoparticles (n-Ti) to form Ti/CUFO microwave ignition agents by electrostatic spray granulation. The characterization of microwave ignition, volumetric combustion, burning rate and DSC were used to determine its ignition delay time and the energy release properties. It indicates that the microwave sensitivity, maximum peak pressure and pressure pressurization rate of Ti/CUFO first increases and then decreases with the promoting content of n-Ti. The Ti/CUFO at Φ = 3.5 exhibits the lowest ignition delay time by 79.24 ms compared to the 98.7 ms of n-Ti, meanwhile, its maximum peak pressure and pressurization rate reach the highest by 338.54 kPa and 8.57 kPa/ms, respectively. The DSC results indicate that Ti/CUFO exhibits much lower reaction peak temperature by 320–335 °C compared to 488 °C of n-Ti, which suggests Ti-CUFO reaction maybe much easier be activated. The dielectric loss of n-Ti and CUFO under strong electric field transfer the energy of microwaves to heat, reaching to its reaction temperature. The XPS and XRD results of CUFO after microwave radiation disclosing the crystal transition, formation of divalent iron and oxygen vacancies, as well as the released bright light under microwave radiation, suggest the thermal breakdown mechanism of CUFO. When Ti/CUFO exposes into microwaves, CUFO generates oxygen vacancies due to heat loss and n-Ti is dielectric heated, followed by the generated oxygen reacting with n-Ti, improving the combustion performance of n-Ti. This result provides new insight for the designing of microwave ignition.

Developing polymer nanocomposite films of ZnO/NiFe2O4 nanohybrids, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and chitosan for flexible electromagnetic applications and energy storage devices

The present study used ultra-sonication approach to manufacture ZnO/NiFe2O4 (ZNF) and casting technique to prepare ZnO/NiFe2O4–Cs/PVP nanocomposite films. The successful creation of these nanocomposites with a significant decrease in the % crystallinity of the polymer blend with doping agent was verified by XRD results. ZNF and the Cs/PVP chains interacted in the polymer nanocomposites, as seen by the spectra of the FTIR. To determine the direct and indirect optical band gaps, tauc graphs were studied using data from UV–Vis analysis. The results indicate that while the Urbach energy was found to increase, the optical band gaps decreased as the weight percentage of the nanofiller increased. Using a thermogravimetric approach, the thermal stability of the produced PNCs has been investigated. Conductivity experiments demonstrated that when the nanofiller ZNF content increased to 2.5 wt%, so did AC conductivity, the dielectric loss, and the dielectric constant. The correlation between the mechanism of conduction and the amount of nanoparticles indicates that an increase in the percentage of ZNF in nanocomposites could increase their conductivity, with values ranging from 3.72 × 10−12 for pure blend to 7.72 × 10−8 S/cm for 2.5%ZNF-Cs/PVP at 100 Hz. The dielectric measurements for the nanocomposite films showed an increase in dielectric losses and dielectric constant, which is indicative of the films' enhanced dielectric polarization. The results of characterization point to possible uses of these polymer nanocomposites in flexible optoelectronic and magneto-electronic applications and energy storage devices.

Antimicrobial Properties of Newly Developed Silver-Enriched Red Onion-Polymer Composites.

Simple low-cost, nontoxic, environmentally friendly plant-extract-based polymer films play an important role in their application in medicine, the food industry, and agriculture. The addition of silver nanoparticles to the composition of these films enhances their antimicrobial capabilities and makes them suitable for the treatment and prevention of infections. In this study, polymer-based gels and films (AgRonPVA) containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were produced at room temperature from fresh red onion peel extract ("Ron"), silver nitrate, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Silver nanoparticles were synthesized directly in a polymer matrix, which was irradiated by UV light. The presence of nanoparticles was approved by analyzing characteristic local surface plasmon resonance peaks occurring in UV-Vis absorbance spectra of irradiated experimental samples. The proof of evidence was supported by the results of XRD and EDX measurements. The diffusion-based method was applied to investigate the antimicrobial activity of several types of microbes located in the environment of the produced samples. Bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC BAA 747, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442; yeasts Candida parapsilosis CBS 8836 and Candida albicans ATCC 90028; and microscopic fungi assays Aspergillus flavus BTL G-33 and Aspergillus fumigatus BTL G-38 were used in this investigation. The greatest effect was observed on Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, defining these films as potential candidates for antimicrobial applications. The antimicrobial features of the films were less effective against fungi and the weakest against yeasts.

Pulsed Electro Decoration of Carbon Nanotubes with FexZn1−xS

Pulsed Electro Decoration of Carbon Nanotubes with FexZn1−xS

The influence and mechanism analysis of aluminum sulfate as an environmentally friendly early strength agent on the properties of cement-based materials

Environmentally friendly chemical admixtures are becoming important in the cement industry. The research objective of this paper is to use aluminum sulfate as an early-strengthening agent to achieve the goals of a large increase in early strength and a reduction in CO2 emissions. The experimental design was as follows: The macroscopic properties and microscopic characteristics of aluminum sulfate were experimentally investigated on five different replacement ratios of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% paste specimens of cement at different ages. The results show that (1) AS4 demonstrated a notable enhancement in early strength, while AS2 and AS3 contributed to increased late-stage strength. Over time, the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) of all samples exhibited a steady rise. Additionally, aluminum sulfate was found to reduce the electrical resistivity of the samples. (2) aluminum sulfate increased the rate of exothermic heat release of samples at induction and acceleration phases, advanced the accumulated heat was high in the samples with high aluminum sulfate content, and the accumulated heat was strongly correlated with the compressive strength. FT-IR and XRD results show that aluminum sulfate promoted the formation of AFt while depleting the CH content, and the TGA results show the content of bound water in the samples increased from Day 1 to Day 28, which had a positive effect on the compressive strength. UHR-SEM results show that increasing aluminum sulfate substitution results in the formation of a denser microstructure. (3) for all the various mixtures, AS2 has the lowest CO2 emissions per unit strength.