Xanthium Strumarium Research Articles

The Effect of Xanthium strumarium Root Extracts on Growth Inhibition of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer SK-OV-3 Cell Line: A Metabolomics-Based Study

Background: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a deadly gynecological cancer among women worldwide. Ministering ovarian cancer with classic chemotherapy medications can cause various side effects. Thus, in recent years, the anticancer potential of medicinal plants has been noticed in complementary cancer treatment due to their high efficacy and low toxicity. The anti-proliferative potential of Xanthium strumarium leaf and seed extract against several cancer cell lines was reported; however, there is no report on the effect of its root so far. Objectives: In this study, the antitumor effect of X. strumarium root extract was evaluated on the SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cell line, and metabolic alterations were identified. Methods: Cancer cells were cultured and ministered with different concentrations of ethanolic root extract. The antitumor effect of the root extract was determined by MTT assay, and cell metabolites was extracted. Finally, the metabolome profile was characterized and analyzed by 1H NMR-based metabolomics. Results: The IC50 value of the root extract of X. Strumarium was 30 µg/mL after 48 hours, which exhibited anticancer activity against SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and biotin metabolism were the most affected metabolic pathways involved in the growth inhibition of cancer cells. Conclusions: In the current study, the ethanolic root extract of X. Strumarium reveals antitumor activity against SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells and could affect vital metabolic pathways.

Xanthium strumarium seed as a potential source of heterogeneous catalyst and non-edible oil for biodiesel production

A sustainable process has been developed for synthesis of biodiesel by utilizing seed shell ash and non-edible seed oil from Xanthium strumarium seeds. The catalyst prepared by open air burning (UC), calcinations at 550 °C (C550) and 700 °C (C700) was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), field emission scaning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), field emission transmission electron microscope (FETEM), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), thermogravimetric (TG) and brunauer-emmett-teller (BET) analysis. Elemental analysis by XPS and EDX displayed the presence of potassium (34 wt%) in high concentrations that can contribute effectively to the transesterification process. The derived catalyst provides a high biodiesel yield (98.3%) at optimum operating conditions viz. 6 wt% catalyst concentrations, 9:1 methanol to oil ratio at 60 °C within 70 min. FFA content reduced from 5.63 mg in the oil to 0.28 mg in the biodiesel due to presence of considerable amount of amphoteric SiO2 and acidic P2O5 in the catalyst. The catalyst prepared at 550 °C showed the highest pH value of 11.78. The Hammett indicator test provides higher basicity for C550 (0.513 mmol/g) than that of C700 and uncalcined catalyst. The reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics and the activation energy was found to be 37.413 kJ mol−1. The reusability study also showed satisfactory biodiesel yield (82.3%) at 3rd round of transesterification reaction. The prepared biodiesel was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, GC-MS analysis and the fuel parameters are evaluated by the standard protocols.

Estimation of Biocidal Potential of Desert Phytopowders for the Management of Citrus Canker

Citrus is one of the most important fruit crops, throughout the world. It is a rich source of antioxidants and vitamin C. Citrus canker is a potential threat to its successful production. In current study, ten desert phytopowders including Xanthium strumarium, Dipterygium galucun, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, haloxylon recurvum, Suaeda fruticosa, Salsola baryosma, Citruluscolocynthis, Abutilon indicum, Aerva javanica, and Calotropis procera at three different concentrations (5.0, 7.5 and 10.0%) were evaluated under in vitro conditions against Xanthomonas citri pv. citri. Among all phytopowders, X. strumarium and S. fruticosa, showed maximum inhibition zone (40 mm) followed by S. baryosma(38.50 mm) C. colocynthis(37 mm), Abutilon indicum(34 mm), H. recurvum(32 mm), D. galucun (30.5 mm), A. javanica, (29.50 mm), L. pyrotechnica, (29.5 mm) and C. procera (28 mm) as compared to control. Then, effective phytopowders were applied under greenhouse and field conditions @ 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% against citrus canker. Combination of X. strumarium + S. baryosma showed minimum disease severity (22%) followed by X. strumarium (26%), X. strumarium + S. fruticosa (27%), S. fruticosa (27%), X. strumarium + S. baryosma (27%), and S. baryosma (29%) as compared to control. While in field experiment, the combination of X. strumarium + S. fruticosa showed significant results with minimum disease severity (32%) followed by S. fruticosa + S. baryosma (32%), X. strumarium + S. baryosma (33%), S. baryosma (35%), X. strumarium (36%) and S. fruticosa (36%) as compared to control. It is concluded that application of X. strumarium + S. baryosma phytopowders will be helpful for farmers to combat citrus canker.

Leaf Blight: A New Disease of Xanthium strumarium Caused by Exserohilum rostratum in Sudan

The fungus Exserohilum rostratum was consistently isolated from necroticspots and blight of Xanthium strumarium leaves. It was identified on the basis ofmicroscopic and macroscopic characters. Pathogenecity was demonstrated bypressurized hand sprayer inoculation. This is the first record of leaf blight caused by E.rostratum on X. strumarium in Sudan

Enhanced Herbicidal Action of Clopyralid in the Form of a Supramolecular Complex with a Gemini Surfactant

Surfactants are often added to herbicidal formulations to improve the delivery of the herbicide into plants. In this study a new herbicidal formulation was formed based on the clopyralid with 0.01% gemini surfactant hexanediyl-1,6-bis(dimethylcetylammonium bromide) (16-6-16) as an adjuvant. The increase in the efficiency of the formulation was associated with the formation of a supramolecular surfactant–herbicide complex (SMC), which has improved wetting properties, provides high clopyralid concentration on the leaf surface, and has higher penetrating ability compared to surfactant-free clopyralid solutions. Comparison of the herbicidal action of clopyralid–16-6-16 SMC with two commercial formulations of the same concentration of clopyralid was performed using digital phenotyping of the model weed plant cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium). Based on the spectral indices NDVI (normalized differential vegetation index) and PSRI (plant senescence reflectance index) and key morphological indexes of the leaf angle, plant height, and leaf area, we showed that clopyralid formulations strongly affected the plants and that the strongest and most durable effect was exerted by the clopyralid–16-6-16 SMC formulation.

Identification of the Spectral Patterns of Cultivated Plants and Weeds: Hyperspectral Vegetation Indices

The accurate recognition of weeds on crops supports the spot application of herbicides, the high economic effect and reduction of pesticide pressure on agrocenoses. We consider the approach based on the quantitative spectral characteristics of plant objects to be the most appropriate for the development of methods for the spot application of herbicides. We made test plots with different species composition of cultivated and weed plants on the experimental fields of the scientific crop rotation of the Federal Research Center of Biological Plant Protection. These plants form the basis of the agrocenoses of Krasnodar Krai. Our primary subjects are sunflower crops (Helianthus annuus L.), corn (Zea mais L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.)). Besides the test plots, pure and mixed backgrounds of weeds were identified, represented by the following species: ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), California-bur (Xanthium strumarium L.), red-root amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), white marrow (C. album L.) and field milk thistle (Sonchus arvensis L.). We used the Ocean Optics Maya 2000-Pro automated spectrometer to conduct high-precision ground-based spectrometric measurements of selected plants. We calculated the values of 15 generally accepted spectral index dependencies based on data processing from ground hyperspectral measurements of cultivated and weed plants. They aided in evaluating certain vegetation parameters. Factor analysis determined the relationship structure of variable values of hyperspectral vegetation indices into individual factor patterns. The analysis of variance assessed the information content of the indicators of index values within the limits of the selected factors. We concluded that most of the plant objects under consideration are characterized by the homogeneity of signs according to the values of the index indicators that make up the selected factors. However, in most of the cases, it is possible to identify different plant backgrounds, both by the values of individual vegetation indices and by generalized factorial coefficients. Our research results are important for the validation of remote aerospace observations using multispectral and hyperspectral instruments.

Two new species of Diaporthe (Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales) in China.

Species of Diaporthe have been reported as plant endophytes, pathogens and saprobes on a wide range of plant hosts. Strains of Diaporthe were isolated from leaf spots of Smilaxglabra and dead culms of Xanthiumstrumarium in China, and identified based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses of combined internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), calmodulin (cal), histone H3 (his3), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) and β-tubulin (tub2) loci. As a result, two new species named Diaportherizhaoensis and D.smilacicola are identified, described and illustrated in the present study.

RSM approach for optimising engine operating parameters of VCR engine fuelled with Xanthium strumarium L. seed oil biodiesel blends

With the depletion of fossil fuels, the demands for fuel prices led by OPEC are increasing so possible fuel power for the current-day diesel engine is the need of today. Biodiesel is a significant alternative fuel; however, engine parameters need to be optimised on the basis of best performance and least exhaust discharges. In this work, experimentation was carried out fuelling blends of Xanthium strumarium L. seed oil biodiesel with diesel in volumetric proportions of 10%, 20% and 30% on a VCR diesel engine under engine fluctuations of engine’s volumetric ratio, fuel injection pressure and the start of fuel injection timing. Response surface methodology was employed and modelled output responses of the engine were quadratic and observed to be statistically fit with good confidence levels. Based on the RSM optimiser, the predictions made were marked as IT 24.57580bTDC, IP-180 bar, CR-16.5657 and blend levels 29.1919%v/v with a composite desirability score of 0.6824.

Alternate hosts of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and their role in its carry-over to cotton in North-Western India

Bemisia tabaci is a serious agricultural pest and vector of many economically important plant viruses worldwide. We studied the role of alternate host plants in carry-over of B. tabaci to cotton crop in Punjab province of India. One hundred thirteen plants in twenty nine families harboured the whitefly, but plants in Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Malvaceae were preferred hosts. During winter months, vegetables Solanum melongena, Solanum tuberosumm, Ipomoea batatus and perennial weeds namely Abutilon indicum, Solanum nigrum and Xanthium strumarium played major role in the overwintering of the pest. Cucurbits, S. melongena, Solanum lycopersicum, Abelmoschus esculentus and Vigna radiata had the highest potential for harbouring B. tabaci during spring season and carry- over of the pest to cotton crop. We recommended that weed hosts that harbour the B. tabaci should be removed, whereas cucurbits, brinjal, tomato, okra and moong should be monitored regularly during spring season. The insecticides should be applied sparingly on spring hosts to prevent population buildup and to reduce carry-over of B. tabaci to cotton and other kharif crops in north western India.

Microwave-assisted sustainable exploration of cocklebur leaves (Xanthium strumarium L.) as a novel source of distinct yellow natural colorant for dyeing cotton fabric.

During current times, the use of bio-colorants attained public acceptance as a sustainable alternative to synthetic ones which in turn reduced the environmental contamination. The present study focused on the green, safe, and clean technology for the resurgence of natural colorant from cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) leaves and their application to cotton fabric. Natural colorants were extracted by employing an eco-friendly microwave-assisted extraction process using an aqueous and alkaline medium. Dyeing of cotton fabric was carried out using irradiated and unirradiated cotton fabric with irradiated and unirradiated natural dyes of cocklebur leaves. The results of extraction experiments revealed that 4min microwave-assisted alkaline extract exhibited significantly outstanding color strength onto microwave-treated cotton fabric compared to aqueous one. Further to investigate the optimum dyeing conditions for cotton fabric, various dyeing variables such as dyeing time, dyeing temperature, dye concentration, and exhausting agent were monitored and found a superior result using a dye concentration of 45ml, for dyeing cotton fabric at 75°C for 50min in the presence of 4g/100ml of table salt. For improvement in color strength and color fastness properties, the effects of various bio-mordants, such as eucalyptus bark, acacia bark, turmeric rhizome, and onion shells, and chemical mordants (aluminum and copper) on dyed cotton fabric were also evaluated. It was also observed that cotton fabric dyed with alkaline extract of cocklebur leaves using bio-mordants as pre-mordants (4% acacia, 4% eucalyptus, 2% onion) and post-mordants (3% onion, 3% eucalyptus, 4% acacia) exhibited the highest color strength and various hues with acceptable colorfastness properties against light, washing, and rubbing in comparison to chemical mordants. The ISO standard for fastness also revealed that bio-mordanting has enhanced the rating from good to excellent in comparison to chemical mordants. The results provide ample scope for the extraction of yellow natural dye from the cocklebur leaves for eco-friendly coloration of fabrics using bio-mordants.

Paired plot experiments to assess impact of invasive species on native floral diversity in Pakistan

The threat of invasion is growing globally and endangers biodiversity. Exotic invasive plants are putting a harm to the vegetation of Pakistan’s Pothwar region, which is a biodiversity hotspot. In the current study, the effects of Broussonetia papyrifera, Parthenium hysterophorus, Xanthium strumarium, and Lantana camara on the local flora in the Pothwar area were examined. Two categorical groups (invaded and non-invaded) were used in a dichotomized experimental design to collect data. Using the software PRIMER-7 and IBM SPSS v. 21, different diversity indices including Margalef’s index of species richness, Shannon index of diversity, and Simpson index of dominance were measured and compared between invaded and control plots. In comparison to the experimental plots, the control plots had an average of more individuals and diversity. On a multivariate scale, non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) and analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) revealed higher species richness in control plots. The invasion effect of L. camara was the highest, followed by X. strumarium, P. hysterophorus, and B. papyrifera.

Antioxidant activity of extracts from Xanthium strumarium – A medicinal plant from the Kingdom of Lesotho

Xanthium strumarium L. finds therapeutic applications in traditional medicines. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and to determine the total phenolic contents (TPCs) and total flavonoid contents (TFCs) of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and water extracts obtained from the leaves and stem bark of X. strumarium. Maceration and hot solvent extraction techniques were used to obtain various solvent extracts. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric-reducing power assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods were used to determine the TPCs and TFCs, respectively. The extracts from the leaves and stem bark exhibited radical scavenging activity in the ranges of 18.06 ± 0.3-185.67 ± 11.54% and 9.13 ± 0.54-84.18 ± 0.92%, respectively at a concentration range of 200-3000 µg/ml. The positive control, ascorbic acid, exhibited radical scavenging activity in a range of 56.64 ± 1.26-88.98 ± 0.31% at a concentration range of 200-3000 µg/ml. Additionally, the IC50 values of all these extracts were determined. The hexane and chloroform extracts from both leaves and stem bark and methanol leaf extract were found to be the most potent extracts with an IC50 value of < 200 µg/ml for each extract. The IC50 value of positive control, ascorbic acid was determined to be < 200 µg/ml. Furthermore, in the ferric-reducing power assay, ethyl acetate extract from both leaves and stem bark exhibited the highest ferric-reducing power of 0.996 ± 0.101 and 0.947 ± 0.018 at a concentration of 100 µg/ml. Moreover, the methanol extract from the leaves showed the highest TPCs of 133.41 ± 3.23 mg GAE/g of DW of extract followed by the methanol extract from stem bark and the acetone extract from the leaves with TPCs of 121.21 ± 3.14 and 118.01 ± 1.85 mg GAE/g of DW of extract, respectively. Similarly, the methanol extract from the leaves also showed the highest TFCs of 20.61 ± 1.81 mg QE/g of DW of extract followed by the methanol extract from stem bark with TFCs of 14.90 ± 1.18 mg QE/g of DW of extract. From this study, we concluded that various extracts obtained from the leaves and stem bark of X. strumarium exhibited a moderate-to-strong radical scavenging activity and ferric-reducing power and possessed a significant amount of TPCs and TFCs.

Fractionation of Xanthium strumarium L. foliage phenolics, in-vitro antioxidant activities, and in-vivo anti-diabetic potential.

Introduction: The present research aimed to fractionate Xanthium strumarium L. (XSL) foliage phenolics into a set of solvents and evaluate their antioxidant potential and in-vivo anti-diabetic activity against Alloxan monohydrate-induced diabetic mice. Methodology: For this purpose, XSL foliage was fractionated into petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water via orbital type shaking and tested for the presence of phenolics, and their antioxidant and antidiabetic potential. Results and discussion: The results revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction of XSL foliage contained the highest amount of total phenolics 95.25mg GAE/g of extract, followed by ethanol (65.14mg GAE/g), petroleum ether (25.12mg GAE/g), water (12.20mg GAE/g), and XSL powder (69.13mg GAE/g). At the end of treatment time (day 18 of oral administration of 400mg/kg body weight of mice), the ethyl acetate fraction significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lowered blood glucose level (353 ± 10.6 to 220 ± 25.5mg/dL) which might due to the elevated level of phenolic compounds in this fraction. Conclusion: Overall, it can be speculated that ethyl acetate and ethanol may work efficiently for the enrichment of XSL phenolic without compromising their antidiabetic potential.

Uticaj primene herbicida u trake i međuredne kultivacije na svežu masu širokolisnih korova u usevu soje

Aim of the research was to determine whether the band application of herbicides in soybean, covering a 50% smaller herbicide area, in combination with inter-row cultivation can achieve a similar or approximate weed control effectiveness, as compared to the broadcast herbicide application method in soybean crops, with and without inter-row cultivation. In three-year trials, pre-emergence (dimethenamid-P + metribuzin) and post-emergence (bentazon + imazamox) herbicides were applied using the broadcast and band (25 cm wide) application of herbicides, with and without inter-row cultivation.Inter-row cultivation was applied one week after the first and second post-emergence treatments. Impact of the tested variants on the fresh aboveground biomass of weeds was assessed, with the following species being dominant: Abutilon theophrasti Medik., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Chenopodium album L., and Xanthium strumarium L. The results showed that using the band application of herbicides with inter-row cultivation can achieve approximate effectiveness in reducing fresh biomass compared to broadcast application of herbicides, with or without inter-row cultivation. The combination of pre-emergence herbicides and the two-time application of divided amounts of post-emergence band and broadcast application of herbicides with inter-row cultivation achieved the most reliable control of all weeds, with an efficiency >95%. The results indicate that under favorable conditions for the herbicide action, it is possible to omit one half of the total amount of applied post-emergence herbicides. This can further contribute to significantly reducing the total amount of herbicides used in weed control.

Impacts of invasive alien species on riparian plant communities in South African savanna

Abstract Biological invasions are a threat to protected areas globally; however, the relative lack of studies quantifying the ecological impacts impairs informed decision-making. We selected three annual alien plants, widespread in the riparian habitats of the Kruger National Park, South Africa: Datura innoxia, Parthenium hysterophorus, and Xanthium strumarium, to examine their potential impacts on riparian plant communities. We identified 12–13 populations for each and placed a pair of invaded and uninvaded plots in each population. Species richness, Shannon diversity, and Pielou evenness were compared between the invaded and uninvaded plots using LMM models, and species composition was compared using ordination. The invaded vegetation showed lower species richness compared to the uninvaded, with the strongest effect observed for P. hysterophorus. The invaded plots also showed lower Shannon diversity and Pielou evenness due to the presence of alien dominants. For all three invaders, the invasion resulted in changes in the composition of native vegetation. Some native plants were more frequent and abundant in the invaded vegetation, possibly due to the habitats created in sandy river beds. The native species richness decreased with increasing invader cover, but the species richness of aliens accompanying the invasive dominants was not negatively affected by their cover. Our results confirmed the negative impact of invasive aliens on native plant diversity, with the most pronounced effect by Parthenium hysterophorus invasions.

Chromosome numbers in 31 taxa of Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Poaceae, Hypericaceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae and Plantaginaceae from wetlands of Hamadan region in Iran

In this study, we report the somatic chromosome numbers (2n) of 31 taxa belonging to Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Poaceae, Hypericaceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae and Plantaginaceae families from wetlands of Hamadan region in Iran. The chromosome numbers of about half of these species have not been reported in the previous literature. Chromosome number of Ononis spinosa counted chromosomally for the first time at the world level and the chromosome numbers of Erigeron acer, Pulicaria dysenterica, Arctium lappa, Xanthium strumarium, X. spinosum, Barbarea plantaginea, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Polypogon fugax, Prunella vulgaris and Lathyrus chloranthus, are here reported for the first time from Iran. In all taxa 2n was 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 28, 30, 32 and 42, as a diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid levels. These newly available data are further compared with those previously published for the same or related species.

Abstract 1768: Bioactivity and recovery effects of Xanthium strumarium L. fruit extract on skin using animal alternative testing

Abstract 1768: Bioactivity and recovery effects of Xanthium strumarium L. fruit extract on skin using animal alternative testing

Xanthatin suppresses proliferation and tumorigenicity of glioma cells through autophagy inhibition via activation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway.

Glioma is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults with high morbidity and mortality. Rapid proliferation and diffuse migration are the main obstacles to successful glioma treatment. Xanthatin, a sesquiterpene lactone purified from Xanthium strumarium L., possesses a significant antitumor role in several malignant tumors. In this study, we report that xanthatin suppressed glioma cells proliferation and induced apoptosis in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, and was accompanied by autophagy inhibition displaying a significantly reduced LC3 punctate fluorescence and LC3II/I ratio, decreased level of Beclin 1, while increased accumulation of p62. Notably, treating glioma cells with xanthatin resulted in obvious activation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, as indicated by increased mTOR and Akt phosphorylation, decreased ULK1 phosphorylation, which is important in modulating autophagy. Furthermore, xanthatin-mediated pro-apoptosis in glioma cells was significantly reversed by autophagy inducers (rapamycin or Torin1), or PI3K-mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235. Taken together, these findings indicate that anti-proliferation and pro-apoptosis effects of xanthatin in glioma are most likely by inhibiting autophagy via activation of PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy against glioma.

Analisis Keragaman Gulma Pada Tanaman Jagung Di Kelompok Tani Usaha Maju, Desa Naibonat, Kecamatan Kupang Timur, Kabupaten Kupang

The purpose of this study was to analyze the diversity of weed species in corn plantingsin the Usaha Maju Farmer Group, Naibonat Village, East Kupang District, Kupang Regency whichtook place from July to December 2020. Observation of weeds was carried out using the quadraticmethod. Observations in the sample plots by making observation subunits measuring 1 x 1 m2.Unknown weed species were collected and then identified using the Plant Snap application andmaking a herbarium. The results showed that there were 13 weed species found associated withcorn plants, namely Eleusine indica, Setaria pumila, Echinochloa colona, Cynodon dactylon,Digitaria ciliaris, Xanthium strumarium, Centela asiatica Ipomoea obscura, Euphorbia hirta,Tridax procumbens, Spigelia anthelmia, Passiflora foetida, and Phyllanthus niruri. Based onvegetation analysis, Eleusine indica and Euphorbia hirta were more dominant than other weedspecies with absolute densities of 20.5m2and 21.3m2per maize plant, respectively.

Impact of Invasive Alien Plant Species on Native Vegetation of Chhatrakot Rural Municipality, Gulmi District, Lumbini Province

Fieldwork was carried out in February to April 2022. The use and distribution of IAPS and their management were recorded through the application of checklists and semi-structured questionnaires Present research shows the presence of 10 invasive alien plant species from the study area. The main invasive species include Ageratina adenophora, Ageratum conyzoides, Ageratum houstonianum, Bidens pilosa, Chromolaena adorata, Parthenium hysterophorus, Mimosa pudica, Oxalis latifolia, Senna tora, and Xanthium strumarium. Bidens pilosa, one of these IAPS, is the species that is most common in agricultural areas, whereas Ageratina adenophora is the species that is most common in grasslands and forest borders. Significant IAPS in agricultural lands include Ageratum conyzoides, Ageratum houstonianum, and Oxalis latifolia, which have an immediate impact on the vegetation of the rural municipality of Chhatrakot. It was discovered that Ageratina adenophora was introduced around 20–25 years ago when road tracts were opened, despite the fact that the past of many IAPS was unknown. Ploughing, picking, burning, and composting are some common practices used to manage these IAPS in Chhatrakot rural municipality.