XBee Wireless Modules Research Articles

A Wearable-Sensor System with AI Technology for Real-Time Biomechanical Feedback Training in Hammer Throw.

Developing real-time biomechanical feedback systems for in-field applications will transfer human motor skills' learning/training from subjective (experience-based) to objective (science-based). The translation will greatly improve the efficiency of human motor skills' learning and training. Such a translation is especially indispensable for the hammer-throw training which still relies on coaches' experience/observation and has not seen a new world record since 1986. Therefore, we developed a wearable wireless sensor system combining with artificial intelligence for real-time biomechanical feedback training in hammer throw. A framework was devised for developing such practical wearable systems. A printed circuit board was designed to miniaturize the size of the wearable device, where an Arduino microcontroller, an XBee wireless communication module, an embedded load cell and two micro inertial measurement units (IMUs) could be inserted/connected onto the board. The load cell was for measuring the wire tension, while the two IMUs were for determining the vertical displacements of the wrists and the hip. After calibration, the device returned a mean relative error of 0.87% for the load cell and the accuracy of 6% for the IMUs. Further, two deep neural network models were built to estimate selected joint angles of upper and lower limbs related to limb coordination based on the IMUs' measurements. The estimation errors for both models were within an acceptable range, i.e., approximately ±12° and ±4°, respectively, demonstrating strong correlation existed between the limb coordination and the IMUs' measurements. The results of the current study suggest a remarkable novelty: the difficulty-to-measure human motor skills, especially in those sports involving high speed and complex motor skills, can be tracked by wearable sensors with neglect movement constraints to the athletes. Therefore, the application of artificial intelligence in a wearable system has shown great potential of establishing real-time biomechanical feedback training in various sports. To our best knowledge, this is the first practical research of combing wearables and machine learning to provide biomechanical feedback in hammer throw. Hopefully, more wearable biomechanical feedback systems integrating artificial intelligence would be developed in the future.

Low-cost wireless smart device design for radiation protection and nuclear security

This article presents the realization and implementation of a low-cost intelligent electronic device, which detects the ambient dose rate of Gamma and Beta ionizing radiation in real-time. Developed according to the principle of nuclear analog signal processing, the device uses a Geiger-Müller tube detector, in which the electronic circuit has been readjusted to produce the standard radiation protection signal (a slow positive logic pulses). It also consists of low-cost components such as the Atmega328P microcontroller board and XBee wireless modules for environmental radiation and nuclear security monitoring. The proposed device has several advantages, namely low energy consumption, low-cost, easily deployable in the field (in-situ), adapted for real-time measurements and data transmission to a remote personal computer (PC). After calibration using Cesium (137Cs), a comparative analysis of the data obtained from the proposed dosimeter was carried out with those of an in-situ gamma spectrometry chain (reference method) previously used at the same place and under the same conditions. This analysis gave an acceptable mean value of 64.30 nGy/h, of the proposed device, compared to that of the gamma spectrometer, which is 50.67 nGy/h. The prototype thus developed is simple, precise, and made for radiation protection.

Development of a Pilot Smart Irrigation System for Peruvian Highlands

AbstractWith growing developments in the technology of cloud storage and the Internet of Things, smart systems have become the latest trend in major agricultural regions of the world. The Arequipa and Caylloma provinces of Peru are highly productive agricultural areas that could benefit from these technologies. This region has low precipitation, generally less than 100 mm per year. Electricity is not available in most of the agricultural fields, limiting the types of irrigation methods and technologies that can be supported. Currently, 20 ponds supplied by water runoff from the Andean glaciers are used for irrigating approximately 545 hectares of land in the Majes district (Caylloma province). In order to develop optimal techniques for water irrigation in Arequipa and improve the infrastructure, there is a need for development of a smart water irrigation system applicable to the existing conditions in the region. The current study proposes a pilot smart water irrigation framework comprised of a drip irrigation module, wireless communication module, and a sensor network for intelligently regulating water flow from the cloud. In this study, a TEROS 12 soil moisture sensor is connected to a Digi XBee wireless module for collecting measurements of volumetric water content, temperature, and electrical conductivity, which are sent through a secure IP gateway to the cloud. A user‐friendly web interface is available for end‐users to access and analyze real‐time data. The proposed framework is easily implementable, low‐cost, and is predicted to conserve water through optimization of irrigation cycles based on a set moisture threshold.

Development of a wireless intravenous drip rate monitoring device

Biotelemetry increases the efficiency of the healthcare professionals. This study proposes the development of a wireless-communication-enabled low-cost, automated drip rate monitoring system, used for intravenous (IV) therapy. The proposed system monitors the falling fluid drops inside the drip chamber, and subsequently calculates and displays the drip rate on a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel. It is capable of wirelessly notifying the central monitoring station when the drip rate is outside the set range. The system was designed using a light emitting diode (LED), a light-dependent resistor (LDR), a microcontroller and an Xbee wireless module. The proposed device is simple, user-friendly and can reduce the workload of the healthcare givers by reducing their regular visit to the patient site.

Development of a wireless intravenous drip rate monitoring device

Biotelemetry increases the efficiency of the healthcare professionals. This study proposes the development of a wireless-communication-enabled low-cost, automated drip rate monitoring system, used for intravenous (IV) therapy. The proposed system monitors the falling fluid drops inside the drip chamber, and subsequently calculates and displays the drip rate on a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel. It is capable of wirelessly notifying the central monitoring station when the drip rate is outside the set range. The system was designed using a light emitting diode (LED), a light-dependent resistor (LDR), a microcontroller and an Xbee wireless module. The proposed device is simple, user-friendly and can reduce the workload of the healthcare givers by reducing their regular visit to the patient site.

Development and Designing Smart Traffic Light with Xbee Pro

The main function of the highway are used as a means to facilitate transportation, but today is often challenging due to all road users wanting more quickly reach its destination and precede each other. On the other hand, there is also a special car or entourage effect on traffic density, which in turn impact on congestion. To cope with this is actually the duty of the Traffic Police is not every day got in the way to manage traffic and will not be able to count the number of passing vehicles. To direct the traffic at any place such as a T-junction, an intersection, or intersection five solid pace of the traffic, the necessary traffic arrangements multifunctional tool called Smart Traffic Light. Called smart because the traffic light is deemed able to overcome three problems, such detect traffic density which affects the green light sensor uses the object infrared, able to detect the presence of specific signal from cars special like ambulance or fire engine or police or the like are automatically will change traffic lights red to green light using the XBee wireless module Pro and GPS, and seeks the traffic lights stay lit even though the supply of PLN extinguished using a spare battery. The system is capable of regulating the rate of traffic by arranging alternately road vehicle that passes a certain spot every day for nearly 24 hours a day and on these tools need to pair every day.

Received strength signal intensity performance analysis in wireless sensor network using Arduino platform and XBee wireless modules

Today, through the monitoring of agronomic variables, the wireless sensor networks are playing an increasingly important role in precision agriculture. Among the emerging technologies used to develop prototypes related to wireless sensor network, we find the Arduino platform and XBee radio modules from the DIGI Company. In this article, based on field tests, we conducted a comparative analysis of received strength signal intensity levels, calculation of path loss with “log-normal shadowing” and free-space path loss models. In addition, we measure packet loss for different transmission, distances and environments with respect to an “Arduino Mega” board, and radio modules XBee PRO S1 and XBee Pro S2. The tests for the packet loss and received strength signal intensity level show the best performance for the XBee Pro S2 in the indoor, outdoor, and rural scenarios.

Real-Time Performance of a Self-Powered Environmental IoT Sensor Network System.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play an increasingly important role in monitoring applications in many areas. With the emergence of the Internet-of-Things (IoT), many more low-power sensors will need to be deployed in various environments to collect and monitor data about environmental factors in real time. Providing power supply to these sensor nodes becomes a critical challenge for realizations of IoT applications as sensor nodes are normally battery-powered and have a limited lifetime. This paper proposes a wireless sensor network that is powered by solar energy harvesting. The sensor network monitors the environmental data with low-power sensor electronics and forms a network using multiple XBee wireless modules. A detailed performance analysis of the network system under solar energy harvesting has been presented. The sensor network system and the proposed energy-harvesting techniques are configured to achieve a continuous energy source for the sensor network. The proposed energy-harvesting system has been successfully designed to enable an energy solution in order to keep sensor nodes active and reliable for a whole day. The paper also outlines some of our experiences in real-time implementation of a sensor network system with energy harvesting.

Modeling and Analysis of Processing Flow in a Flexible Manufacturing System Using Synchronized Petri Nets

This paper presents the modeling and analysis of processing flow in a flexible manufacturing system. We considered the case of a flexible manufacturing system consists of three machining centers MC1, MC2, MC3 and two material handling system which assure parts loading and discharge, respectively. The parts incorporate an Arduino system with XBee wireless module. These embedded systems connected through a network wireless can allow easy identification of parts, easy identification of their position, of performed operations, ensuring optimal guiding pallets. In order to be able to model all the requirements imposed were used synchronized Petri nets with inhibiting arcs and with threshold test. Developed model aims to optimize parts flow, under the conditions in which MC1 and MC3 have a buffer for 3 parts and MC2 have a buffer for 4 parts, respectively. By implementing a wireless ZigBee network for the control of parts movement it provides a modern solution by which central control system will know the position of every intelligent parts and will be able change the flow of processing according to unpredictable circumstances. FMS modeling is useful both in the design to implementation of the program which controls material movements and machine flow, as well as part of exploitation, providing a clear view of FMS functioning. By that model verified through simulation it was able to optimize the flow of parts, so as that there are no blockage in the flow of manufacturing. The study allows software implementation of control systems for the FMS.

Realization of Zigbee Wireless Sensor Networks for Temperature and Humidity Monitoring

Many physical phenomena and processes in theenvironment must be monitored. This problem can be solved withan ad-hoc wireless sensor network (WSN), which consists of anumber of small and self-power sensing devices (nodes) that areconnected with each other using effective wireless networks. Thispaper reports development of an embedded wireless sensornetwork (WSN) prototype for environmental parametersmonitoring. The network itself consists of a coordinator or datagateway which wirelessly collect temperature and humidity dataover several sensor nodes. Each sensor node is developed from anarduino based microcontroller, Xbee wireless module based onZigbee/IEEE 802.15.4 standards, and temperature and humiditysensor devices. In the prototype system, both temperature andhumidity sensors are calibrated with accurate instruments to obtainprecise measurements. Its communication functionality is alsotested in various network topologies. The battery lifetime iscalculated to predict the energy consumption. The testing resultsshow that the system works well in terms of its functionality.

Fabrication of the Kinect Remote-controlled Cars and Planning of the Motion Interaction Courses

This paper describes the fabrication of Kinect remote-controlled cars, using PC, Kinect sensor, interface control circuit, embedded controller, and brake device, as well as the planning of motion interaction courses. The Kinect sensor first detects the body movement of the user, and converts it into control commands. Then, the PC sends the commands to Arduino control panel via XBee wireless communication modules. The interface circuit is used to control movement and direction of motors, including forward and backward, left and right. In order to develop the content of Kinect motion interaction courses, this study conducted literature review to understand the curriculum contents, and invited experts for interviews to collect data on learning background, teaching contents and unit contents. Based on the data, the teaching units and outlines are developed for reference of curriculums.

Low Power Shoe Integrated Intelligent Wireless Gait Measurement System

Gait analysis measurement is a method to assess and identify gait events and the measurements of dynamic, motion and pressure parameters involving the lowest part of the body. This significant analysis is widely used in sports, rehabilitation as well as other health diagnostic towards improving the quality of life. This paper presents a new system empowered by Inertia Measurement Unit (IMU), ultrasonic sensors, piezoceramic sensors array, XBee wireless modules and Arduino processing unit. This research focuses on the design and development of a low power ultra-portable shoe integrated wireless intelligent gait measurement using MEMS and recent microelectronic devices for foot clearance, orientation, error correction, gait events and pressure measurement system. It is developed to be cheap, low power, wireless, real time and suitable for real life in-door and out-door environment.

Study on the Coordinated Control Mechanism of Orchestic Robotic Vehicle Based on Educational Robot

Educational robot is a platform of new educational technology. Student could study new knowledge in execution, and discover new things in exploration. It can enhance the ability of analyzing and solving problems. Orchestic robotic vehicle is designed to give the arrangement and innovation in educational robot platform. With the sensor, dance movements of each vehicle can run according to the route and coordinated motion. There is a major hardware platform which is Arduino, with ATmega328 chip of AVR microcontroller. A QTI line sensor and SHARP-GP2D12 infrared distance sensor are used in the design. Xbee wireless communication module is based on ZigBee technology which is low power network protocol of EEE802.15.4 standard. By researching and comparing several methods of control, this paper analyzes characteristics of them and the advantage and potential of development of synthetic control are testified. Choreography and coordinated control is realized for the dancing wheeled mobile robot scheme.