Objective To establish the xenograft model of human prostate cancer(PCa) by grafting patient-derived tissues beneath the renal capsule of intact male non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice.Methods Between October 2012 and August 2013,twenty NOD/SCID mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =5 each).Four patient-derived PCa specimens were collected and sent for frozen section analysis.A specimen of one patient corresponds to 5 mice.At 8-12 week after initial microsurgical implantation,grafts were harvested and fixed to be embedded with paraffin.For histopathology,routine hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed on these formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections.Immunohistochemical studies were performed for the expression of α-methylacyl CoA racemase (AMACR/P504S,prostate-specific antigen and P63 antigen on the sections.Results Taken rate of prostate cancer xenogtrafts in subrenal capsular was 95% (19/20).The subrenal capsule xenografts are protruded the renal surface and embedded into the renal parenchyma with angiogenesis.Pathological sections showed disruption of the basal cell.There was significant increase in proliferation and anaplasia of malignant prostate epithelium cells at subrenal capsule xenografts.Xenografts were confirmed as human PCa tissues with the PSA (+)/P63 (-)/P504S (-) immunostain.Conclusions The patient-derived human prostate cancer xenograft model in NOD/SCID mice is successfully established by microsurgical technique.This model can keep the heterogeneity of prostate,which could demonstrated the characters of PCa cells.It has been shown to facilitate the investigation of etiology mechanism of PCa,new agents and individualized antineoplastic therapy. Key words: Prostatic neoplasia; Xenograft model antitumor assays; Subrenal capsule assay; Testosterone; Models, animal