Method Of X-ray Fluorescence Analysis Research Articles

Study of the composition and properties of the copper ore processing tailings of PJSC Gaysky Mining and Processing Plant

The article provides the results of studies to establish the environmental impact of the copper ore processing tailings storage facilities of PJSC Gaysky Mining and Processing Plant on the natural waters, as well as to estimate the value of the tailings if used as a technogenic raw material. The work was carried out using the results of the grainsize analysis and qualitative and quantitative assays of the copper ore processing tailings from the TSF of the concentrator, as well as the results of surface and ground water sampling in the area of the TSF. The grain-size analysis was carried out by the sieve method and used to classify the processing tailings into four size classes. The X-ray fluorescence analysis method was used to establish the composition of the tailings; the predominance of oxides of silicon, iron, sulfur, and aluminum was observed. Using an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer and an atomic absorption spectrometer, the total contents of heavy metals and toxic elements were measured, as well as the gold and silver grades. The results obtained indicate that operation of the copper ore processing tailings storage facilities is associated with the washout of both valuable and hazardous chemical components with the infiltration waters into the groundwater. All chemical studies and assays were carried out at the Scientific and Educational Center for Shared Use of the St. Petersburg Mining University and the laboratory of the Process Research Department of JSC Mekhanobr Engineering.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ДЕГИДРАТАЦИИ КОЛЕМАНИТА В НЕИЗОТЕРМИЧЕСКИХ УСЛОВИЯХ

The regularities of colemanite dehydration under non-isothermal conditions are investigated. It is established that colemanite, supplied to the Russian Federation from Turkey, has calcite in its composition. The chemical composition of colemanite is determined using the X-ray fluorescence analysis method. It is shown that the processes of dehydration of colemanite under non-isothermal conditions at a heating rate of 10 °С / min are accompanied by two endothermic effects at 660,7 K and 675,7 K with a total mass loss of 17,3 %. The rate of mass loss of colemanite from the temperature at heating up to 773 K, at which colemanite dehydrates and passes into the amorphous phase, is also studied. The regularities of changes in the rate of dehydration of colemanite are established. It is shown that the maximum values of the dehydration rate of colemanite are observed in the temperature range of 653–678 K. The activation energy of colemanite dehydration is determined to be 86,000 J/mol. Based on the experimentally obtained data, the rate constant of the colemanite dehydration process is calculated. The process of dehydration of colemanite is adequately described by the formal equation of kinetics. Most of the kinetic curve is adequately described by the resulting kinetic equation. It is proposed to describe the mechanism of dehydration of colemanite by a two-stage process, accompanied at the first stage by the removal of crystallization water, and at the second stage-by the removal of hydroxyl groups

Биологически активные вещества Vitis amurensis Rupr. для профилактики преждевременного старения

Introduction. Population aging is a medical and social problem that receives special attention from the governments of developed and developing countries. The research objective was to assess the content of biologically active substances in fruits and leaves of Vitis amurensis Rupr. harvested in the Amur Region. The authors analyzed the phenolic profile, anti-radical potential, and the possibility of their complex processing for further use in functional foods. Study objects and methods. The author reviewed ten years of domestic and foreign publications, standards, and legislative documents. The research featured leaves and fruits of Vitis amurensis Rupr., collected in various areas of the Amur Region. The composition of biologically active substances was analyzed using potentiometric, titrimetric, colorimetric, and photocolorimetric methods, as well as the method of X-ray fluorescence analysis. Results and discussion. The sugar content in fruits of Vitis amurensis Rupr. was 11.97%, in leaves – 1.14%. In the fruits, the maximum calcium content was 62.57 ± 0.01 mg/100 g. Potassium content was the highest in the leaves (0.105 ± 0.004 mg/100 g). Caftaric acid had the largest content in leaves and fruits: 4.97 ± 0.01 and 125.69 ± 0.32 mg/kg, respectively. The highest content of resveratrol was found in fruits (148.16 ± 1.40 mg/kg), while in leaves it was only 9.87 ± 0.61 mg/kg. Likewise, fruits demonstrated the maximum content of flavonols: quercetin – 136.21 ± 5.60 mg/kg, kaempferol – 1.19 ± 0.01 mg/kg. Conclusion. Vitis amurensis Rupr. is a promising source of bioactive compounds. Due to its comprehensive phytochemical assessment, it can find wider application in nutritive sciences, cosmetic industry, and food combinatorics. Fruits and leaves of Vitis amurensis Rupr. proved to possess a high antioxidant activity due to polyphenols, resveratrol, B vitamins, and vitamin C.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ МЕСТНОГО ФОНОВОГО СОДЕРЖАНИЯ НЕКОТОРЫХ МАКРО- И МИКРОЭЛЕМЕНТОВ В ПОЧВАХ ПЕРМСКОГО КРАЯ

According to the V.I. Vernadsky law, chemical elements are distributed unevenly in natural objects. Knowledge of the content of chemical elements in a particular area helps in solving various environmental problems. As a result of economic activity, there occurs anthropogenic transformation of the natural environment, including changes in the geochemical properties of landscapes. For an objective assessment of the anthropogenic impact when studying various territories, it is necessary to take into account the background content of macro- and microelements. Since there is a constant anthropogenic impact on the natural environment, the data on background content must be updated. The article presents the results of the content study conducted for some macro- and microelements (Sr, Pb, As, Zn, Ni, Co, Fe2O3, MnO, Cr, V, TiO2) in landscapes in the Perm region. To determine the content of these elements, the method of X-ray fluorescence analysis was applied. As a result, the geochemical specialization of the region and its natural areas (Northern Urals, Western Urals, Middle Taiga, South Taiga, Mixed Coniferous-broad-leaved Forests and Kungur forest-steppe) was determined, geochemical series were constructed, accumulating and dispersing elements were identified. The local background content of the studied elements was determined for each natural area and also the Perm region as a whole. The data obtained can be used to assess the anthropogenic impact on the natural environment.

Study on the Analysis of Main Components of Aluminum Alloy by XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis) Method

Aluminum alloy has low density, good plasticity, and high strength. It has a large number of applications in many fields. The performance of aluminum alloy is closely related to its alloy composition. The rapid and accurate determination of the content of various elements in aluminum alloy is important for its production and processing. The experiment is based on the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis method, and analyzes the main elements in the aluminum alloy samples with different composition. The best working mode and the best measurement time of different elements are determined among the partitions. The data measured in the experiment were compared and analyzed by using one-variable, two-variable, and three-variable fitting methods, and the best multiple fitting method for different elements was determined. After ternary fitting, the average absolute errors for Al, Mg, and Si are 0.040%, 0.027%, and 0.007%, respectively, and the average relative errors are 0.040%, 2.111%, and 0.469%, respectively; after binary fitting, the average absolute errors for Cu and Zn are 0.001% and 0.001%, and the average relative errors are 0.061% and 0.070%. The average absolute errors of Zn are 0.001% and 0.001%, and the average relative errors are 0.061% and 0.070%, respectively. The experimental results prove that the XRF method can be applied to the accurate measurement of the main components of aluminum alloy.

Mathematical Modeling of Mutually Influencing Elements by the Fundamental Parameter Method for X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of High-Entropy AlCrFeCoNiCu Alloy

A mathematical model and a software program (FLUOR81) were developed to implement the fundamental parameter method for X-ray fluorescence analysis of new alloy types. The model takes into account the X-ray tube excitation by polychromatic radiation and the secondary excitation of some elements by others. The program was tested using state standard samples of steels and alloys with nickel and cobalt matrices to show that the intensity of characteristic lines could be calibrated using pure elements in the absence of standard samples. In this case, the relative measurement error was no more than 3–4%. This approach was employed for mathematical modeling of the mutual influence of elements in the AlCrFeCoNiCu high-entropy alloy (HEA). The stoichiometric coefficients in the AlCrxFeCoxNixCu alloy were varied (x = 0.5, 1, 2) to find that the relative deviations of initial concentrations of components (ignoring their mutual influence) from the stoichiometric values were within ±50% and slightly changed with concentration. These patterns can be used for semiquantitative estimates of the HEA compositions for which no standard samples are available. To obtain results with a relative error of 3–4%, calculations with the software developed are needed.

Construction and application of a micro-area polarized energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer with polycapillary X-ray lens in a conventional laboratory

The polarized energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis method can effectively reduce detection limits by improving the signal-to-noise ratio. However, the lack of high-power density and small analysis area of the polarized X-ray beam has hindered more accurate analysis of samples in conventional laboratory. A polycapillary X-ray lens can be applied to micro-area analysis. Therefore, a micro-area polarized energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer based on a bent highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and a polycapillary X-ray lens is proposed. The polarization degree of the polarized X-ray beam is 99.76% and its focal spot size is 338.8 μm × 404.5 μm. The new spectrometer feasibility was proved by effective production of high-resolution element distribution maps of a holly (Ilex chinensis Sims) leaf sample.

Study on Pulp Grade of Iron Ore Concentrate by Monte Carlo

When energy distribution X-ray fluorescence analysis method (EDXRF) is used to measure the pulp grade of iron concentrate, the parameters such as the location of radioactive source, detector, the particle size of the iron concentrate, and the concentration of the iron concentrate slurry, etc. have a greater influence on the measurement results. In order to more accurately measure the grade of iron ore pulp, the Monte Carlo method was used to study the different pulp grades of samples of the iron ore concentrate under different conditions such as the location of radioactive source, detector, the particle size of the iron concentrate, and the concentration of the iron concentrate slurry. By studying the relationship between different influencing factors and counting rate, the error of the actual measurement time and the pulp grade of iron concentrate can be reduced. The pulp grade of iron concentrate is improved, and the in-situ EDXRF analysis of iron concentrate slurry is more in line with the actual grade.

Ion-Beam and X-Ray Methods of Elemental Diagnostics of Thin Film Coatings

We show how the combined use of the methods of Rutherford backscattering of ions and X-ray fluorescence analysis under conditions of total external reflection of the flow of exciting hard X-ray radiation and registration of the X-ray radiation output during ion excitation allows to effectively diagnose the elemental composition of thin-film coatings and films of dry residues of liquids. These methods and the features of their experimental application are briefly described. Examples of the complex methodological analysis of real objects are given. The possibility of increasing the efficiency of the methods of X-ray fluorescence analysis of materials due to the inclusion in the X-ray optical schemes of experimental measurements of flat X-ray waveguide resonators is indicated.

Determination of the composition of chalcogenid glasses ASxSE1-x by the method of X-ray fluorescent analysis

The features of X-ray fluorescence analysis of chalcogenide glassy semiconductors are considered in the research. The standard method was used to determine the concentrations of arsenic and selenium AsxSe1-xalloys. The use of this method allows determining the quantitative composition of glasses with an accuracy of ± 0.0002.

Evaluation of the Elemental Composition of Hemerocallis as a Bioindicator of the Ecological State of the Urbanized Environment

As a result, the study using the method of x-ray fluorescence analysis with synchrotron radiation (SRX RF), for the first time obtained reliable data on the content of 20 elements in the above-ground (leaves) and underground (rhizome) plant organs Hemerocallis hybrida (sort Regal Air) growing in an urban environment in the Novosibirsk oblast. It is shown that the maximum concentration of most elements falls on the organs of plants that live in a man-made environment. The high content of heavy metals – lead, zinc, iron, manganese, copper – in the leaves was noted. The increased concentration of chemical elements in the organs of plants Hemerocallis hybrida, which suggests that they are bioindicators of the ecological state of industrial transport zones.

Improving a procedure for determining the assay of gold in a precious alloy of different composition using a touchstone

We report testing the and jewelry alloys based on that contains nickel, zinc, palladium, using a touchstone by applying various chemical reagents and XFA (X-ray fluorescence analysis).We have improved the procedure for assessing the conformity of assay of the precious alloys based on considering the content of component composition by using the results from rubbing the alloys on a touchstone.It was established that the magnitude of assay for precious alloys in the system AuAgZnCu, determined under the action of the reagent chloric gold on the touchstone, depends on the manifestation of contrast in the course of quality reaction against a standard sample (touch-needle).Under the influence of the reagent, the alloys demonstrate chloride compounds with silver and copper, being reduced to a metal powder of black and brown color. In this case, copper dissolves while together with silver, forms an intensive residue on a strip that depends on the ligature composition of the alloy. It was established that the lower the assay of a tested sample, the greater the amount of chlorine gold that decomposes, the larger the sediment of silver chloride and the pure reduced from the reagent, and hence the darker the sediment.It has been proven that testing the precious alloys of red color from the system AuAgZnCu 585 with a content of zinc (over 2 %), nickel, indium by using a reagent based on potassium dichromate and copper chloride is not effective.The results of our analysis indicate the increased assay compared with a standard touch-needle.To eliminate this phenomenon, it is recommended that one should first determine the composition of an alloy by the XFA method and construct an algorithm for testing in accordance with the content of the alloy by other reagents.It was determined that the assay defined on a touchstone for alloys from the system AuAgZnCu 585 (a content of zinc is over 2 %) is more contrast under the influence of acidic reagents and depends on the component composition of the alloy.It has been proven that the alloy of white gold, composed of palladium and silver (AuAgPd585), is not affected by the acid reagent for assay 585.Testing the alloy of white gold (AuAgPd585) using an acid reagent for assay 750 yields the dark sediment of a bluish tint.We have established a more contrast effect on the alloys of white gold and yellow gold of assay 750 from the acid reagent for alloys of assay 750.

Сравнительный анализ элементного состава представителей рода Dasiphora из Приморского края и Республики Бурятия

Element composition was determined in the aboveground organs (leaves and stems) of plants of four species of the genus Dasiphora: D. fruticosa, D. parvifolia, D. mandshurica, D. gorovoii grown in the Primorsky Territory and Republic of Buryatia. The results were compared with two taxa (D. davurica and the variety D. davurica var. flava) which had been studied earlier. Content of 21 elements in the aboveground organs and samples of soil from sites of the plant collection was analysed by the method of X-ray fluorescence analysis using synchrotron radiation (SRXRF). For the first time, composition and content of the elements were determined for a new taxon D. gorovoii. The highest total content of the macroelements (K, Ca) was found in the aboveground organs of the two taxa: D. davurica and D. davurica var. flava; the highest content of the microelements was determined in the aboveground organs of D. gorovoii, D. mandshurica, and D. fruticosa. We found that each species had a characteristic concentration of elements.

Ионно-пучковые и рентгеновские методы элементной диагностики тонкопленочных покрытий

Abstract We show how the combined use of the methods of Rutherford backscattering of ions and X-ray fluorescence analysis under conditions of total external reflection of the flow of exciting hard X-ray radiation and registration of the X-ray radiation output during ion excitation allows to effectively diagnose the elemental composition of thin-film coatings and films of dry residues of liquids. These methods and the features of their experimental application are briefly described. Examples of the complex methodological analysis of real objects are given. The possibility of increasing the efficiency of the methods of X-ray fluorescence analysis of materials due to the inclusion in the X-ray optical schemes of experimental measurements of flat X-ray waveguide resonators is indicated.

Использование метода РФА СИ в исследовании экологического состояния техногенной среды в Новосибирской области

The method of X-ray fluorescence analysis involving synchrotron radiation (SR XRAF) is used to determine the element composition of soil and plants Hemerocallis hybrida hort., growing in the places of different pollution level in the Novosibirsk Oblast. It has been established that the main element pollutants of a technogenic environment, accumulated in excess concentrations in plant leaves and rhizomes are lead, nickel, iron, titanium, and chromium. The SR XRF method provides the reliable data on the content of 20 micro- and macroelements of the plants Hemerocallis hybrida, in the various industrial and transport conditions of pollution.

Исследование химического состава надземных органов брусники

Data on the elemental composition of plant materials is important for establishing their therapeutic value in medical practice and ensuring the safety of drugs produced therefrom. This article presents the results of a study aimed at determining the elemental composition of the above-ground organs of Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. (lingberry) collected across the Slyudyansky district of the Irkutsk Oblast. Growing under favourable environmental conditions, this species is characterised by a high bioproductivity. The method of X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) was used to estimate the content of the following elements in leaf samples: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Cr, Mn, Ni, Ti, Cu, Zn, Ba, Rb, Sr and Pb. According to the obtained data, the plant under study features such essential elements as calcium, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus, as well as such microelements as manganese and barium. The content of potentially toxic metals (Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba and Pb) does not exceed the threshold levels established for land plants. A high content of vital elements and the absence of toxic effects make Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. a promising medicinal material for the prevention and treatment of microelementoses. Due to their broad-spectrum therapeutic properties, lingberry leaves are widely used in traditional medicine.

Элементный состав растений Горного Алтая

A study has been first made on the element composition of both the plants of six species, belonging to three families, growing in the Mountain Altai, and the samples of soil from their habitat using the method of X-ray fluorescence analysis, involving synchrotron radiation (SRXRF). The highest accumulation of macro- and microelements is typical of the representatives of Caragana of the Fabaceae family, the lowest content was recorded for the representatives of Potentilla and Sibiraea of the Rosaceae family. The amount of elements - Br, Y, Mo, Nb, Zr, Ti, Rb, Co, Sr, Fe, Ni and V varies within a wide range (Сmax/Cmin > 5), Mn, Cu and Pb - within small (1,5 < Сmax/Cmin < 2,5) and with very small (Сmax/Cmin < 1.5) range.

Characterization of LuGdVO3 mixed crystal prepared by one new method

Abstract LuGdVO3 was obtained by annealing the LuGdVO4 crystal at 1500 °C under vacuum condition. The X-ray fluorescence analysis method was used to measure the concentrations of Lu and Gd elements in LuGdVO4. The XRD result indicated that LuGdVO3 was the orthorhombic structure with space group Pbnm. The Raman spectrum of LuGdVO3 was investigated at room temperature. The chemical states and local symmetry of the LuGdVO3 crystal have been determined by XPS and XANES. It was found that the presence of different chemical forms of V evolved with annealing treatment, and the VO6 unit in the LuGdVO3 crystal was distorted octahedron. During the annealing process at high temperature under vacuum condition LuGdVO4 can be gradually translated to LuGdVO3 with decreasing lattice oxygen in the crystal lattice.

Using of new control methods of efficiency of hippotherapy for children with singularities of psychophysical development

The number of disabled people is increasing, and the problem of their rehabilitation and social adaptation is important. In the Republic of Belarus, hippotherapy began to be applied about ten years ago. Within this time, about 200 children sick with cerebral spastic infantile paralysis (severity levels I–III), epilepsy, autism and other diseases underwent rehabilitation. About 70 of them started moving independently; the disability degree of 25 children was lowered or removed.
 The study on using the method of X-ray fluorescent analysis (RFA) during hippotherapy was the first of its kind in the Republic of Belarus.
 The aim of the research was the detection of efficiency of impact of hippotherapy on children with psychophysical peculiarities with use of modern control methods.
 The need for correction of the following elements – calcium, potassium, ferrum, cuprum, zinc, selenium, iodine – in children’s ration at the time of hippotherapy sessions was shown. The need for increasing the frequency of sessions of hippotherapy from once a week to three times a week was established.

A comprehensive study of combustion products generated from pulverized peat combustion in the furnace of BKZ-210-140F steam boiler

The experimental and theoretical study of combustion products has been carried out for the conditions of pulverized peat combustion in BKZ-210-140F steam boiler. Sampling has been performed in different parts of the boiler system in order to determine the chemical composition, radiative properties and dispersity of slag and ash particles. The chemical composition of particles was determined using the method of x-ray fluorescence analysis. Shapes and sizes of the particles were determined by means of electron scanning microscopy. The histograms and the particle size distribution functions were computed. The calculation of components of the gaseous phase was based on the combustion characteristics of the original fuel. The software package of calculation of thermal radiation of combustion products from peat combustion was used to simulate emission characteristics (flux densities and emissivity factors). The dependence of emission characteristics on the temperature level and on the wavelength has been defined. On the basis of the analysis of emission characteristics the authors give some recommendations how to determine the temperature of peat combustion products in the furnace of BKZ-210-140F steam boiler. The findings can be used to measure the combustion products temperature, support temperature control in peat combustion and solve the problem of boiler furnace slagging.