XIX-XXI Centuries Research Articles

The foreign literature in the school: towards intertextual reader-student thesaurus problem statement

Introduction. The importance of intercultural dialogue as a basis for mutual understanding between representatives of different countries was emphasized in International Commission on the Futures of Education (UNESCO) report «Reimagining Our Futures Together: A New Social Contract for Education» [15]. Foreign literature is an integral part of school literary education system in Russia and an important element in the development of intercultural dialog. The aim of the article is to actualize the educational potential of studying foreign literature at school and to raise the problem of methodological research of intertextual thesaurus of high school and college students. The aim of the article is to foreground the educational potential of studying foreign literature at school and to raise the methodological research problem of intertextual senior pupils’ and students’ thesaurus. Materials and methods. Comprehensive analysis of scientific and educational literature about the history of Russian methodology of the XIX-XXI centuries; analysis of curricula, scientific publications about studying world literature at school, including dissertation research, were analyzed. 172 students of the Institute of Defectology Education and Rehabilitation of Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University took part in the pilot survey. The aim of this survey is to identify students’ intertextual thesaurus in the field of foreign literature. The materials for the survey were questions and tasks on the knowledge of foreign writers' names and quotations from the dictionary-guide for schoolchildren. Results. The study has shown that a system of studying foreign literature has been formed in Russian school at the beginning of the XXI century. On the basis of the scientific researches analysis the trends in reading and studying foreign literature in modern school as well as directions of contemporary methodological research were identified. The pilot survey revealed students’ insufficient level of foreign literature knowledge. The same low level of students’ knowledge of literary quotations from the world classics works was also established. For instance, among the names of foreign classical writers which were known to the respondents only 35 percent named Shakespeare, 7 percent – Goethe, less than 5 percent – Dante. 48 percent of the total number of respondents recognized quotations from world classics. The necessity of building an intertextual thesaurus system development of modern reader-schooler on the basis of the principle of cultures dialog is substantiated. Conclusion. At the end of the research the further directions of work in the field of intertextual thesaurus of modern reader-schooler were defined. It can be accomplished with the practices of reading and studying foreign literature texts.

Об общепермском названии болота в удмуртском языке

the article proposes to trace the history of fixation of the lexeme kud ‘swamp’ in the Udmurt language, which was first recorded in the earliest written documents (XVIII century). To present the dynamics of changes in the graphic design and semantics of a word, data from some of the most important lexicographic sources of the XIX–XXI centuries are presented. Objective: to identify the concept kud ‘swamp’ in the monuments of early Udmurt writing; to consider its semantic evolution and etymology. Research materials: written monuments of the XVIII–XIX centuries, lexicographic works on the Udmurt language, as well as data from related and contacting languages. Results and novelty of the research: our work provides for the first time the written history (from the XVIII century to the present day) of the lexeme kud ‘swamp’ in the Udmurt language. The initial fixation of Udmurt words in various kinds of handwritten and printed dictionaries and grammars dates back to the beginning of the emergence of Udmurt writing – 27 Bulletin of Ugric Studies. Vol. 14. № 1 (56). 2024. the XVIII century, while the earliest texts associated with translations of the Gospels and other Holy books appeared only in the middle of the XIX century. The author has made an attempt to consider the Udmurt word kud ‘swamp’ from the point of view of historical lexicography – the change in spelling is traced, the expansion of the semantic content of the lexeme is described. The study revealed that the first fixation of the word was made in 1780 in the handwritten grammar of the Udmurt language, and the graphic design differed slightly from the modern one – only by the presence of a hard sign in the end of the lexeme. An expansion of the semantic meaning of this notion in written sources of modern times has also been discovered. An etymological analysis of the word shows that it belongs to the common Perm vocabulary and has a correspondence in the related Komi-Zyryan language. The results of the chronological description of the word kud ‘swamp’ can be used as material for historical and etymological dictionaries of the Udmurt language.

Мыжа в представлениях коми-пермяков

the notion myzha remains relevant for the Komi-Permyak people in the XXI century. This word most often refers to diseases of people and animals, loss of livestock, which are considered the punishment of ancestors or Christian saints. The known information about this worldview phenomenon is summarized in the article. The author defines the semantic meaning of the word, the features of the phenomenon and notes common features with the traditions of other peoples. Objective: to determine the meaning of the words myzha and myzhjyny in the traditional culture of the Komi-Permyak people and to bring out the ritual and mythological complex associated with them. Research materials: published materials of the XIX–XXI centuries, field materials of the author. Results and novelty of the research: the author’s field materials are introduced into scientific circulation. For the first time, a comprehensive analysis of the representations about myzha is carried out, which allows to identify their specifics and dynamics of development; to identify the connection with ritual practices; to identify common features with other peoples. At the present, the Komi-Permyak people use words with the root myzh in several meanings: illness, punishment from supernatural power, and witchcraft damage. The representations about myzha are syncretic. They combine faith in polytheism, ancestral cult, animism. They led to the development of a number of ritual practices aimed at diagnosing the 139 Bulletin of Ugric Studies. Vol. 14. № 1 (56). 2024. causes of illnesses and misfortunes, healing and atonement for sins. Among them are the ritual of divination with a hanging axe, the customs of sacrifice, tributes to the Christian icons, healing in river water.

THE LEVEL OF STUDY AND PROSPECTS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF ELECTIONS IN KAZAKHSTAN

The article provides a bibliographic review of the study of the evolutionary development of elections during the period of independent Kazakhstan, including data on elections of rural akims, and also draws scientific attention to some aspects of the development of the electoral system. The scientific article was published within the framework of program-targeted funding (No. BR21882308) “The evolution of political institutions and structures in the history of Kazakhstan (XIX-XXI centuries).

Collection of Manuscripts of the Archbishop Neil (Isakovich) (1838–1853) of Irkutsk, Nerchinsk and Yakut: the Results of the Study in the XIX–XXI Centuries

Collection of Manuscripts of the Archbishop Neil (Isakovich) (1838–1853) of Irkutsk, Nerchinsk and Yakut: the Results of the Study in the XIX–XXI Centuries

The image of Russia through animal metaphors: A diachronic case study of American media discourse

The image of a country has a critical impact on the degree of its political, economic and cultural influence in the world. This indicates a need to understand various perceptions of a country that exist among other nations and mechanisms of their formation and change in an ever-shifting world. This qualitative case study seeks to examine the changing nature of wild animal metaphors employed to model the image of Russia in American media discourse in the XIX-XXI centuries. The study is limited by two source domains, namely, the beast and the bear. They were analyzed within particular contexts: American English, culture and media discourse. The research data were drawn from dictionaries and corpora. The dictionaries included etymological and explanatory entries, as well as those covering idioms, symbols, and metaphors. The corpora research data were collected from the Corpus of Contemporary American English and Chronicling America, a collection of historic digitalized texts. A total of 218 metaphors were selected from 4929 texts. The metaphors were studied through lexicographic, conceptual metaphor, culture-specific, corpus, discourse, and diachronic methods. The findings of this study suggest that the two metaphors “Russia is a beast” and “Russia is a bear” are frequently used in realizing the strategy of ‘othering’ in XXI century American media discourse. Still, their meanings allowed for variation and modification in the periods of the two countries’ amity and cooperation. In the XIX century and in the years of US-Soviet alliance in WWII the metaphors could evoke positive images of Russia, thus, realizing the strategy of ‘bridging’ or ‘belonging’. The contribution of this study has been to confirm that, whatever metaphorical projections exist in language and culture, historical factors determine choices in any sample of discourse. This could be important for understanding the mechanisms involved in modeling the image of modern Russia in foreign media discourses.

Соотношение религиозной и военной лексики в армянском тексте: квантитативный подход

The study aims to identify hidden trends and patterns in the distribution of lexical units of two thematic classes – religious and military vocabulary – in the poetic texts of Russian literature dedicated to Armenia. These themes represent important parameters in the Armenian text, they are realised in most works about Armenia and reflect important aspects of its history and culture. The analysis involves poems created in the XIX-XXI centuries. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it examines the issue of the lexical representation of two figurative-thematic parameters within the framework of a quantitative approach, which makes it possible to objectively determine the nature of the coverage of military and religious themes at various stages of the formation and development of the Armenian text. The study of the relations of lexical units in the texts of the works allows the researcher to examine both general trends in the perception of this country in Russian literature and the individual features of the poets’ construction of Armenia’s artistic image. The coefficients of variation, the Busemann coefficient, the estimation of statistical significance (chi-square) and the Euclidean distance are used for quantitative analysis. The results of the analysis made it possible to establish the interrelationships of two important themes for the Armenian text and the dynamics of their changes over time. The strongest changes were observed between the second (pre-revolutionary) and the third (Soviet) periods. A comparative analysis of the works of 8 poets who wrote about Armenia made it possible to classify them and determine differences in the frequency of military and religious vocabulary.

Semiotic dimensions of the U.S. literary and medical discourse

The purpose of the study is to analyze the semiotic features of American fiction devoted to medical issues. Research methods: systematization, generalization, narratological method, methods of semiotic analysis and receptive aesthetics. The object of the study is a corpus of American prose works united by medical themes (XIX-XXI centuries). Scientific novelty. The article examines the most important signs-symbols in the semiotic system of literary and medical prose discourse in the USA, reveals the author's intentions regarding the use of these signs, as well as the expected receptive potential of the reader. Conclusions. The semiotic code of fiction plays a key role in the interpretation of the images of the doctor and the patient in prose works devoted to medical issues, actualizes the reader's perception, revealing the distribution of institutional roles and the peculiarities of communication in the chronotope of the clinical environment.

Two centuries of changes - revision of the hydrography of the Biebrza Valley, its transformation and probable ecohydrological challenges

Human-induced changes in hydrography have led to serious changes in the hydrological and ecological condition of ecosystems, including habitat fragmentation and reduction of water in the landscape. The aim of this study was to assess the transformation of the hydrographic network in the Biebrza National Park (BbNP) over the XIX-XXI centuries and to analyze its probable ecohydrological challenges. The analysis of changes in the hydrographic network was based on a spatial comparison of hydrographic network elements on the basis of spatial sources. As a result of both natural and human-induced processes, there have been significant changes to elements of the hydrographic network of the BbNP. The length, area and sinuosity of the rivers in the BbNP area have decreased significantly in the XIX-XXI centuries, in contrast to the length of the canals dug in the XIX century - their length increased. On average, river channelization reduced channel water storage capacity by 49%. In other cases the average decrease of storage capacity of the channel was about 14%. As a result of drainage works in the XIX century, the network of drainage ditches was established in the BbNP, which was significantly extended (more than 6 times) in the XXI century. A comprehensive analysis of hydrographic changes, their causes and possible consequences is necessary to understand the dynamics of river networks. It also makes it possible to predict the future ecohydrological response of rivers to anthropogenic influences and climate change, thus helping to establish appropriate management and ecohydrological restoration of aquatic ecosystems.

Symbolism of the white coat in the medical profession

It has long been a tradition for doctors to dress professionally in white coats - a universal symbol of belonging to the medical profession. This tradition dates back to the time of Hippocrates, but during the XIX-XXI centuries, the symbolism of the white coat was criticized in connection with research on the spread of infections through tissue. Currently, many doctors refuse to use the oldest symbol of the profession, and the practice of medical activity is replete with new variants of the uniform of a medical worker (both in style and in color palette. However, it should be noted that the white coat symbolizes another important part of the medical education of students, the standard of professionalism and care, as well as a symbol of the trust they must earn from patients.

ОБРЕТЕНИЕ СОБЫТИЙНОСТИ В РУССКОЙ НЕКАНОНИЧЕСКОЙ ИДИЛЛИИ

The article offers a solution to the problem of eventfulness, characteristic for the poetic idyll in Russian poetry of the XIX–XXI centuries. Due to a shift in emphasis in the perception of idyllic heritage, а number of scholars define this genre as “eventless”. In particular, it is the idyll in the non-canonical era that is used by a number of poets as a sign of a “consummate word”, which is usually disintegrated in genre struggle for the right to complete a lyrical whole. In this case poems, using idyllic topoi, as a rule, are completed according to the models of other lyrical genres, such as elegies, epistles, ballads. However, there is a creative strategy for employing idyll, in which the eventfulness characteristic of the genre turns out to be found as a result of genre struggle. In this case, an idyllic event of value fusion, the coincidence of poetic consciousness with the world, passing through the test of the plot of other lyrical genres, is found in the event of a lyrical utterance. The elimination of the boundary between the inner and outer worlds (which is predestined in the canonical idyll and found in the non- canonical one) can be considered as the stem of the genre that survived the canon, unlike other genre conventions that turned out to be optional. At the same time, the non-canonical version of the implementation of the idyllic perspective of the worldview is a short moment of peace, won from the non-idyllic world, which one wants to repeat. Reflection performs a destructive function in a collision with a predetermined “ready-made word” of the genre, but it turns out to be able to pronounce it anew as a proper word, exposing its eventfulness. It is the nakedness of the specific eventfulness of the idyll that becomes a distinctive feature of the genre in the non-canonical era.

Historical Stages of the Formation of the General Legal Procedural Theory in Russia (XIX–XXI Centuries)

One of the important directions in the field of jurisprudence is the development of procedural science, which is conditioned by the need to satisfy theoretical and cognitive needs in understanding the essence of procedural law, procedural legal relations, legal process, the relationship of these categories, identifying the requirements of the procedural form, determining procedural offenses and other procedural legal deviations, the goals of the legal process and the means to achieve them. The purpose of the article is to identify the main stages of the development of procedural science depending on the genesis of procedural and legal categories, to determine its subject taking into account the accumulated theoretical arsenal to the modern stage, as well as to determine a compromise approach to the main procedural and legal categories, taking into account the provisions of modern legislation and the requirements of law enforcement and law-making practice. Methods. The basic principles, laws and categories of idealistic and materialistic dialectics of cognition are used in the study. To achieve the purpose of the article and obtain useful results, a number of general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition were used. The research was carried out on the basis of such general scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, historical method and system-structural approach. Formal-legal and comparative-legal methods were used as the main private-scientific methods. Results. To date, it can be concluded that there is an independent subject of procedural science, namely, the laws of the emergence, development and functioning of procedural and legal phenomena (procedural law, legal process, legal procedure, procedural and procedural norms of law, procedural legal relations, procedural offenses and other procedural legal deviations).

Характеристика интерпретаций и преобразований в вариантах «Сказки о попе и о работнике его Балде» А. С. Пушкина

The research aims to characterise a set of transformations in the variants of “The Tale of the Priest and of His Workman Balda” by A. Pushkin in the content-related and aesthetic aspects, interpretations of this fairy tale and its variants by types of interpretation of the text. The paper contains a list of transformations in the variants of A. Pushkin’s fairy tale, describes the results of alterations of the fairy tale in the content-related and aesthetic aspects, identifies the types of interpretations of the fairy tale and its variants in accordance with the tasks of interpretation from the XX century to the present day. Scientific novelty lies in the fact that the comparison of the invariant of this fairy tale by A. Pushkin with its variants in linguistic Russian studies, as well as in philology in general has not been carried out, meanwhile the said fairy tale belongs to the number of cultural capital texts. As a result, it has been determined that the technique of re-naming objects prevails among the transformations. V. Zhukovsky carried out a qualitative transformation of the fairy tale for publication. In the Russian discourse of the XIX-XXI centuries, the recognising, reproductive, normative interpretations are presented in relation to Pushkin’s fairy tale as a cultural capital text and its variants.

Necropolises of the Moscow Kremlin: History and Stages of Field Archaeological Research.

The object of this study are the necropolises of the Moscow Kremlin, the subject of the study is the history of their study by field archaeological methods. The purpose of the study is to examine the history of the study of Kremlin necropolises in the context of field archaeological research in the Kremlin and highlight the stages of development of this process. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as methods of field archaeological research, their application and development in Kremlin archaeology and necropolistics – from the fixation of accidental finds and the search for relics to systematic archaeological observations and full-fledged archaeological excavations. Special attention is paid to the history of the discovery of burial complexes unknown according to written sources. As a result of the conducted research, the article examines the history of the study of the Moscow Kremlin in the XIX-XXI centuries by field archaeological methods, in the context of the archaeological study of the Moscow Kremlin, the history of field archaeological research of Kremlin necropolises is highlighted and, based on the analysis of the materials considered, the chronological stages of the development of Kremlin archaeology are highlighted. The scientific novelty of the article is to create a single brief description of the history of the study of the necropolises of the Moscow Kremlin by field methods of archaeology and to develop a periodization of the development of Kremlin archaeology. The main conclusion of the study is the identification of two major periods in the archaeological study of the Moscow Kremlin and the Kremlin necropolises. The criterion for the allocation of periods is the development of field research methods - from the fixation of random finds and observations to systematic excavations. The first period covers more than a century – from the late 1830s to the early 1950s. The author characterizes it as a time of accidental finds and occasional observations of earthworks. The second period begins in the second half of the XX century, when it became possible to conduct systematic observations of earthworks in the Moscow Kremlin, lay architectural and archaeological pits and conduct full-fledged archaeological excavations.

RUSSOPHOBIA CONCEPT IN MODERN POLITICAL DISCOURSE

Russophobia is one of the most odious phenomena that Russia has been facing for several centuries. At present, the Russophobic ideology has been adopted by almost all major Western countries; it determines the political agenda in the confrontation of these countries with Russia. To effectively oppose this policy, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze the origins of the Russophobic policy. The study and criticism of Russophobia presuppose the reconstruction of historical events, social factors and political ideas that constitute the origins of this phenomenon as well as the main directions of its evolution. It is important also to identify the main trends and versions of Russophobic ideology and investigate the place and role of Russophobic stereotypes in the public consciousness and ideological conflicts in the modern world. First of all, it is necessary to define the concept of “Russophobia” and evaluate the evolution of Russophobic discourse in socio-political life of the XIX–XXI centuries. The article characterizes various ways of presenting Russophobia in political science discourse, showing the multifaceted and multifunctional nature of this political and ideological phenomenon based on fear of a strong Russia which is perceived as the “despotic antithesis” of European “democratic” civilization, as well as contempt for the “barbaric” and “slavishly submissive to the authorities” Russian people. A comparative analysis of approaches to the definition of the concept of “Russophobia” is carried out. The connection of Russophobia with ideology and propaganda is revealed. The following characteristic features of anti-Russian stamps, clichés, negative stereotypes that, in fact, constitute Russophobia are determined: falsification of historical data, the reporting of ridiculous information about Russia and Russians, the use of various kinds of fakes, reader manipulation techniques — forgeries, hoaxes, half-truths etc. The authors substantiate the position that only strong and independent Russia defending its national interests and civilizational values can resist successfully this global stream of political propaganda.

VIII Международные Зверевские чтения в РГГУ: «Американская глубинка в литературе, политике и культуре США»

The review outlines the major topics of the conference on the American Studies held by RSUH in April 2023. Оn the one hand, the US hinterland, is proud of the reputation of true America with its family values and religious traditionalism as opposed to multicultural and cosmopolitan large urban centers. On the other hand, it often sees itself as a territory associated with the decline of morality, loneliness, poverty, and racial intolerance. The conference organizers proposed to conduct an interdisciplinary study of the problems associated with the life of the American hinterland; to show its self-representation and understanding from the standpoint of the Other; to enter the conversation about the hinterland into the general humanitarian space in order to identify those common elements that form a characteristic idea of the life of provincial America in various discursive practices and contexts in literature, culture, history and political thought of the XIX–XXI centuries. The conference topics included depiction of the US hinterland in literature; gothic narrative and hinterland; American hinterland as a factor and actor in the modern US politics; its images in visual discourse; its role in creating the image of the United States; a comparative analysis of Russian and American hinterland representations. Additionally, 2023 marks the centenary of the Walt Disney Company. Special round-table discussion was arranged at the conference commemorating this event. The conference featured two presentations: the educational internet-project “Discover America” (80 lectures and 80 videos) finished by the publication of three books both in Russian and English at RSUH Press and the collective monograph “Dreiser’s Path”: A View with a Modern Lens.

Evolution of Structural Solutions of Public Spaces of Commercial Facilities of the XIX-XXI Centuries

Evolution of Structural Solutions of Public Spaces of Commercial Facilities of the XIX-XXI Centuries

A review of theriological research in the Polissia in the XIX–XXI centuries

The history of theriological research in the territory of Polissia from the 19th century to the present is considered (authors, works, and contributions to the study of the mammal fauna of the region). A review of the most significant publications on the theriofauna of the Polissia region is presented. The material is considered in chronological order, in four sections: ‘The period before systematic collecting’ (from the 19th century to 1920), ‘The period of field expeditionary research’ (1920–1940), ‘The resumption of theriological research at a new level’ (1945–1970), ‘Period of detailed stationary studies’ (1971–2000), ‘Modern stage of research’ (from 2001 to the present). A list of the most famous researchers of Polissia is given in accordance with the proposed periodization. The authors conclude that the number of studies and publications for the analysed period is connected, first, with state projects for the economic development of this territory (the construction of the Brest–Moscow railway at the end of the 19th century, large-scale land reclamation of Polissia throughout almost the entire 20th century). The key role of A. V. Fedyushin and I. N. Serzhanin for the development of theriological research is noted. The role of nature reserves created in the Chernobyl territory in the study of the mammal fauna of this region is discussed. The complete list of Polissia mammals including 80 species is given. It is concluded that the Polissia theriofauna has not been fully studied (insectivorans, bats, and rodents). The theriological studies in various parts of the Polissia region were carried out unevenly: from single visits and local expeditions to stationary and long-term monitoring studies. The insufficient level of theriological monitoring and, as a result, the lack of proper analysis of changes in mammal assemblages are indicated. The existing scientific collections, where specimens of mammals from Polissia are stored, are not catalogued into a single database and are difficult to study. In Belarus, theriologists are divided and do not have a common platform for the exchange of information and experience. The positive experience of Ukrainian colleagues in the creation and maintenance of the long-term activity of the Theriological School is presented.

"Color" Сomponent of the Frequency Dictionary of the "Armenian Text"

The aim of the study is to reconstruct the "Armenian" local text of Russian poetry, its color segment. The research material is a corpus of poems by Russian poets of the XIX–XXI centuries dedicated to Armenia. The object of study is the poetics of color as an important component of the image of Armenia, the subject of study is color naming. The methodological basis was an interdisciplinary approach combining linguistics, literary studies and computer methods of text processing. To describe the poetics of color, language material is processed and a frequency dictionary is compiled. Data interpretation is performed at the level of the entire corpus and within the subcorpuses of individual authors. This is how data on individual and national pictures of the world are compared and considered against the background of Armenian folk ideas about color. The scientific novelty of the research consists in compiling an original alphabetical-frequency dictionary of color names in the "Armenian text" of Russian poetry and in describing the poetics of coloristic elements. It is proved that in the general linguistic picture of the "Armenian text" and in most of the individually authored artistic worlds, the blue color and its shades confidently dominate. The semantics of color in Russian poets when describing Armenia does not coincide with the ethnic representations of Armenians. The study is promising for the comparative study of both local texts and national linguistic worldviews. The peculiarity of the "Armenian text" is the construction of a color picture of the world based on the perception of the color of soils, stones, rocks and the mountains themselves, as well as impressions of paintings by Armenian artists, first of all, Martiros Saryan.

Синий цвет в армянском тексте русской поэзии (интерпретация данных программного комплекса «Гипертекстовый поиск слов-спутников в авторских текстах»)

The research aims to reconstruct the key aspect of the Armenian text, i.e. the colouristic component. The research material is a corpus of poems by the Russian poets of the XIX-XXI centuries dedicated to Armenia. The poetics of colour naming is considered as an important component of the image of Armenia, a distinctive feature of the local text. Scientific novelty of the research lies in using an integrated lexicographic base to describe the poetics of a particular element of the poetic worldview (in this case, the colouristic element). The data of the frequency dictionary of the corpus vocabulary, the data of the functional thesaurus and the results of applying the original software system “Hypertext Search for Companion Words in Author’s Texts” are analysed. As a result, it has been proved that despite the natural realities (stony rocks, tuff) and the colour scheme of poems about Armenia fixed by the poetic tradition after O. Mandelstam, who depicted Armenia in red and yellow tones, blue became the colour dominant of the unified Armenian text of Russian poetry. Armenians themselves have a contradictory attitude to this colour. The identified poetic associations with the colour blue, while preserving the traditional contexts (visual perception, sky, water and mountains), attract the description of the earth, stones, the country and all things Armenian as a whole.