Xanthoceras Research Articles

Triterpenoid saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge and their inhibitory activity on human cancer cell lines

Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge is widely used as healthy food material and folk medicine in China. Phytochemical investigation on its seeds oil leavings has led to the isolation and identification of seven new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins named sorbifoliasides A–F (1–6) and bunkankasaponin F (7), along with five known ones (8–12). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated through spectroscopic analysis and chemical derivatization. Among the isolated compounds, 16-oxo-3, 28-O-bidesmosidic triterpenoid saponins (2, 3, 5) were isolated from this plant for the first time. The cytotoxicity of all compounds against the ten selected human cancer cell lines was assayed. Compounds 7 and 9 showed significant activity against all the ten cancer cell lines (IC50 <10μM), while compounds 8, 10 and 11 exhibited moderate activity against most of these cancer cell lines.

Evalution of the Pyrolytic and Kinetics Characteristics of &lt;i&gt;Xanthoceras&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;sorbifolia&lt;/i&gt; Oil

The pyrolytic characteristics and kinetics of Xanthoceras sorbifolia oil were investigated at heating rates of 10, 20 and 30 °C min-1 in an inert atmosphere. The most probable mechanism function and activation energy pre-exponential factors were calculated by the Popescu, FWO and KAS methods. Three stages appeared during pyrolysis: moisture evaporation, primary devolatilization and residual decomposition. Significant differences in the average activation energy, thermal stability, final residuals and reaction rates of the X. sorbifolia oil at different heating rate were observed. Stage II of the X. sorbifolia oil could be described by the Mampel Power equation 22 (n=0.25). The average activation energy of X. sorbifolia oil was 346 kJ mol-1.

Thermal Stability and Kinetic Analysis of &lt;i&gt;Xanthoceras sorbifolia&lt;/i&gt; Polysaccharide

Pyrolysis and kinetic analysis of Xanthoceras Sorbifolia polysaccharide were evaluated using the TG-DTG/DTA method. The results indicated that its mass loss occured in three-step process . The first step could be attributed to the expulsion of water of crystallization at 25 - 176 °C. The second step corresponded to the large scale degradation of X. Sorbifolia polysaccharide in the temperature range of 179 - 661 °C. The final step was slow degradation of residues. Heating rate had significant effects on the pyrolysis of X. Sorbifolia polysaccharide and nitrogen could improve its stability. A close value of activation energy E of the thermal degradation process has been obtained by FWO, KAS and Popescu methods. The possible kinetic model was estimated to be Jander 5 (g(α)=[1-(1-α)1/3]1/2.

Pyrolytic Characteristics and Kinetics of Xanthoceras Sorbifolia Oil

The pyrolytic characteristics and kinetics of Xanthoceras sorbifolia oil were investigated pyrolysis in indifferent atmosphere and at heating rates of 10, 20 and 30 °C min-1 in an inert atmosphere. The most probable mechanism function and activation energy pre-exponential factors were calculated by the Popescu, FWO and KAS methods. Three stages appeared during pyrolysis: moisture evaporation, primary devolatilization and residual decomposition. Significant differences in the average activation energy, thermal stability, final residuals and reaction rates of the X. sorbifolia oil were observed. Stage II of the X. sorbifolia oil could be described by the Avramic- Erofeev equation 20 (n=4). The average activation energy of X. sorbifolia oil was 353 kJ mol-1

Synthesis of biodiesel from acidified soybean soapstock using a lignin-derived carbonaceous catalyst

Biodiesel was produced from acidified soybean soapstocks by using lignin-derived carbonaceous catalyst (LCC). LCC was a solid acidic catalyst prepared by direct sulfonation of residual lignin from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge hulls. The textural properties of the catalyst were characterized by 13C MAS NMR, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, elemental analysis and BET surface area measurement. When 7wt.% of LCC was used in the esterification, the maximum free fatty acids (FFAs) conversion (above 97%) could be achieved at a molar ratio of methanol/oil of 1:9 and a reaction temperature of 70°C for 5h. A comparison of catalytic activity between sulfuric acid and LCC revealed that LCC performed 3.5 times higher activity than sulfuric acid with the equivalent active group (SO3H). Additionally, LCC could be reused at least three times with high FFAs conversion (>80%).

Two new triterpenoid saponins from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia

Two new oleanane triterpenoid saponins, xanthohuskisides A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia. The structures of these two compounds were established as 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→6)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl, 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→6)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl 16-deoxybarringtogenol C (1) and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→6)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl, 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl 16-deoxybarringtogenol C (2), respectively, based on the analysis on their spectral data including NMR and HR-ESI-MS. The growth inhibitory activities of compounds 1 and 2 were assayed, and 2 showed moderate activity against U937 cell line with the IG50 value of 82.85 ± 1.58 µM.

Two new oleanane-type saponins from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge

Two new oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins were isolated from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge and their structures were elucidated as 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1 → 2) [β-D-glucopyranosyl (1 → 6)] β-D-glucopyranosyl-21β,22α-dihydroxyl-olean-12,15-diene and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1 → 2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1 → 2) [β-D-glucopyranosyl (1 → 6)] β-D-glucopyranosy-21β,22α-dihydroxyl-olean-12-ene. Meanwhile, the cytotoxic activities of these two compounds were tested on human gastric cancer cell (SGC-7901) and hepatoma carcinoma cell (HepG-2).

Effects of water stress and seed mass on germination and antioxidative enzymes of Xanthoceras sorbifolia

The effects of water stress and seed mass on germination, as well as antioxidative enzymes, in Xanthoceras sorbifolia seed were studied. The germination percentage decreased gradually in all seeds with decreasing water potential. The reduction was more significant under -0.6 MPa treatment than under the -0.2 MPa treatment in all seeds. The germination percentage of the big seeds was the highest in all treatments and had the earliest initiated germination compared with those of the medium and small seeds. Lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), osmotic substances (free proline), and antioxidative enzymes (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) increased in all seeds with increasing water stress. The values of all parameters indicated that water was a critical factor in X. sorbifolia seed germination, and the big seeds displayed increased tolerance to water stress as measured by germination percentage, osmoregulatory substance, and antioxidant enzymatic activities. Key words : Germination percentage, PEG 6000, malondialdehyde, free proline, antioxidant enzymes, Xanthoceras sorbifolia .

Two new oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge

Two new triterpenoid saponins (1, 2) and a known saponin (3) were isolated from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge., and their structures were elucidated as 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl(1 → 6)-[angeloyl(1 → 2)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl-28-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1 → 2)-[β-d-glucopyranosyl(1 → 6)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl-21β,22α-dihydroxyl-olean-12-ene (1), 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-28-O-[β-d-glucopyranosyl(1 → 2)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl-21β,22α-dihydroxyl-olean-12-ene (2), and 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-28-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1 → 2)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl-21β,22α-dihydroxyl-olean-12-ene (3), on the basis of the spectral analysis of NMR and chemical methods. Cytotoxic assay indicated that none of them showed obvious inhibitory effect on the proliferation of two human tumor cell lines.

Biodiesel production from yellow horn (Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge.) seed oil using ion exchange resin as heterogeneous catalyst

In this study, biodiesel production from yellow horn (Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge.) seed oil using ion exchange resin as heterogeneous catalyst was investigated. After illustration of the mechanisms of transesterification reactions catalyzed by typical ion exchange resins, the factors affecting microwave-assisted transesterification process were studied. A high conversion yield of about 96% was achieved under optimal conditions using high alkaline anion exchange resins as catalyst. Analyzing the FAMEs composition by GC–MS and main physical–chemical properties demonstrated that the biodiesel product prepared from yellow horn seed oil was of high quality. Compared with conventional alkali catalyst, the outstanding characteristics of reusability and operational stability made the resin catalyst more predominant for biodiesel production. In addition, a comprehensive kinetic model was established for analyzing the reaction. The results of present research showed that microwave-assisted transesterification process catalyzed by high alkaline anion exchange resin was a green, effective and economic technology for biodiesel industry.

文冠果花药发育与活性氧平衡的关系&lt;br&gt;Studies on the Relationship between Anther Development and Reactive Oxygen Balancing in Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge

本文分析了文冠果不育和可育花药自小孢子母细胞至双核花粉粒发育期间的活性氧的平衡性，结果表明：在发育过程中不育花药中的SOD与CAT活性不协调，Vc含量低，造成H2O2、MDA和有机自由基积累。这可使线粒体等重要细胞器膜破坏，影响了花药发育能量的供应和营养物质的供应而最终导致花药不育。 The balancing of the metabolism of reactive oxygen in male fertile anthers and male sterile anthers in Xanthoceras sorbifolia B. from microspore mother cells stage to binuclear stage was studied in this paper. The results indicated that the activity of SOD and CAT was inharmonious, and the content of Vc was less in the male-sterile anthers during their development, which cause the H2O2, MDA and organic free radical accumulating in the male-sterile anthers. As a result, the membranes of some important organelles such as mitochondria were destroyed. It result in the anthers sterile because of impact supply of energy and nutrient substance that anthers upgrowth needed.

文冠果花药发育与活性氧平衡的关系

本文分析了文冠果不育和可育花药自小孢子母细胞至双核花粉粒发育期间的活性氧的平衡性，结果表明：在发育过程中不育花药中的SOD与CAT活性不协调，Vc含量低，造成H2O2、MDA和有机自由基积累。这可使线粒体等重要细胞器膜破坏，影响了花药发育能量的供应和营养物质的供应而最终导致花药不育。 The balancing of the metabolism of reactive oxygen in male fertile anthers and male sterile anthers in Xanthoceras sorbifolia B. from microspore mother cells stage to binuclear stage was studied in this paper. The results indicated that the activity of SOD and CAT was inharmonious, and the content of Vc was less in the male-sterile anthers during their development, which cause the H2O2, MDA and organic free radical accumulating in the male-sterile anthers. As a result, the membranes of some important organelles such as mitochondria were destroyed. It result in the anthers sterile because of impact supply of energy and nutrient substance that anthers upgrowth needed.

The Analysis of Industrial Xanthoceras sorbifolia Forest - Oil Integration's Prospects

Abstract Xanthoceras sorbifolia has characteristics of sunny, sheltered the wind, cold-resistant, drought-enduring and high rate of oil in seed. It is endemic oil trees to China, and throughouts the north, east and northwest areas. Currently the forest - oil Integrated of Xanthoceras sorbifolia is still in the initial stage. At the case of little in the high-yield varieties of cultivated area and low seed yield, we can give priority to cooking oil, medicine, health care products in the comprehensive development, thus contributing to biomass diesel production chain to the deeper, broader areas of development, and gradually reach the aim that biomass energy alternative to part of mineral energy targets through regional varieties of large-scale cultivation.

Morphology and biochemical characteristics of pistils in the staminate flowers of yellow horn during selective abortion

Yellow horn (Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge), an andromonoecious woody plant, has both hermaphrodite and staminate flowers. Both stamens and pistils in hermaphrodite flowers develop normally, but the pistils are aborted and the stamens develop normally in staminate flowers. To investigate the anatomical and biochemical characteristics of the aborted pistils in staminate flowers, anatomical and biochemical assays were carried out. Microstructure, ultrastructure and their histochemistry were analysed. The hypotheses that amylase and endogenous hormones are involved in pistil abortion were tested by comparing the homochronous pistil tissues in both hermaphrodite and staminate flowers. We conclude that pistil abortion occurs at the meiosis stage of megasporocyte cells and programmed cell death in staminate flowers. Simultaneously, we observed that starch grains and protein abundance are of benefit to megasporocyte meiosis. Our study indicates that the low activity of amylase isozymes α3 and α4 will result in insufficient soluble sugars for pistil development. The endogenous hormones gibberellic acid (GA3) and abscisic acid (ABA) in the pistil of both staminate and hermaphrodite flowers at four stages were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results suggested that both ABA and GA3 are related to pistil abortion. In addition, a high ratio of GA3 and ABA exists in the stage of megasporocyte cells until the stage of megasporocyte meiosis I, which affects the normal activity of sucrose invertase and pistil development in staminate flowers. These results suggest that starch grains, proteins and endogenous hormones are important for pistil development and, as well, that pistil abortion in staminate flowers is related to the level of endogenous hormones and the activity of amylase isozymes.

Ultrasonic Treatment of Activated Carbon Used in Adsorption of Basic Fuchsin

Xanthoceras Sorbifolia Bunge hull activated carbon (XSBHAC) developed by phosphoric acid activation for removing basic fuchsin (BF) has been investigated. Experiments were carried out as function of contact time, pH (4-10) and temperature (303,313 and 323K). Adsorption isotherms were modeled with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm. The Langmuir monolayer saturation capacities of BF adsorbed onto activated carbon were 351.35, 354.96 and 355.94 mg/g at 303,313, and 323 K, respectively.The kinetic models were also studied .The rates of adsorption were found to conform to the pseudo-second-order kinetics with good correlation.Using the equilibrium concentration contents obtained at different temperatures, various thermodynamic parameters,such as △G,△H and △S, have been calculated. The thermodynamics parameters of system indicated spontaneous and endothermic process. Key words: Xanthoceras sorbifolia bunge hull;biosorption; basic fuchsin

New flavonoids from seed skin of Xanthoceras sorbifolia

From ethyl acetate extract of seed skin of Xanthoceras sorbifolia, one compound with other known compounds was isolated by column chromatography on acetone: water: acetic acid solvent system. Structural elucidation of these compounds was carried out on the basis of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) studies, namely 1HNMR, 13CNMR, HMBC, HMQC and other 2D spectroscopy. Key words: Xanthoceras sorbifolia, Sapindaceae, seed skin, flavonoids, epigallocatechin.

Characterization and quantification of the triterpenoids in different parts of Xanthoceras sorbifolia by HPLC–ESI-MS

Two new triterpenoid glycosides, sorbifoside A ( 2) and B ( 3), were isolated from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia along with two known saponins ( 1, 5). Their structures were established on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR data. A simple and sensitive assay was developed for the simultaneous determination of 6 triterpenoids ( 1– 6, including two triterpenoid aglycones) in X. sorbifolia based on high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS) coupled to an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface. The analytes were detected by positive ESI ionization mode and quantified by selected ion monitoring (SIM). All the linear regressions were acquired with r 2 > 0.998. The precisions were evaluated by intra- and inter-day tests, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) values were within the range of 2.0–2.8% and 1.7–2.9%, respectively. The recoveries for the quantified compounds were observed over the range of 95.3–104.7% with RSD values less than 4.6%. The method developed was successfully applied for simultaneous quantification of the six triterpenoids in X. sorbifolia, and our results showed that the contents of triterpenoids in different parts of X. sorbifolia varied significantly.

Effects of brassinolide on drought resistance of Xanthoceras sorbifolia seedlings under water stress

We conducted pot experiments to investigate the effects of brassinolide on 1-year-old Xanthoceras sorbifolia B. seedlings. In the experiment, roots were soaked in 0–0.4 mg/l brassinolide. After the seedlings were established, the soil water content in the pots was regulated to simulate drought conditions and various physiological parameters were measured. The results showed that the treatment with 0.2 mg/l brassinolide decreased the malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage of seedlings growing under moderate or severe water stress when compared with untreated seedlings. Leaf water content, relative water content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, free proline content, ascorbic acid content, glutathione content and superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities were all greater in water-stressed seedlings in the 0.2 mg/l brassinolide treatment as compared to the control. The results indicate that the application of brassinolide can ameliorate the effects of water stress and enhance drought resistance of Xanthoceras sorbifolia seedlings.

Adosorption of Basic Fuchsin onto &lt;i&gt;Xanthoceras Sorbifolia&lt;/i&gt; Bunge Crust Activated Carbon Developed by Sodium Hydroxide

Xanthoceras Sorbifolia Bunge crust was used as source material to make carbon by chemically impregnated by sodium hydroxide、carbonized at 220°C and activated under the protection of the nitrogen. Experiments were carried out as function of contact time, pH (4-10) and temperature (293,303 and 313K). Adsorption isotherms were modeled with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Adsorption isotherms of Basic Fuchsin on Xanthoceras Sorbifolia Bunge crust activated carbon are consistent with Langmuir equation. The Langmuir monolayer saturation capacities of BF adsorbed onto activated carbon were 286.545, 303.617 and 323.816 mg/g at 293,303, and 313 K, respectively.and adsorption kinetics were found to conform to the pseudo-second-order kinetics with good correlation.Using the equilibrium concentration contents obtained at different temperatures, various thermodynamic parameters,such as △G,△H and △S, have been calculated. The thermodynamics parameters of system indicated spontaneous and endothermic process.

Removal of Cationic Dye from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on Activated Carbon Developed from &lt;i&gt;Xanthoceras Sorbifolia&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;Bunge&lt;/i&gt; Hull

Adsorption of cationic dye, methylene blue (MB) onto Xanthoceras Sorbifolia Bunge hull activated carbon (XSBHAC) developed by zinc chloride solution activation has been investigated. Exp eriments were carried out as function of contact time, pH (2-10) and temperature (293, 303, 313 and 323K). Adsorption isotherms were modeled with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The data fitte d well with the Langmuir isotherm. The Langmuir monolayer saturation capacities of MB adsorbed onto activated carbon were 501.32, 534.54, 588.30 and 593.28mg/g at 293, 303,313, and 323 K, respect ively. The kinetic models were also studied. The rates of adsorption were found to conform to the pseu do-second-order kinetics with good correlation. Using the equilibrium concentration contents obtained at different temperatures, various thermodynamic parameters, such as△G, △H and△S, have been calc ulated.The thermodynamics parameters of system indicated spontaneous and endothermic process.