Xanthium Strumarium Research Articles

Nutritional composition, bioactive compounds and antioxidant potentiality of some indigenous vegetables consumed in Bangladesh.

Food and nutrition security are essential for accomplishing sustainable development goals, and a growing population requires various food sources to address hunger and nutrition. Indigenous vegetables are nutritious, healthy, and adaptable to local conditions, making them a potential food and nutrition security resource. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the nutritional richness of indigenous vegetables by comparing the nutritional content of commonly grown indigenous vegetables like Chenopodium album (Bathua), Coccinia grandis (Telakucha), Amaranthus viridis (Shaknotey), Moringa oleifera (Shojne), Alternanthera philoxeroides (Malancha), and Xanthium strumarium (Ghagra) to BARI Lalshak-1 (Amaranthus tricolor). Shojne violet had the highest lightness (L*), directions (b*), and chroma (c*) of 43.50, 23.69, and 25.02, respectively and telakucha had the highest luminosity (h°) of 114.11. Shaknotey had more moisture (88.97%) than bathua green (66.62%) or ghagra (72.55%). Ghagra had the most chlorophyll a (1.11mg/g), b (0.65mg/g), total chlorophyll (2.04mg/g), ascorbic acid (22.0mg/100g), and flavonoids (50.1 mgQE/100g). Bathua red had significant levels of anthocyanin, carotenoids, and strongest antioxidant activity (IC50 value): 42.9µg/g, 0.24mg/g, and 12.4µg/mL, respectively. Shojne green and telakucha were found rich in phenolic content (136.0 mgGAE/100g) and β-carotene (2.05mg/100g), respectively. Moreover, the studied indigenous vegetables were rich in minerals, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron, with a very high K content (49.4-79.4mg/g). Correlation matrix and PCA showed that ghagra, shojne, and bathua species were nutritionally superior to others. Therefore, the current findings suggest that ghara, shojne and bathua can become a nutrient-rich indigenous vegetable and improve human nutrition.

Comparative performance of YOLOv8, YOLOv9, YOLOv10, YOLOv11 and Faster R-CNN models for detection of multiple weed species

Weeds pose a serious production challenge in various agronomic crops by reducing their grain yields. Increasing cases of herbicide-resistant (HR) weed populations further exacerbate the problem. Future weed control tactics require the integration of non-chemical and reduced chemical-based strategies that can target site- and specie-specific weed management (SSSWM). Advanced machine learning technology has the potential to localize and detect weed seedlings to implement SSSWM. However, due to large biological variability among various weed species and environmental conditions where they grow, accurate and precise weed detection remains challenging. The main objectives of this research were to (1) develop an annotated image database of cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), common waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus), Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), and (2) investigate the comparative performance (speed and accuracy) of YOLOv8, YOLOv9, YOLOv10, YOLOv11 and Faster R-CNN algorithms in detecting those weed species. A weed dataset with bounding box annotations for each weed species was created, consisting of images collected under variable field conditions which were preprocessed and augmented to create a dataset of 2348 color images. The YOLOv8, YOLOv9, YOLOv10, YOLOv11 and Faster R-CNN were trained using the annotated weed image database to detect each weed species. Results indicated that YOLOv11 was the fastest model with inference time of 13.5 milliseconds (ms) followed by YOLOv8 and YOLOv10 with inference time 23 and 19.3 milliseconds (ms), respectively. The YOLOv9 had the highest accuracy in detecting different weed species with an overall mean average precision (mAP@0.5) of 0.935. In contrast, the Detectron2 with Fast R-CNN configuration provided mAP@0.5 of 0.821 with an inference time of 63.8 ms. These results suggest that the YOLO series algorithms have the potential for real-time deployment for weed species detection more accurately and faster than Faster R-CNN in agricultural fields.

The toxicity, repellent, and biochemical effects of four wild plant extracts against Aphis gossypii Glover and Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley: HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds

The insecticidal and repellent activities of the four wild plant extracts: stinging nettle, Urtica dioica L., white henbane, Hyoscyamus albus L., camphorweeds, Pluchea dioscoridis L., and cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium L. were tested compared to the insecticide spirotetramat against the 3rd nymphal instar of Aphis gossypii Glover and adult females of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley after 24 and 48 h of treatment. Their effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzyme activities were also assessed to explore their possible mechanisms of action. The phenolic compounds of the plant extracts were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The most abundant compounds in the methanol extract from P. dioscoridis were gallic acid (14.45 µg/mL), and cinnamic acid (11.44 µg/mL); from U. dioica were caffeic acid (15.32 µg/mL) and syringic acid (13.47 µg/mL); from H. albus were syringic acid (7.12 µg/mL) and catechol (5.33 µg/mL); and from X. strumarium were p-coumaric acid (24.53 µg/mL) and pyrogallol (18.35 µg/mL). According to the LC50 values, the contact toxicity of U. dioica, H. albus, P. dioscoridis, and X. strumarium against A. gossypii was 40.3, 60.6, 56.2, and 32.3 mg/L, whereas, the contact toxicity against P. solenopsis was 56.4, 67.5, 64.3, and 36.2 mg/L, compared to the spirotetramat (17.2 and 24.5 mg/L), respectively, at 48 h of treatment. The highest repellency rates were observed with LC50 values for X. strumarium (63.2 and 60.3%), followed by U. dioica (46.2 and 43.5%), P. dioscoridis (45.3 and 42.8%), and H. albus extract (38.8 and 35.2%) compared to the spirotetramat (78.5 and 76.2%) against A. gossypii and P. solenopsis at 24 h, but decreased with time. The AChE and GST activities in pests were significantly inhibited, compared to control and spirotetramat, with dose and time-dependent effects. These findings indicate that tested wild extracts may be suggested as viable alternatives for aphids and mealybugs control.

Phylogenetic analysis of selected species of Asteraceae on the basis of RPS 11 Gene

The Asteraceae family is a prominent group of flowering plants found across the globe, with the exception of Antarctica. The Asteraceae family is a largest flowering family pivotal group in plant evolution and diversification. Despite its importance, the genetic diversity within this family remains understudied. We focused on the rps-11 gene, a chloroplast marker previously utilized in phylogenetic studies, to investigate its potential in resolving Asteraceae relationships. The focus was on examining genetic diversity within sixteen specifically chosen species from the Asteraceae family. This assessment was based on an analysis of a chloroplast gene responsible for encoding the ribosomal protein of the smaller subunit 11 (rps 11). Nearly 417 bp of rps 11 gene was amplified, sequenced, computationally translated into amino acid sequence and the data was used for phylogenetic analysis as well as for rps 11 protein structure predictions. Based on nucleotide and amino acid sequences phylograms were drawn with the help of Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis (MEGA 6), which exhibited clear genetic relationship among species under investigation. The observed genetic distance was 0.02 for Maximum likelihood tree based on nucleotide sequences whereas it was 0.05 for phylogram based on amino acid sequences. These values revealed that amino acid-based tree has demonstrated greater diversity among selected species in comparison to nucleotides-based tree. On the basis of pair wise distance calculations, genetic divergence values were found within the range of 0.015–0.309. Moreover, 3D protein modeling for rps 11 protein of sixteen selected species was also carried out by iterative threading assembly refinement (I-Tasser) software. The models exhibiting the highest C-score were picked with satisfactory plot statistics (> 90%) and structurally validated by PROCHECK. Furthermore, Ramachandran plots displayed that the rps 11 protein structures of Tagetes minuta, Xanthium strumarium, Lactuca sativa and Chrysanthemum indicum have best feature models with > 90% of residues in the allowed region and ≤ 2% in the disallowed region. The research is not enough to stand alone to validate the viability of the rps11 gene as a prospective contender for phylogenetic analysis. İn future we will focus on the maximum genetic diversity theory for phylogenetic analysis of this family.

Xanthium strumarium L., an invasive species in the subtropics: prediction of potential distribution areas and climate adaptability in Pakistan

Invasive species such as Xanthium strumarium L., can disrupt ecosystems, reduce crop yields, and degrade pastures, leading to economic losses and jeopardizing food security and biodiversity. To address the challenges posed by invasive species such as X. strumarium, this study uses species distribution modeling (SDM) to map its potential distribution in Pakistan and assess how it might respond to climate change. This addresses the urgent need for proactive conservation and management strategies amidst escalating ecological threats. SDM forecasts a species’ potential dispersion across various geographies in both space and time by correlating known species occurrences to environmental variables. SDMs have the potential to help address the challenges posed by invasive species by predicting the future habitat suitability of species distributions and identifying the environmental factors influencing these distributions. Our study shows that seasonal temperature dependence, mean temperature of wettest quarter and total nitrogen content of soil are important climatic factors influencing habitat suitability of X. strumarium. The potential habitat of this invasive species is likely to expand beyond the areas it currently colonizes, with a notable presence in the Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa regions. These areas are particularly vulnerable due to threats to agriculture and biodiversity. Under current conditions, an estimated 21% of Pakistan’s land area is infested by X. strumarium, mainly in upper Punjab, central Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The range is expected to expand in most regions except Sindh. The central and northeastern parts of the country are proving to be particularly suitable habitats for X. strumarium. Effective strategies are crucial to contain the spread of X. strumarium. The MaxEnt modeling approach generates invasion risk maps by identifying potential risk zones based on a species’ climate adaptability. These maps can aid in early detection, allowing authorities to prioritize surveillance and management strategies for controlling the spread of invasive species in suitable habitats. However, further research is recommended to understand the adaptability of species to unexplored environments.

Phytochemical Profiling and Antibacterial Dynamics of Xanthium strumarium L Extract: Unlocking Potential Therapeutic Pathways

This investigation focuses on the analysis of the chemical constituents and possible therapeutic effects of extracts derived from botanical sources. The research entails a quantitative evaluation of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, carotenoids and tannins present in an ethanolic extract from the aerial components of the plant Xanthium strumarium L. Analytical results indicate a considerable presence of these phytochemicals within the extract, with phenolics, alkaloids and carotenoids as predominant constituents. Phenolic compounds represent 19% of the extract, notable for their role in antioxidative activities which are critical in scavenging free radicals and may contribute to lowering the incidence of chronic diseases. Alkaloids, accounting for 12% of the extract, have been recognized for their wide-ranging pharmacological actions. Carotenoids, which constitute 25% of the extract, suggest the extract's potential as a nutraceutical agent for health enhancement and disease prophylaxis. The study underscores the significant levels of these bioactive molecules, reflecting a phytochemical matrix with potential for antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and extensive pharmacological utilities. Additionally, the manuscript investigates the in vitro antibacterial efficacy of the Xanthium extract against various bacterial pathogens. By assessing the extract's minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and zone of inhibition (ZOI) and comparing these parameters to those of tetracycline, a standard antibiotic, the research delineates a concentration-dependent antibacterial activity of the extract. It is noteworthy that an increase in the extract's concentration resulted in a reduction in MIC and an augmentation in ZOI, particularly against E. coli and S. aureus, suggesting the extract's potential as an antibacterial agent.

The Effect of Alkaloid and Phenolic Extracts of Some Plants on the Biological of the Periplaneta Americana

The study was conducted to determine the extent of the effect of some plant extracts on the death of some of the biological stages of the Periplaneta americana, it tested two types of terpenoids extracts and the alkaloid extract of Xanthium strumarium and Achillea L. the extract of terpenoids and alkaloid compounds of the Achillea L in killing eggs, and it was also noted that the extract of terpenoids in both the X.strumarium and Achillea L was superior to the rest of the extracts of the same two plants. The two extract recorded an effect on the adults of the P.americana, as it was noted that the terpenoids and alkaloids of the extract were clearly superior to the X.strumarium, it was also noted that the superiority of the alkaloid extract in the X.Strumarium. We also note that there is a direct relationship between the concentrations of the extract and the percentage of death. The extracts work to kill insect eggs in several ways that have a physiological effect, including that they contain a percentage of oils that cover the surface of the eggs with a thin layer that prevents the exchange of gases between the egg embryo and its external environment, it hardens, thus preventing the egg shell from hatching, or the penetration of the extract into the egg, which affects the protoplasm, leading to the killing of embryos, or the inhibitory effect of the terpenoids compounds present in the extract of the two plants, which affects the growth of the embryos of these eggs.

Common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) interference in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]: the influence of weed and crop density.

The common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) is an invasive weed species in the Asteraceae family that probably originated in Central or South America but has now spread worldwide, where it infests numerous crop fields, including sorghum. It is also a significant invasive weed in various parts of Ethiopia, including the eastern region. In this study field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of various densities of sorghum and X. strumarium on their growth and reproductive output at Haramaya and Babile Research Stations of Haramaya University in Eastern Ethiopia during the 2022/2023 growing seasons. Sorghum yield loss was greatly affected by X. strumarium density, reaching maximum yield losses of 79.2% and 93.1% at the maximum weed density at Haramaya and Babile, respectively. The presence of X. strumarium in sorghum resulted in reduced aboveground dry matter and leaf area index (LAI). The extent of this reduction depended on the density of X. strumarium. As crop density increased, X. strumarium dry matter, LAI, and bur production m-2 decreased. The highest bur production per unit area for X. strumarium was observed at its highest density (16 plants m-2) with 1097 and 869 burs per unit area at Haramaya and Babile, respectively. These results indicated that higher densities of sorghum were effective in suppressing the bur production of this weed, leading to reduced yield loss. Therefore, sorghum competitiveness against X. strumarium can be improved using higher crop densities. This could play a key role in weed management by reducing the use of herbicides and mechanical controls, thereby forming an important part of integrated weed management. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Allelopathic potential of invasive alien plant species, Xanthium strumarium L., water and methanol extracts on germination and seedling growth of Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass., and Linum usitatissimum L.

The objective of this study was to investigate the allelopathic impact of Xanthium strumarium on the seedling growth and germination of Guizotia abyssinica and Linum usitatissimum. Plant specimens and samples of Xanthium strumarium were collected from the Minjar-Shenkora district in Ethiopia. In the laboratory, a series of dilutions of extracts from the leaves and roots of Xanthium strumarium were prepared using distilled water and methanol (99.85%) as solvents. Twenty-five grams of root and leaf samples were soaked separately in 250 mL of the specified solvent to create the stock solution. The experiment was carried out using Petri dishes in a completely random manner, with three replications repeated twice. Various concentrations of the extracts (25, 50, 75, and 100%) were applied as treatments, while distilled water served as the control. Each petri dish contained 25 seeds of each test crop and 5 mL of the corresponding extract. The number of Linum usitatissimum and Guizotia abyssinica seeds germinating was recorded every 24 hours until 12 and 14 days, respectively. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted. When Guizotia abyssinica and Linum usitatissimum seeds were treated with 100% concentrations of water extract from leaf samples, germination percentages were inhibited by 72 and 77.4%, respectively. In methanol extracts, the entire inhibition of germination was observed in both test plant species at ≥ 50% and ≥ 75% concentrations of leaf and root samples, respectively. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of water and methanol extracts showed a concentration-dependent pattern, with increasing concentrations resulting in greater inhibition. The inhibitory effect of leaf extracts was more pronounced compared to root extracts, suggesting the presence of herbicidal activities. Further phytochemical and molecular studies are recommended to identify the active compounds in Xanthium strumarium. Additionally, utilizing isolated allelopathic substances as a means of controlling invasive alien species is suggested.

Application of Asteraceae biomass and biofertilizers to improve potato crop health by controlling black scurf disease.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivation in Pakistan faces challenges, with black scurf disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn being a significant concern. Conventional methods like chemical fungicides partially control it, but an effective solution is lacking. This study explores the potential of biofertilizers and soil amendments from Asteraceae weed biomass to manage the disease. Two potato varieties, Karoda and Sante, were chosen, and two biofertilizers, Fertibio and Feng Shou, were tested alone or with Xanthium strumarium biomass. Disease pressure was highest in the positive control, with significant reduction by chemical fungicide. X. strumarium biomass also decreased disease incidence significantly. Fertibio showed better efficacy than Feng Shou. Physiological and biochemical attributes of plants improved with biofertilizer and biomass application. Tuber weight, photosynthetic pigments, total protein content, and antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POX, and PPO) were positively correlated. Combined application of Fertibio and S. marianum biomass effectively managed black scurf disease. These eco-friendly alternatives could enhance disease management and yield. Future research should explore their cost-effectiveness, commercialization, and safety.

Phytopharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Importance of Xanthium strumarium L: A Review

Xanthium strumarium L. (Family: Compositae), a medicinal plant that grows as a weed, has a wide distribution in the United States and Canada, Brazil, China, and Malaysia, including hotter regions of India. Traditionally, the herb has been used largely to treat various illnesses. The entire plant, particularly its leaves, roots, fruits, and seeds, has been used in conventional healthcare to treat a variety of conditions, including leukoderma, infections from bacteria and fungi, long-term malaria cases, rheumatism, tuberculosis, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, urticaria, rheumatoid arthritis, diarrhoea, constipation, and lumbago. In-depth information about the plant's pharmacological and botanical properties is included in this detailed account. The pharmacological properties and their antibacterial, anti-tumor, antitussive, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, diabetic, antimitotic, antioxidant, antitrypanosomal, CNS depressant, diuretic, contact dermatitis, insecticidal, and herbicidal properties are some of the highlights. Constituents found in all plant components, such as sesquiterpene lactones, glycosides, phenols, and polysterols, account for the majority of the pharmacological actions. Nevertheless, in order to validate conventional knowledge in the context of a sensible phytotherapy, future efforts should focus more on laboratory and in vivo investigations as well as clinical trials. Research requires quantification of individual ingredients and assessment of their pharmacological effects in humans due to the herb's multi-activity, especially its anti-tumor and anticancer properties, which have garnered a lot of attention.

Exploring the Potential of Xanthatin from Cuban Xanthium strumarium: Isolation, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation

Exploring the Potential of Xanthatin from Cuban Xanthium strumarium: Isolation, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation

Effect of Pre- and Post-Emergence Herbicides on Weed Control and Yield in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Weeds are a major cause of yield and quality loss in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) crops. Therefore, weed control is important in sunflower production. In this context, the study was conducted in 2023 to determine the effectiveness of pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides with different modes of action on weed population, dry weight of weeds and sunflower yield and yield components in sunflower. Four herbicides with different modes of action, three pre-emergence (aclonifen (A), pendimethalin (P), linuron (L) and one post-emergence (quizalofop-p-ethyl) (Q) and combinations of these herbicides were used in the study. To determine the effects of herbicides on weed populations and species, four different assessments were conducted at regular intervals. As a result of the study, a total of 10 weed species belonging to 5 families were detected in the trial area. The weed species with the highest density were Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Xanthium strumarium L., Convolvulus arvensis L. and Chenopodium album L. The study found that the effects of herbicides on weed populations and species varied. In the study, the highest rates of weed control were achieved in plots where both pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides were used together. The highest weed control rate was observed in plots P+Q (96.66%). The highest effect on weed dry weight was obtained in plot L+Q with a rate of 89.63%. The highest weed dry weight was recorded in the weedy control plots. In the study, the highest yield (287.53 kg da-1) was obtained in the weed-free (hoe) control plot. Yield increases of 18% to 45% can be achieved by controlling weeds in sunflowers. As a result, herbicide efficacy on weed population and dry weight of weeds increased when herbicides were used in combination. Some herbicides have been shown to increase yields when used alone. However, it is important to use herbicides in combination to control more weed populations and prevent a potential resistance problem.

Powdery Mildew of Xanthium strumarium Caused by Podosphaera xanthii in central China.

Xanthium strumarium, known as cocklebur, is an annual herb and has been used in traditional Chinese medicine. In October 2020, powdery mildew-like disease signs and symptoms were observed on X. strumarium grown in a crop field, Xinxiang city, Henan Province, China (35.36076° N, 113.93467° E). The specimen (PX-XS2023) was stored in Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology. White colonies in irregular or coalesced circular shaped-lesions were abundant on both ad- and abaxial surfaces of leaves and covered up to 99 % of the leaf area. Some of the infected leaves were senesced. More than 70 % of plants (n = 130) exhibited these signs and symptoms. Conidiophores were straight or slightly curved, 55 to 160 × 11 to 13 μm composed of foot-cells, shorter cells and conidia. Conidia were ellipsoid to oval, 29 to 40 × 14 to 20 μm (n = 50), with a length/width ration of 2.0 to 2.5, containing fibrosin bodies. Dark brown to black chasmothecia were found on infected leaves. The appendages were mycelium-shaped and at the base of scattered or gregarious chasmothecia (n = 50, 70 to 120 μm in diameter). Asci were 55 to 80 × 50 to 65 μm (n=30). These morphological characteristics were consistent with those of Podosphaera xanthii (Braun and Cook 2012). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) region of the fungus (PX-XS2023) were amplified and sequenced with primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990) and GAPDH1/GAPDH3R (Bradshaw et al. 2022) according to a previously reported method (Zhu et al. 2022). The resulting sequences were respectively deposited into GenBank (Accession No. MW300956 and PP236083). BLASTn analysis indicated that the sequences were respectively 99.82 % (564/565) and 100% (272/272) identical to P. xanthii (MT260063 and ON075658). The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the strain PX-XS2023 and P. xanthii were clustered into a same branch. Therefore, the causal agent of powdery mildew on X. strumarium was P. xanthii. To conduct pathogenicity assays, mature leaves of five healthy X. strumarium (height in 50 centimeters) were inoculated with fungal conidia by gently pressing surfaces of infested leaves onto leaves of healthy plants (Zhu et al. 2020). Five untreated plants served as controls. The controls and inoculated plants were separately maintained in greenhouses (humidity, 60%; light/dark, 16 h/8 h; temperature, 18°C). Eight days post-inoculation, signs of powdery mildew were detectable on inoculated plants, however, the controls were asymptomatic. Thus, the fungal pathogen was morphologically and molecularly identified and confirmed as P. xanthii. This powdery mildew caused by P. xanthii was previously reported on X. strumarium in Korea, Russia and India (Farr and Rossman, 2021). In addition, P. xanthii was recorded on X. strumarium in Xinjiang Province, China (Tai 1979). However, this is the first report of P. xanthii on X. strumarium in central China, where is around 3000 km away from Xinjiang Province with geographically differences. The sudden presence of powdery mildew caused by P. xanthii may adversely affect plant health and thus reduce medical value of X. strumarium. Therefore, the identification and confirmation of P. xanthii infecting X. strumarium enhance the knowledge on the hosts of this pathogen in China and will provide fundamental information for disease control in the future.

Xanthium Strumarium based activated carbon as low cost bioadsorbent for efficient removal of antidepressant drug Imipramine

Abstract Although, the pharmaceutical industries have contributed to improve the quality of human lifestyle. However, due to the extensive growth in living standards of modern society is one of the reasons that reinforce to millions of peoples to follow unhealthy lifestyle that leads to several health issues (like mental illness, disability and several metabolic problems etc.) it reinforces the over-dependency on pharmaceutical drugs. Among various pharmaceuticals, the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) have consumed significantly for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The drug Imipramine (IMP) is one of the potential candidates among these TCAs, which is frequently used drug across the globe. That is why these TCAs are frequently detected pharmaceuticals in environment and negatively affect living organism. The levels of contamination of these TCAs in the environment have increased due to COVID-19 pandemic which consequently increased psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression in a significant population. The Imipramine contamination has harmful impact on human such as hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions and hypothermia. The present study witnessed an effective removal of the Imipramine contamination from aqueous effluent using Xanthium Strumarium based low cost bio-adsorbent. The thermal activation was done to produce powdered bioadsorbent (XPT1) for Imipramine removal from its aqueous phase. The batch experiments were performed to access adsorption parameters like contact time (2 hours), maximum adsorption capacity (3.74 mg/g), optimum pH (less than 5 and more than 9) and adsorption capacity dependence on concentration and temperature of produced bioadsorbents. The fixed-bed column experiment was carried out to attain saturation time (626 minutes), adsorption capacity (64.9 mg.g−1) with 90.08 % of total removal percent of Imipramine. The adsorption isotherm data were best fitted to Freundlich model at low temperature 303 K, while at higher temperature the Imipramine adsorption is well fitted with both Langmuir and Freundlich models.

Bio-stabilization of toxic weeds (Xanthium strumarium and Lantana camara) implementing mono- and polyculture of Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae.

The present study investigates the synergistic impact of earthworms (Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae) and microbes during vermicomposting of invasive weed phytomass (Xanthium strumarium and Lantana camara). This study aims introducing an onsite solution for weed control while producing valuable organic manure. Vermitransformation and detailed characterization of mono- (VC1, VC2, VC4, VC5) and polyculture (VC3, VC6) of X. strumarium and L. camara has been reported for the first time employing E. fetida and E. eugeniae. The study achieved 45.16 ± 2.48-76.73 ± 1.37% vermiconvertion rate. The pH, conductivity, and concentration of heavy metals are effectively stabilized. Furthermore, it observed a significant reduction in total organic carbon (TOC) alongside the augmentation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and other trace elements (Zn, Ni, Fe). The ash content, humification index, and C/N ratio analysis established the maturity of the vermicompost. The macronutrient enhancement in the vermicompost samples was recorded 1.5- to 2.47-fold for total N, 1.19- to 1.48-fold in available P, 1.1- to 1.2-fold in total K, and 1.1- to 1.18-fold in total Ca. The germination index reveals a significant reduction in phytotoxicity, suggesting the production of mature and suitable vermicompost for agricultural use. Evaluating mono- and polyculture techniques, the research highlights the superiority of E. fetida over E. eugeniae. Further, the earthworm population and biomass have significantly increased by the end of 60-day experimental trial.

Dye disappearing act: unveiling the mystique of Acid Violet 4BS adsorption with Xanthium strumarium–derived activated carbon

Dye disappearing act: unveiling the mystique of Acid Violet 4BS adsorption with Xanthium strumarium–derived activated carbon

Impact of Water Pollution from Various Sources on the Concentration of Amino Acids in Silybum marianum and Xanthium strumarium L. Plants

Impact of Water Pollution from Various Sources on the Concentration of Amino Acids in Silybum marianum and Xanthium strumarium L. Plants

UPLC-ESI-MS\MS Phytochemicals Profiling of n-Butanol Fraction of Xanthium strumarium Fruit Extract

The work aimed to explore the phytochemicals of various fractions of Xanthium strumarium fruit extract since this plant is found to be toxic for both humans and animals in Iraq. The extracts underwent phytochemical screening, which indicated the occurrence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, coumarin, saponin, tannins, and terpenoids. After extraction, fractionation was done using hexane, chloroform, and N-butanol respectively, for identifying the phytochemicals found in each fraction, UPLC-electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectroscopy was used which revealed the presence of 6 sterol and terpenes compound in hexane fraction, Nine compounds were detected in the chloroform fraction, among which 2-acetyl-atractyligenin and Artemisinin were the primary components. Additionally, this particular plant has been found to contain these compounds for the first time. Furthermore, Pungiolide C, dihydroartemisinin, and atractylenolide II were also detected for the first time in this plant. For the n-Butanol fraction, eight diterpene glycosides were recognized, with Atractyloside and Carboxyatractyloside and their desulphated derivatives as the major compounds responsible for the plant's toxicity. The butanol fraction also showed the presence of eight phenolic compounds, among which caffeoylquinic acid derivatives and flavonoid Syringetin were the major compounds in this fraction.

Weeds in the cotton growing areas in the Southeastern Anatolia Region

The Southeast Anatolia Region plays an important role, as it accounts for around sixty percent of Türkiye's cotton production. One of the most important factors limiting cotton cultivation is weeds. The aim of this study was to determine the weed species, their frequency and population density in the cotton growing areas of the Southeast Anatolia region. For this purpose, surveys were conducted in 152 cotton growing areas in Diyarbakır, Mardin and Şanlıurfa provinces in 2020 and 2021. The surveys were conducted using the segmented sampling method. As a result of the studies, 43 weed species belonging to 16 families were identified. When the weed species found in cotton are evaluated by family, the Poaceae family ranks first with 7 species, followed by Asteraceae with 6 species, Euphorbiaceae and Amaranthaceae with 5 species. redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.), jungle rice (Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link), ground cherry (Physalis spp.), common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), black night shade (Solanum nigrum L.), johnson grass [Sorghum halepense (L.). Pers] and common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) were identified as the most common weed species. These weeds are widespread in many summer crops, especially in cotton. The development of effective management methods against these weeds in cotton will contribute to higher yields.