X-ray Diffraction Measurements Research Articles

Chemical properties of peat micro particles modified asphalt.

This study investigated the chemical properties of peat microparticles modified asphalt (Pt.M.A.). The originality of the study resides in the examination of the chemical characteristics of peat microparticles (Pt.) modified asphalt (Pt. M.A.) utilising FTIR, SEM, SFE, and XRD methodologies. This encompasses Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface free energy (SFE), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Initially, FTIR examined the functional groups of both unaltered and altered asphalt binders. The SEM images reveal improved compatibility, showcasing superior diffusion of the modifier across the asphalt. A further critical factor is that improved adhesion properties, according to the SFE study, indicate that modified binders generally offer more SFE compared to unmodified binders. The XRD measurements revealed a semi-crystalline structure in the Pt. modifier and an amorphous structure in the basal asphalt binder. The integration of Pt. into the asphalt cement resulted in modifications to the phases of both constituents, culminating in the emergence of a new semi-crystalline phase inside the modified asphalt binder. These data suggest that peat microparticles (Pt.) can improve the efficacy of asphalt binders by enhancing compatibility, adhesion, and resistance to ageing.

Pressure-induced superconductivity and phase transition in PbSe and PbTe

Abstract The IV-VI semiconducting chalcogenides are a large material family with distinct physical behavior. Here, we systematically investigate the effect of pressure on the electronic and crystal structure in PbSe and PbTe by combining high-pressure electrical transport and synchrotron x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The resistivity of PbSe and PbTe changes dramatically under high pressure and a non-monotonic evolution of ρ(T) is observed. Both PbSe and PbTe are found to undergo semiconductor-metal transition upon compression and show superconductivity under higher pressure. The structural evolutions from the Fm-3m to Pnma phase and then to the Pm-3m phase in PbSe are verified by the x-ray diffraction. The present findings reveal the internal correlation between the structural evolution and the physical properties in lead chalcogenides.

Hierarchical Intercalation of Solvated Tetrafluoroborate Anions into Graphite Electrodes: The Case Studies of Methyl Acetate and γ-Butyrolactone Solutions.

Intercalation of anions unlocks graphite as a positive material in energy storage devices, and the performance could be affected by solvents in solutions. In this context, it is vital to investigate the role of solvents in anion intercalation. Herein, a hierarchical intercalation phenomenon, in which different graphite intercalation compounds are generated in the same solution, is studied in lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) solutions of carboxylate ester solvents γ-butyrolactone (GBL) and methyl acetate (MA). The evolution modes of the graphite cathode structure during electrochemical intercalation and deintercalation are discussed via in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. Based on this, the relationship between GICs and potentials, together with concentrations, is compared in detail. Furthermore, various graphite materials with different surface properties are applied to adjust the anions' solvation status inside graphite sheets.

Pitting corrosion resistance of tempered N08825 alloy in the inner layer of bimetallic composite pipe

Pitting corrosion resistance of N08825 alloy in the inner layer of bimetallic composite pipe SA210A/N08825 tempered at 570∼720 ℃ was investigated in NH4Cl solution by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electrochemical measurement techniques. The M23C6 precipitates, observed at the grain boundaries of inner layer alloy 825, exhibit a temperature-dependent behavior during tempering at 570∼720 ℃. The quantity of M23C6 precipitates and the pitting corrosion resistance change with the tempering temperature. When the tempering temperature increases from 570 to 660 ℃, the quantity of M23C6 precipitates increases, with the pitting potential (Ep) decreasing from about 499 ± 8.6 to 354 ± 6.7 mVSCE, the passive current density (ip) increases from about 1.9 ± 0.2 to 2.45 ± 0.3 μA cm-2, and the average number of pits on the specimen surface rises from 3 to 7. Conversely, when the tempering temperature increases from 660 to 720 ℃, the quantity of M23C6 precipitates decreases, leading to the Ep increases from about 354 ± 6.7 to 394 ± 14.6 mVSCE, the ip decreases from about 2.45 ± 0.3 to 2.34 ± 0.4 μA cm-2, and the average number of pits on the specimen surface decreases from 7 to 6. There is a strong relationship between the M23C6 precipitates and the pitting corrosion resistance. As the quantity of M23C6 precipitates increases, it results in the expansion of Cr-depleted zones on the specimen surface, the rise of passive film defects, and a subsequent reduction in the pitting corrosion resistance of inner layer alloy 825.

Green Synthesis of Pleurotus Eryngii-Derived Nanomaterials for Phytopathogen Control.

Growing concerns over the human health and environmental impacts of conventional fungicides, coupled with the escalating challenge of microbial resistance, have fueled the search for sustainable biocontrol strategies against plant pathogens. This study reports, for the first time, the green synthesis and characterization of a novel, eco-friendly nanomaterial, designated Pleurotus eryngii-Lecithin-Chitosan Nanomaterial (PEELCN), derived from P. eryngii extract (PEE), lecithin (L), and chitosan (C). The structural attributes of PEELCN were elucidated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and zeta potential measurements, confirming the successful formation of a stable and uniform nanostructure. The antifungal activity of PEELCN, and PEE, was assessed against five economically important phytopathogenic fungi: Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, Alternaria alternata, Verticillium dahliae, Bipolaris sorokiniana, and Fusarium oxysporum. Both PEE and PEELCN exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth of V. dahliae, B. sorokiniana, and N. dimidiatum, with varying degrees of efficacy. The differential antifungal activity suggests a species-specific mode of action. The findings highlight the promising potential of PEELCN as a sustainable, biocompatible, and cost-effective nanofungicide for the management of plant diseases, with the potential for development into a commercially viable biofungicide for sustainable agriculture.

Synthesis of MgO nanoparticles via the sol-gel method for antibacterial applications, investigation of optical properties and comparison with commercial MgO

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) were synthesized using the solution-gelation (sol-gel) technique. For comparison, US Research Nanomaterials, Inc has supplied MgO with very high purity and used without further purification. Both nanoparticles were subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern analysis for structural investigation. The XRD measurements showed an incredibly crystalline cubic structure. Morphological studies were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements to examine the nanoparticles’ size and shape. SEM analysis of the synthesized sample’s morphology revealed a flake-like shape, while a spherical-like structure was observed in the case of the commercial MgO. Using X-ray peak broadening analysis, the Scherrer method was used to assess the crystallite size. A substantial correlation was found between the Scherrer formula and the average particle size of the MgO-NPs, which was determined through SEM analysis. The energy gap calculations were ascertained by plotting the photon energy utilizing the Tauc equation with the measurements of UV–visible absorption spectroscopy. Both nanoparticles were used against the bacterial activity of Streptococcus and Serratia bacteria. The results showed that synthesized nanoparticles exhibited greater effectiveness against bacterial activity than commercial ones.

Multi-Noncentrosymmetric Polar Order in 2D Hybrid Lead Chloride with Broadband Emission and High-Temperature Second-Harmonic Generation Switching.

Two-dimensional lead halide perovskites represent a fascinating class of hybrid semiconductors for solar cell, light-emitting, nonlinear optical (NLO), and ferroelectric applications. A notable subset within this category is luminescent ferroelectrics, which have garnered considerable attention for their potential in integrated photoelectronic devices. In this study, we employed an organic amine halogenation strategy (also referred to as halogen engineering), which is renowned for its efficacy in inducing polar order through crystal engineering. Consequently, we synthesized a layered Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) lead chloride comprising 3-chloropropylammonium cations (CPA+), with the chemical formula CPA2PbCl4. This compound features as many as four temperature-dependent crystal phases, with phase transitions observed at T1 = 353.1 K (343.9 K), T2 = 211.7 K (208.6 K), and T3 = 182.0 K (178.2 K) in the heating (cooling) cycles. Employing a multitechnique approach─including thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, dielectric and pyroelectric current measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and second-harmonic generation (SHG) studies─we determined the mechanisms of the structural phase transitions. Our findings demonstrate polar order of phase II (space group Cmc21), phase III (space group Pna21), and phase IV (space group Pca21), while also confirming the centrosymmetric nature of phase I (space group Cmce). X-ray diffraction data revealed that the I to II PT is of a ferroelectric nature, devoid of ferroelastic strain, a conclusion further supported by pyroelectric measurements. CPA2PbCl4 features negative linear thermal expansion and broadband emission, which transitions to white light above 180 K. Remarkably, CPA2PbCl4 also demonstrates high-temperature SHG on-off switching with a high contrast ratio of 300:1 along with good switching stability, as evidenced by SHG cycling studies at heating/cooling rates ranging from 5 to 50 K/min. This SHG study also sets new standards for the field of SHG switching by providing a method to quantify the thermal responsiveness of SHG-switchable materials using the treq (time requirement) parameter. Overall, our findings show that the halogenation strategy has led to the discovery of a rare example of an RP perovskite exhibiting coexistence of white-light emission, SHG on-off thermal bistability, ferroelectricity, and negative linear thermal expansion.

High transparent glass of germanate-borate-tellurite modified by different concentration of bismuth oxide for optical and radiation shielding applications

The current investigation studied one of the high-density heavy metal oxides (Bi2O3) having density = 8.9 g/cm³, which was utilized to improve structural and optical features of the B2O3–TeO2-GeO2-MgO glass system. Three high transparent glasses with a chemical formula of 35B2O3–20TeO2-10GeO2-35MgO-xBi2O3 (x = 5, 10, and 15 mol %) were fabricated by melting at 1100 °C for 20 min and annealing at 400 °C for 5 h. X-ray diffraction measurements for the Bi5 sample, containing 5 mol % Bi2O3, were obtained at the range of 10°–80° to inspect the structural characteristics of the made glasses. Optical absorption was employed and recorded for Bi5, Bi10, and Bi15 samples at wavelength range 300–1000 nm to examine the optical properties, including optical band gap. Using Makishima and Mackenzie methods, the mechanical features of the glass samples were assessed. Nuclear library ENDF/B-VI.8 is coupled to the MCNP-5 code and is used to study and simulate the prepared Bi glass sample shielding parameters. The ionizing absorption properties for the prepared Bi5, Bi10, and Bi15 samples were found to be changed because of many circumstances like the photon energy (Eγ, MeV), and chemical compositions (Bi2O3 content (mol. %). The increased layer thickness of glass between 25 and 200 mm enhances the RPE values at 0.6 MeV over the range of 16.31–50.93 % (Bi5 glass sample), 18.68–56.26 % (Bi10 glass sample), and 20.80–60.66 % (Bi15 glass sample).

A Spin-Labeled Derivative of Gossypol

Gossypol and its derivatives arouse interest due to their broad spectrum of biological activities. Despite its wide potential application, there is no reported example of gossypol derivatives bearing stable radical functional groups. The first gossypol nitroxide hybrid compound was prepared here via formation of a Schiff base. By this approach, synthesis of a gossypol nitroxide conjugate was performed by condensation of gossypol with a 4-amino-TEMPO (4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl) free radical, which afforded the target product in high yield. Its structure was proven by a combination of NMR and EPR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. In addition, the structure of the gossypol nitroxide was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. In crystals, the paramagnetic Schiff base exists in an enamine–enamine tautomeric form. The tautomer is strongly stabilized by the intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds promoted by the resonance of π-electrons in the aromatic system. NMR analyses of the gossypol derivative proved that in solutions, the enamine–enamine tautomeric form prevailed. The gossypol nitroxide at micromolar concentrations suppressed the growth of tumor cells; however, compared to gossypol, the cytotoxicity of the obtained conjugate was substantially lower.

Shish-kebab formation in the micro-injection molding of polyethylene: In-situ synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering study

The structural formation and evolution in high density polyethylene (HDPE) during the micro-injection molding process were investigated as a function of the mold temperature and injection speed utilizing an in situ synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique in conjunction with a portable micro-injection molding setup. It was found that shish-kebab structures were formed in all cases. The beginning of occurrence of shish is not much affected by the mold temperature, but the onset of the formation of kebab crystals is strongly dependent on the mold temperature. This mold temperature dependence of the kinetics of shish-kebab formation is attributed to the interplay between the crystallization rate in the outer layer and the formation rate of the shish-like structure, which was further evidenced by the multilayered structure of molded samples via ex situ microfocus scanning SAXS and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) measurements. On the other hand, the injection speed affects the long period of oriented lamellae and the dimension of the shish-like structure only slightly but influences the kinetics of structural formation evidently. The larger the injection speed, the earlier occurrence of oriented lamellae and shish formation is observed.

Effect of Tungsten Doping on the Properties of Titanium Dioxide Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Tungsten-doped TiO2 thin films were prepared by sol–gel method on fluorine-doped tin oxide-coated substrates as working electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells. The influences of different W doping (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 at%) on the microstructure, optical, and photovoltaic properties of the W-TiO2 thin-film DSSCs were studied by the measurement of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). An optimal DSSCs performance was observed with a 6 at% W-doped TiO2 thin film, resulting in a Voc of 0.68 V, a Jsc of 20.2 mA/cm2, an FF of 68.6%, and an efficiency (η) of 9.42%. The efficiency of DSSCs with 6 at% W-doped TiO2 photoanode improved by 75%. This is because the 6 at% W-doped TiO2 thin film increases the specific surface area and electron transfer rate.

New Ibuprofen Cystamine Salts With Improved Solubility and Anti-Inflammatory Effect.

Two novel ibuprofen cystamine salts (IBU-CYS 1 and IBU-CYS 2) are synthesized by coupling the anion of ibuprofen with cystamine dihydrochloride in 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 ratio to improve the solubility and bioavailability of ibuprofen. The salts are characterized by 1HNMR, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TGA, DTA) and X-ray diffraction measurements. IBU-CYS 1 and IBU-CYS 2 show higher solubility (6.11 and 7.81 mg/mL) compared to ibuprofen (0.04 mg/mL) in water. IBU-CYS2 was encapsulated into 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate: poly (ethylene glycol) acrylate hydrogels for enhanced delivery. The in vitro studies in PBS (pH 7.4) indicate that the salts are effective in relieving inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide in RAW264.7 macrophage cells (nitrite inhibition percentages of IBU-CYS 1, IBU-CYS 2 and ibuprofen: approximately 34.29, 27.03 and 31.50 respectively) while indicating no cytotoxicity. Therefore, these salts may be promising candidates for the development of effective formulations of this drug.

Corrosion failure analysis of steel tubes operating in mining installations: Metallurgical, chemical and mechanical investigations

AbstractCorrosion of steel tubes represents a major challenge for various industries, leading to significant economic and environmental impacts, such as material losses, operational interruptions and safety risks. This study focuses on the metallurgical, chemical and mechanical characterization of corroded steel tubes operating in mining installations using metallographic analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM-EDS studies, chemical analysis and micro-hardness measurements. The results reveal the existence of a considerable extent of corrosion, of which, the main corrosion products are magnetite – 72% and goethite – 18.1 associated with corrosion. The corroded tubes measured 0.128% carbon, against 0.23% in new tubes, indicating a loss in weight and mechanical strength properties. The observed tensile strength for the new tubes was 481 MPa while the same for the corroded tubes was to a large extent lower. Furthermore, metallographic examination indicates that indeed the structure is ferrite pearlite as to the composition. This study indicates that 304 L or 316 L stainless steels may be utilized which have better corrosion-protecting coatings thus prolonging service life and reducing maintenance activities.

Probabilistic risk assessment method considering machining-induced random residual stress

The aero-engine disks inevitably have manufacturing-induced anomalies and machining-induced random residual stress (RS) in localized and critical areas, which cause a severe threat to the safety of the aircraft. Traditional structural design of the disks fails to establish a quantitative correlation between the machining process and the failure risk. Therefore, this paper proposes a probabilistic model considering random RS to quantify the influence of machining RS subjected to low-cycle fatigue. The RS dispersion is quantified using a scaling parameter, obtained by X-ray diffraction measurements and orthogonal cutting simulations. The crack life database under varying RSs is established for efficient probability calculations. Results show that the coefficient of variation (COV) of the RS on the same machined surface with the same processing parameters is 7.62 % in the local area and 13.74 % in the whole machined surface. The risk results show that the probability of failure (POF) considering the deterministic RS is 2–4 % lower than the POF without RS, owing to the extension of fatigue life by compressive RS. Furthermore, the POF considering the random RS is almost the same (difference <0.6 %) as the POF considering the deterministic RS because the depth of the machining RS is around 0.2 mm. The proposed method predicts the POF more accurately and is thus valuable for the safety assessment of an aero-engine titanium disk.

Optical properties and energy transfer of Tm3+ single-doped and Tm3+-Tb3+ co-doped transparent glass-ceramics containing NaGd(MoO4)2 single phase

Tm3+ single-doped and Tm3+-Tb3+ co-doped SiO2–B2O3–Na2O–ZnO–MoO3-Gd2O3 glasses were successfully prepared by the melt-quenching process. X-ray diffraction and transmittance measurements were used to determine that the optimal heat treatment regime consisted of crystallization at 620 °C for 5 h and transparent glass-ceramics containing the NaGd(MoO4)2 single phase were obtained. The characterization results by SEM confirmed that the size of the crystals precipitated in the glass matrix was on the nanometer level. The effects of different contents of Tm2O3 on the luminescent properties of glass-ceramics in this system were explored. The results showed that the emission peak at 453 nm (1D2→3F4) had the highest intensity when Tm2O3 was doped with 0.5 mol% under the wavelength at 359 nm excitation. In addition, with the gradual increase of Tb2O3 contents, the luminescence colour of the Tm2O3–Tb2O3 co-doped glass-ceramics gradually shifted from blue to green. This indicates its potential application in blue-green light display technologies and various other areas. The experimental results of the water resistance stability of the samples show that the co-doped glass-ceramic still has good luminescence stability after being immersed in water, which provides further favourable support for its application.

Pressure-induced anomaly of transport properties and structural transition in layered ferromagnetic metal TlCo2S2

In this work, the structural and transport properties of ferromagnetic metal TlCo2S2 with ThCr2Si2-type crystal structure are systematically studied using high-pressure synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction, electrical transport measurements and first-principles calculations. All the resistances of TlCo2S2 between 1.4 GPa and 5.2 GPa exhibit an upturn at TS and an obvious hysteresis is observed below TS when measured in the cooling and heating processes. As the pressure increases, TS gradually increases and the resistances display a metallic behavior without any anomaly in the whole temperature region above 5.2 GPa, indicating that a possible structural phase transition occurs at TS and is beyond the room temperature above 5.2 GPa. High-pressure x-ray diffraction measurements combined with crystal structure prediction indicate that at room temperature TlCo2S2 undergoes a structural phase transition from a tetragonal phase (I4/mmm) to an orthorhombic structure (Bmab) at Pc ≈6.8 GPa, which is consistent with the results of the resistances under high pressure. Our results indicate that a first-order structural phase transition of TlCo2S2 is induced by high pressure and then results in the anomaly of the electrical transport properties.

Effects of Samarium Doping on the Dielectric Properties of BaBi2Nb2O9 Aurivillius Ceramics.

This study investigates the influence of samarium (Sm3+) doping on the structural, microstructural, mechanical, and dielectric properties of BaBi2Nb2O9 (BBN) ceramics. Using the solid-state reaction method, samples of BaBi2-xSmxNb2O9 with varying concentrations of Sm (x = 0.01; 0.02; 0.04; 0.06; 0.08; 0.1) were prepared. Thermal analysis, microstructure characterization via SEM and EDS, X-ray diffraction, mechanical testing, and dielectric measurements were conducted. The results revealed that increasing Sm3+ concentration led to the formation of single-phase materials with a tetragonal structure at room temperature. Mechanical properties, such as Young's modulus and stiffness, improved with Sm doping, indicating stronger atomic bonding. Dielectric properties showed that low concentrations of Sm3+ slightly increased electrical permittivity, while higher concentrations reduced it. The presence of Sm3⁺ also affected the relaxor properties, evidenced by changes in the freezing temperature and activation energy. Overall, the study concludes that samarium doping enhances the structural and functional properties of BBN ceramics, making them promising candidates for high-temperature piezoelectric and dielectric applications. The findings provide valuable insights into tailoring ceramic materials for advanced technological applications.

Hardness and corrosion resistance of Zn coatings on mild steel obtained by electrodeposition and hot-dip galvanization

The purpose of this work is a comparative study of the characteristics of the layers of Zn on a substrate of mild steel from two different processes (electrodeposition and galvanizing), and to review the progress that has been made in understanding the intermetallics phases’ effect on the corrosion behavior. The obtained Zn-containing film was investigated using diverse instrumental methodologies such as microhardness, X-ray diffraction, and potentiodynamic polarization measurements. This study allows the conclusion that the layers of Zn developed have: a homogeneous structure and good hardness. The corrosion test results showed an improvement in corrosion resistance for electrodeposition coatings compared with galvanizing coatings. XRD results identify that the electrodeposition and the galvanizing coatings have similar phases and the maximum hardness is obtained for the galvanizing process. Intermetallic phases were found to influence the corrosion behavior of mild steel. The results show that the size of Fe–Zn particles gradually decreases with the immersion time.

Characterization and Crystal Structural Analysis of Novel Carvedilol Adipate and Succinate Ethanol-Solvated Salts

Two ethanol-solvated adipate and succinate salts of carvedilol (CVD), a Biopharmaceutics Classification System class 2 drug, were synthesized by crystallizing ethanol with adipic acid (ADP) and succinic acid (SUA). Proton transfer from ADP and SUA to CVD and the presence of ethanol in the two novel compounds were confirmed using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. The two novel ethanol-solvated salts exhibited enhanced solubility and dissolution rates compared with pure carvedilol in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). Additionally, the morphologies and attachment energies of the two novel compounds and pure CVD were calculated based on their single-crystal structures, revealing a correlation between attachment energy and dissolution rate.

Revealing the Role of Ruthenium on the Performance of P2-Type Na0.67Mn1-xRuxO2 Cathodes for Na-Ion Full-Cells.

Herein, P2-type layered manganese and ruthenium oxide is synthesized as an outstanding intercalation cathode material for high-energy density Na-ion batteries (NIBs). P2-type sodium deficient transition metal oxide structure, Na0.67Mn1-xRuxO2 cathodes where x varied between 0.05 and 0.5 are fabricated. The partially substituted main phase where x = 0.4 exhibits the best electrochemical performance with a discharge capacity of ≈170mAhg-1. The in situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) and time-resolved X-ray Diffraction (TR-XRD) measurements are performed to elucidate the neighborhood of the local structure and lattice parameters during cycling. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the oxygen-rich structure when Ru is introduced. Density of States (DOS) calculations revealed the Fermi-Level bandgap increases when Ru is doped, which enhances the electronic conductivity of the cathode. Furthermore, magnetization calculations revealed the presence of stronger Ru─O bonds and the stabilizing effect of Ru-doping on MnO6 octahedra. The results of Time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) revealed that the Ru-doped sample has more sodium and oxygenated-based species on the surface, while the inner layers mainly contain Ru-O and Mn-O species. The full cell study demonstrated the outstanding capacity retention where the cell maintained 70% of its initial capacity at 1C-rate after 500 cycles.