X-ray Diffraction Patterns Research Articles

Water oxidation through electrocatalytic process using cobalt and nickel complexes of thiazole Schiff-base ligands

Ni(OAc)2.4H2O and CoCl2.6H2O reacted with thiazole ligands, HL and HL' (where HL= (E)-2-(((4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)imino)methyl)phenol and HL'= (Z)-2-(2-benzylidenehydrazinyl)-4-phenylthiazole, in ethanol to create new mononuclear Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes, CoL2, NiL2, CoL'2, and NiL'2 (1-4). X-ray diffraction analysis, spectroscopic, and electrochemical methods were used to study the complexes. A carbon paste electrode that had been modified by complexes 1-4 was used as the working electrode in a three-electrode setup to test the complexes' ability in water oxidation reaction at pH 13. The linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves showed that complexes 3 and 2 have much greater activity and only require the overpotential of 570 and 690 mV ʋs. RHE at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 with Tafel slopes of 86.92 and 94.19 mVdec−1 respectively in an alkaline solution. In addition, the amperometry tests exhibited brilliant stability for water oxidation by CPE-complex 3 and CPE-complex 2 under electrochemical conditions at pH 13. Although X-ray diffraction patterns did not display a crystalline structure, the scanning electron microscopy images displayed that cobalt oxide and nickel oxide in an alkaline condition are proper catalysts for water oxidation reaction on the surface of the modified electrode.

Examining the factors that impact the formation of barite scale in water injection operations: experimental study and quantification of scale formation

Barium sulfate (BaSO4) scale formation in oilfield operations is a significant problem that leads to severe operational challenges, including reduced production efficiency and increased maintenance costs. Understanding the factors that influence BaSO4 scale formation, such as injection rate and temperature, is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of injection rate and temperature on BaSO4 scale formation using a series of controlled laboratory experiments. The injection rates varied between 1 and 5 mL/min and temperatures between 25 and 75 °C, simulating realistic field conditions. Our findings indicate that higher injection rates and elevated temperatures significantly increase the amount of BaSO4 scale formed. Specifically, the scale formation increased from 15.2 mg/L at 1 mL/min and 25 °C to 22.3 mg/L at 5 mL/min and the same temperature. Similarly, at a constant injection rate of 3 mL/min, the scale formation increased from 18.1 mg/L at 25 °C to 26.5 mg/L at 75 °C. The study employed Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to analyze the crystal morphology and structure of the formed scales. SEM images revealed a transition from dendritic structures at lower temperatures and slower injection rates to spherical crystals at higher temperatures and faster injection rates. XRD patterns indicated variations in crystallinity and phase purity corresponding to the experimental conditions. Our results align with previous studies that report increased nucleation rates and reduced solubility of BaSO4 at higher temperatures and injection rates. These findings highlight the critical role of controlling operational parameters to mitigate scale formation in oil and gas operations. By optimizing injection rates and temperatures, it is possible to reduce scale deposition, thereby improving production efficiency and reducing maintenance costs. This study provides valuable insights for the development of scale management strategies and underscores the importance of a comprehensive understanding of the physicochemical factors affecting BaSO4 scale formation.

Cost-Effective Synthesis of MXene Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) for Heavy Metal Removal.

Background Environmental contamination resulting from the release of untreated industrial wastewater has emerged as a critical worldwide issue. These effluents frequently have high levels of heavy metals and antibiotics, which are bad for aquatic ecosystems and human health. Oftentimes, conventional wastewater treatment techniques fall short of effectively eliminating these pollutants. Innovative materials that may efficiently absorb or break down contaminants from contaminated water sources are, therefore, desperately needed. Hydrothermally produced MXene cadmium sulfide (CdS) composites have shown great promise as an adsorbent material because of their special qualities, which include high surface area, chemical stability, and customizable surface functions that improve their adsorption capacity for heavy metals and antibiotics alike. Aim The aim of this study is to produce MXene-CdS nanoparticles in a cost-effective method for the simultaneous removal of heavy metals from aqueous contaminants for water pollution control. Methods and materials MXenes were synthesized by selectively etching Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase ceramics using aqueous HF. CdS nanoparticles were synthesized separately and integrated with MXenes via a hydrothermal process. The resulting MXene CdS nanocomposites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphology, energy dispersion spectrum (EDS) for elemental composition, X-ray diffraction(XRD) study for phase identification, and removal of heavy metals viaMXene CdS. Results Consistent distribution of CdS nanoparticles on the MXene surface and the creation of MXene CdS nanomembranes with a well-defined shape were observed by SEM analysis. Ti, C, Cd, and S elements, indiciaries of a successful composite formation, were confirmed to be present by EDS. The crystalline structure of both the MXene and CdS phases was confirmed by the distinctive peaks seen in the XRD patterns. MXene-CdS composites facilitate the effective removal of chromium ions from contaminated water. The excellent hydrophilicity of the produced nanomembrane allowed for effective interaction with watery contaminants. Conclusion This study showcases the successful synthesis and characterization of MXene-CdS nanocomposites for environmental remediation, particularly in removing toxic metals like chromium from industrial effluents. SEM analysis confirmed the uniform distribution of CdS nanoparticles on the MXene surface, while elemental composition validated their integration. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline structures of both components. The nanocomposite exhibited excellent hydrophilicity, enhancing the efficient adsorption of heavy metals. Its large surface area and chemical stability contribute to high adsorption efficiency, making it ideal for wastewater treatment. The scalable synthesis process supports practical applications. This research highlights MXene-CdS nanocomposites as a cost-effective, sustainable solution for water pollution control.

Exploring the Impact of Elevated Pressure on the Structural Dynamics of TlInS2 Crystal (I): A First-Principles Investigation with XRD, Raman, and Hirshfeld Topology

The structural dynamics of Thallium Indium Disulfide (TlInS2) crystal under elevated pressures were comprehensively investigated using a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy via first-principles calculations, and Hirshfeld surface (HS) analysis. This study aims to elucidate pressure-induced modifications in the crystal structure and their associated properties of TlInS2 crystal. The findings reveal significant structural transformations as pressure increases, with XRD patterns indicating lattice compression and a critical transition from semiconductor to conductor at pressure P=6.25GPa [42]. The calculations predict a reduction in bond lengths, specifically S1-In1 and S1-Tl2, alongside a corresponding decrease in lattice parameters and unit cell volume. Raman spectroscopy corroborates these changes through shifts in phonon modes. The HS analysis provides further insights into pressure-dependent alterations in intermolecular interactions, revealing changes in voids and surface characteristics. The data gained from TlInS2's structural behavior under pressure, contributing to the optimization of its functional properties for pressure-tunable applications in high-performance electronic and optoelectronic devices.

Geochemical characterization and reserve estimation of the economic heavy minerals of Sonadia Island, Bangladesh

The goal of the current study is to understand the elemental concentration, reserve assessment, mineralogical composition, and distribution of heavy minerals in the dune sands, foreshore, and backshore of Sonadia Island, Southeast Bangladesh. The study area yielded a number of drill hole composite sand samples that were used for density and magnetic separation of heavy minerals. These samples were then subjected to petrographic characterization, grain counting, mineralogical analyses using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and bulk sand geochemistry using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The results of heavy liquid separation show that the total heavy mineral (THM) enrichments in foreshore sand (about 4.86%), backshore sand (about 9.03%), and dune sand (about 22.28%) are significantly higher. After characterizing the sand samples from Sonadia Island based on the abundance of each mineral species, the average content values relative to total economic heavy minerals (TEHM) were determined to be 38.14% ilmenite, 5.74% magnetite, 51.52% garnet, 1.01% zircon, 3.57% rutile, and 0.01% monazite. An SEM–EDX examination reveals that the elemental concentration of ZrO2 in zircon is 66.60%, while the average TiO2 content in rutile is ~ 95%, whereas TiO2 is 45% and the total Fe2O3 is 45.70% in ilmenite. Major phases including amphibole (tremolite) 45.9%, muscovite 15.6%, quartz 12.6%, garnet (almandine) 10.9%, dolomite 7.9%, ilmenite 4.1%, and kaolinite 1.3% are also identified by the XRD pattern. There are an estimated 19,794 tons of garnet in the foreshore sand, 47,324 tons in the backshore sand, and 276,868 tons in the dune sand within the reserve, making it the most prevalent heavy mineral. Ilmenite is the second most common heavy mineral, with quantities detected in the foreshore (15,016 tons), backshore (30,487 tons), and dune sand (215,092 tons).

On corrosion and passivity of Inconel alloy 625 in HNO3 solution

Exploring the passivity and electrochemical behavior of Inconel alloy 625 in nitric acid solution could open up possibilities for potential applications, either in bulk form or as claddings. Hence, this research investigates corrosion behavior and passivity of Inconel alloy 625 in nitric acid solutions of varying concentrations (0.01–1.00 mol/L) using a range of analytical techniques, including potentiodynamic polarization testing, chronoamperometry measurement, Mott-Schottky (MS) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) approaches, and point defect modeling (PDM). Results demonstrate that corrosion current density does not necessarily decrease with increasing electrolyte concentration (Please check it out). Additionally, the alloy exhibits higher passive film transpassive potentials in more concentrated solutions. Potentiostatic polarization tests reveal an increase in steady-state current densities attributed to the passive films formed in more concentrated solutions. Lower electrolyte concentrations lead to the formation of more intact bilayered passive films. In this context, the formation of passive films is elucidated by examining the generation and annihilation of point defects. The semiconducting behavior of passive layers is further examined through XRD patterns and electrochemical properties. According to PDM, the diffusivity of point defects within the passive films and their respective donor densities can be closely correlated.

Feasibility of vanadium ion adsorption/desorption using nickel–aluminum complex hydroxides with different molar ratios

Herein, metal complex hydroxides containing nickel (Ni) and aluminum (Al) at different molar ratios (Ni:Al = 1:1 (NA11), 1:2 (NA12), 2:1 (NA21), 3:1 (NA31), and 4:1 (NA41)) were prepared. Scanning electron microscopy images, X-ray diffraction patterns, specific surface area, number of hydroxyl groups, and pHpzc were evaluated. Further, the adsorption capacity of vanadium ions was assessed, with NA21 showing a high potential to adsorb vanadium ions from the aqueous phase (177.5 mg/g). In addition, the effects of various factors, including pH, contact time, initial concentration, and temperature, on the adsorption of vanadium ions were demonstrated in this study using NA21. The optimal pH value for adsorbing vanadium ions was 5.0. Adsorption isotherms and kinetic data were fitted to a pseudo-second-order model (correlation coefficient: 0.958) and a Freundlich model (correlation coefficient: 0.930–0.982), respectively. This study elucidated that a part of the adsorption mechanism of vanadium was related to ion exchange and characteristics of NA21 surface. Moreover, NA21 showed capability to selectively adsorb vanadium ions from binary solution system containing chloride, nitrate, or sulfate ions. Vanadium ions adsorbed onto NA21 were more easily desorbed by a sodium hydroxide solution than a sodium sulfate solution. NA21 demonstrated consistent performance over at least three adsorption and desorption cycles under experimental conditions of this study. These findings provided valuable insights into the recovery of vanadium ions from aqueous media via adsorption/desorption treatment using NA21.

Synthesis and characteristics properties of lignified PVA copolymer with enhanced UV-blocking performance and water solubility

The increasing environmental concerns have heightened the pursuit of sustainable materials, with a particular emphasis on biodegradable polymers. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a recognized biodegradable synthetic polymer, faces challenges such as cost, slow biodegradation, and limited UV resistance. This study explores lignin, an abundant and eco-friendly biopolymer, as a cost-effective additive to enhance PVA properties via the copolymerization technique. The Mannich reaction was utilized to effectively alkylate lignin with allylthiourea, leading to the synthesis of a lignin-based macromonomer (LATU). Subsequently, the LATU macromonomer was copolymerized with vinyl acetate, producing Poly(VAc-Co-LATU) copolymer in a reaction conducted at 70 °C for 6 h. Finally, the copolymers were hydrolyzed (saponification) with potassium hydroxide to obtain Poly(VA-Co-LATU) copolymers. Extensive investigations, including FTIR, XPS, XRD, and 1H NMR, effectively validated the synthesis of the copolymers. The high monomer conversion rate above 89 % emphasizes the effectiveness of the synthesis method. The addition of LATU has a direct impact on the crystalline structure of the copolymer. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate a reduction in crystallinity, which in turn affects the other properties of the synthesized copolymers. Consequently, the lignified copolymer, Poly(VA-co-LATU), exhibited slight decrease in molecular weight (Mw), improved UV-blocking effectiveness, and greater solubility in water as comparison to PVA. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using lignin as a monomer to create novel bio-based polymeric materials that exhibit the necessary properties for certain applications.

Conduction mechanisms and dielectric relaxations in ternary ZnO/Zn2SiO4/SiO2 composites for energy storage systems

In this paper, ZnO-based composite (ZnO/Zn2SiO4/SiO2) powders were prepared and investigated as a function of SiO2 added amount. Indeed, the X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) confirm the formation of ternary ZnO/Zn2SiO4/SiO2 composites. The structural defects are shown to increase with the SiO2 amount. In addition, the SEM observations reveal agglomerated and heterogenic grain shape distribution. Furthermore, dielectric properties were investigated as a function of SiO2 added amount. The Nyquist plots are simulated by an electric circuit formed by a parallel distribution of resistance (R), capacitance (C), and a constant phase element (CPE), in all composites. Moreover, using the Jonscher's law, we demonstrate a change in conduction mechanism as a function of SiO2 content. Indeed, for the 10% SiO2 doping, the conduction process is ensured by defects such as Zn interstitial and the oxygen vacancies, consistent with the Correlated Barrier Hopping (CBH) model. Whereas, for the 20% SiO2 doping, the conduction is dominated by grain boundaries contribution, according to the Non-Overlapping Small Polaron Tunneling (NSPT) model. Besides, the 10% SiO2-doped composite exhibits localized relaxation process, while the 20% SiO2-doped sample reveals simultaneously long-range and localized relaxations. These variations, caused by the increase of SiO2 percent, can be explained by the influence of the growth of Zn2SiO4 phase, and subsequently the development of further interfacial defects. Accordingly, the composites display capacitive behavior, high permittivity, and low dielectric losses, which make them good candidates for energy storage systems.

Elucidating the Impact of Mn-Fe Substitution on The Crystal Structure of LiMn(x)Fe(1-x)PO4 Solid Solutions: A Theoretical Study

Abstract This study generated crystallography information files (CIF) to synthesize LiMn(x)Fe(1-x)PO4 solid solutions, with the Mn to Fe substitution ratio (x) ranging from 0 to 1 in 0.1 increments, guided by Vegard’s law, utilizing crystallography software. The investigation focused on how this substitution influences key structural parameters and properties within the Mn-Fe Olivine system. Specifically, it examined variations in lattice parameters, unit cell volume, cell density, and Theoretical capacity attributable to the substitution factor. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, predicted using mathematical models through the same software, provided insights into structural changes. Notably, the XRD analysis revealed a progressive shift in peak positions and an increase in peak intensities corresponding to the substitution level. These observations were linked to the altered lattice parameters resulting from the introduction of ions with varying ionic radii, and an enhanced electron density stemming from the increased presence of Fe. This comprehensive analysis underscores the significant impact of Mn-Fe replacement on the microstructural characteristics and electron density of the olivine system, offering valuable insights into material design and optimization in the context of energy storage materials.

Copper nanoparticles synthesis from Andrographis paniculata leaf extract– characterization and its application

Copper nanoparticle synthesis and characterization are now being done widely due to its broad nanotechnology research interest, especially in medical applications. The current work set out to produce copper nanoparticles(CuNPs) by employing the herb Andrographis paniculata for medicinal purposes. Andrographis paniculata leaf extract was used to make CuNPs using copper sulphate (CuSO4). For monitoring the synthesis of CuNPs, the UV-vis absorption spectra were obtained and Surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks at 500nm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern reveals the average size of the crystallites is 5.876 nm. This environmentally friendly approach yields homogenous, spherical particles, as demonstrated by images of Scanning and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM and SEM). The outcomes demonstrated that leaf extract is most suited for producing CuNPs. It shows a greater zone of inhibition and inhibitory action against tested bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Escherichia Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, and it can be used for the inhibition of several harmful microbes. Because the synthesized CuNPs are non-toxic, environmentally benign, and suitable for usage in pharmaceutical and other fields, they can be applied in a variety of ways in future.

Hydrothermal synthesis of Gd-doped CaO nanoparticles from lemon peel extract for efficient photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under UV and sunlight

Water pollution, exacerbated by the improper disposal of non-biodegradable dyes from textile and paper industries, poses a significant global threat. Addressing this challenge, the present study focuses on the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB), a harmful azo dye, using novel Gd-doped CaO NPs synthesized with waste lemon peel extract (LPE) as a green stabilizing agent. The CaO NPs, calcined at 700 °C and subsequently doped with gadolinium (Gd) at concentrations of 2, 4, and 6 mmol via hydrothermal method, were characterized using various techniques. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed presence of Ca-O and Gd-O with the bond lengths of 1.7 Å and 1.2 Å, respectively. UV–Visible spectra revealed a bandgap in the range of 3.28 to 2.50 eV. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed crystallinity with the crystallite size estimated using the Scherrer and William sons-Hall (W-H) methods ranging from 18 to 38 nm and XRD deduced specific surface area between 47 and 98 m2/g. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) showed particle size distribution from 38 to 130 nm, and zeta potential values ranging from −13.5 to −19.9 mV. The photocatalytic activity against MB was tested under UV light and natural sunlight at dye concentrations of 10, 15, and 20 ppm. The 4 mmol Gd-doped CaO NPs achieved a remarkable 98 % degradation efficiency within 2 h of sunlight exposure at a 10 ppm dye concentration. The degradation followed a pseudo-first-order reaction, and a possible degradation pathway was proposed for methylene blue. This study concludes that Gd-doped CaO NPs are highly effective, sustainable, and cost-efficient photocatalysts for wastewater treatment.

AC-assisted microbially induced carbonate precipitation for sand reinforcement: An experimental study

Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a promising method for transforming natural soils into a rock-like material, enhancing soil strength and creating an environmentally friendly engineered geomaterial for load-bearing purposes. Applying alternating current (AC) for enhancing precipitation including changing the crystalline form of the calcium carbonate precipitates appeals as a possible solution to break the upper limit of the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of bio-treated specimens. To assess the viability of AC-assisted MICP, a series of experiments were designed and conducted under various combination of conditions. The UCS, calcium carbonate content and permeability of the bio-fabricated specimens were obtained to evaluate the treatment effectiveness of AC-assisted MICP. The results demonstrate that the UCS of the sand column exhibits a linear increase with the applied voltage from 10 V to 30 V (i.e., electric field strength from 0.91 V/cm to 2.73 V/cm). The UCS value of the bio-specimen reaches 9.4 MPa after 3 treatments at a concentration of 1.00 mol/L, a voltage of 30 V, and a frequency of 100 Hz. With the assistance of an AC electric field, the adverse impacts caused by high chemical concentrations in the MICP process can be mitigated. We report that a more uniform distribution of the calcium carbonate content of the treated specimen is obtained under an optimal AC frequency of approximately 100 Hz in the current series of experiments. The induced ion vibration under the action of AC results in a change in crystalline form and an increase in the amount and uniformity of crystals precipitated on the surface of the soil grains, supported by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. For reference, the energy consumption and the cost for increasing the UCS of the bio-treated specimen to 5 MPa is estimated at 375.86 kWh and 676.55 HK$ per cubic meter, respectively. The findings from our experimental investigation and analysis provide compelling evidence that utilising AC electric field holds great potential for achieving an enhanced treatment effect of MICP and hence a stronger bio-soil.

Physical, Structural and Elastic Properties of New Oxyfluoride Borate Glasses

New mixed alkali/alkaline oxyfluoride borate glasses with composition xCaF2–(50-x)LiF–50B2O3 (x = 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mol%) were prepared by the conventional melt-quenching technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the amorphous nature of the prepared samples, while energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the presence of the constituent elements B, O, F, and Ca. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra revealed the formation of BO3, BO2F, BO4 and BOF3 structural groups, as well as non-bridging oxygen/fluorine atoms in the glass network. The concentrations of these structural groups were found to vary with CaF2 concentration. The measured density and the calculated molar volume were found to increase over the entire range of composition. The increase in ultrasonic velocity, elastic moduli, micro-hardness and Debye temperature with the addition of CaF2 was discussed in terms of competition between the above-mentioned borate groups. Fraction of four-coordinated boron atoms, average boron–boron separation, fluorine molar volume, total packing density, dissociation energy per unit volume and average cross-link density were estimated. A close correlation is achieved between these quantities and elastic properties. Excellent agreement is found between the experimentally determined values and the theoretically calculated values of elastic properties from Makishima–Mackenzie's theory.

Titanium surface functionalization via directed energy deposition of CuNiTi ternary alloy

Pure titanium is a soft material that tends to degrade quickly during service due to wear and microbiologically influenced corrosion. Therefore, current research aims at the deposition, microstructural characterization, and surface functionalization of the TiCuNi coatings on pure titanium substrate to improve its surface properties. Cu–Ni premixed elemental powders are deposited on the pure Ti by laser-directed energy deposition (LDED) using a novel method of extracting Ti from the substrate through melt pool convection. The single-track deposit geometry and integrity characterization using dilution percentage, heat-affected zone width (HAZ), and microhardness values show the sound metallurgical bonding with the substrate. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and microstructure image reveal the presence of NiTi binary (B2) and Ti2CuNi ternary (B19) hard phases and equiaxed dendritic morphology, respectively, demonstrating ternary alloy coating formation. The microhardness value of the coatings is thrice that of the substrate due to the presence of hard NiTi (B2) binary and Ti2CuNi (B19) ternary phases. The coating’s wear resistance is significantly (80%) higher than the substrate, owing to hard phases and Cu as a solid lubricant. The wear track consists of small grooves, adhered debris, and a smooth profile, mainly due to a significant reduction in adhesion and abrasion compared to the substrate. Moreover, the polarisation corrosion potential and current density are increased and decreased by 53% and 97%, respectively, displaying symbolic improvement in the corrosion resistance. Hence, this work has presented the LDED ability to enhance the pure Ti anti-wear and corrosion resistance properties by depositing CuNiTi ternary alloy coating for potential aerospace, marine, and biomedical applications.

Non-cytotoxic, biocompatible pyrochlore Cerium Zirconium Oxide nanoparticles for asymmetric supercapacitor applications

A novel biocompatible and non-cytotoxic Ce2Zr2O7 (CZO) nano-sized particles were developed by a straightforward hydrothermal method. Cubic structure with Fd-3m space group (227) of prepared nanoparticles has been confirmed from X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. Nano-sphere like particle morphology was conspicuously noticed from the FE-SEM and TEM investigations thoroughly. Particle size, inter-planar distance, SAED pattern and elemental presence were affirmatively evaluated. The elemental presence in the sample and their ionic states were systematically investigated through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. We have investigated the cytotoxicity of the Ce2Zr2O7 nanoparticles on C2C12 (mouse myoblast cell line) cells and observed to be non-cytotoxicity on C2C12 cells which supports the eco-friendly and biocompatible nanoparticles. We have investigated the electrochemical performance of Ce2Zr2O7 nanoparticles using various electrolytes such as Na2SO4, Li2SO4 and KOH. We have obtained the predominant electrochemical performance of 250 F g−1 at 0.05 A g−1 along with appreciable cycling durability from KOH electrolyte interestingly. In addition, we fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor device and evaluated its energy and power densities systematically. We have evaluated maximum energy and power densities are in the order of 13 Wh kg−1 and 3692 W kg−1, respectively. Therefore, eco-friendly and biocompatible Ce2Zr2O7 nanoparticles could be suggested as a contender for the electrode substance for supercapacitor applications. This investigation has also been an usher hope of further technological advancement in the field of nano-biomedical along with energy storage research fields.

Physical Properties of Nanostructured Zinc Sulfide Thin Films Deposited by the PLD Method for Gas Sensing

The pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique created nanostructured semiconducting zinc sulfide (ZnS) thin films onto a quartz substrate. A gas sensing static unit, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the structural, surface morphology, and gas sensing properties of the as-deposited thin films. After the ZnS thin films were formed, they were heated to evaluate the effects of annealing on the characteristics of the ZnS film. XRD analysis reveals that the ZnS thin films exhibit a structure similar to zinc blend cubes, with a preference for the (111) orientation. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns that emerge during annealing show that ZnS thin films become more crystalline. Grain size increases as the annealing temperature rises. Images captured by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed a grain-like sphere for each of the annealed thin films, confirming the growth of grains. The UV-Vis spectra showed that the ZnS samples' transmittance boosts after annealing because their crystalline quality is improved. The transmittance is measured within the 400 ̶ 900 nm band, and the optical band gap is direct at 3.72 eV, decreasing to 3.51 eV at 350 °C during annealing. Annealing significantly improves the physical properties of ZnS thin films, according to all presented data. NO2 and CO2 gas were used to obtain the I-V values ​​of the samples. The ability of ZnS thin films formed at different annealing temperatures was tested using NO2 gas. The sensors were fabricated and tested at different operating temperatures and NO2 gas concentrations of 100, 300, 400, 500, and 700 ppm.

UV-enhanced O2 sensing using β-Ga2O3 nanowires at room temperature

Oxygen sensors based on β-Ga2O3 nanowires were prepared by a chemical vapor deposition method and investigated in detail. β-Ga2O3 nanowires grew on sapphire substrate at 1100 °C with Au as a catalyst. The polycrystalline structure was confirmed according to the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed the average diameter of the nanowires was 150 nm. The ratio of Ga to O was 0.765 according to energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) results. Photoluminescence emissions at 445 and 484 nm originated from oxygen vacancies and gallium-oxygen vacancy pairs. Both EDS results and photoluminescence revealed intrinsic oxygen vacancies in β-Ga2O3 nanowires. We coated the β-Ga2O3 nanowires on an interdigitated electrode to fabricated an oxygen sensor. Under ultraviolet light irradiation, at room temperature, the sensor’s response rise time and recovery time were 1034 s and 1283 s to 600 ppm oxygen, those were 1290 s and 1709 s to 1200 ppm oxygen. The mechanism of oxygen sensing was discussed.

The Impact of Combination Ag: Se Core: Shell Nanoparticles Synthesized by Plasma Jet with Plantago lanceolata on REF Cell Line

Abstract The process well-thought-out for isolating new and novel ant-microbial components is though natural sources which is considered the best option. Plantago lanceolata is a medicinal plant that holds several bioactive compounds, containing tannins, phenolic compound, flavonoids and alkaloids. These benefits contain potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial. This study among to synthesize Ag: Se NPs at (125 and 250) μg mL−1 concentrations in ratio (0:10, 1:9, 2:8, 3:7) respectively. Characterization of the produced silver nanoparticles involved UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Cytotoxicity against normal cells line (REF) were assessed using several diluted concentrations, Ag: Se NPs (25, 50, and 100%) and concentrations of P. lanceolata (125 and 250) μg mL−1. The optimal XRD pattern and UV-visible were attained at a ratio (3:7). At a concentration of 100% Ag: Se NPs at 250 μg mL-1, the most significant cytotoxic on REF cell lines was stated. However, the addition of combined. Ag: Se NPs (125 and 250) μg mL−1 with P. lanceolata (125 and 250) μg mL−1 resulted in reduced cytotoxicity, indicating no synergistic effect at all. In conclusion, this study successfully synthesized Ag: Se NPs and investigating their combined effects with P. lanceolata on REF cell lines.

EFFECTS OF SYNTHESIS TEMPERATURE ON THE STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CaAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+NANOPARTICLES

Calcium aluminate phosphor nanomaterials co-doped with europium and dysprosium (CaAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+) were prepared using a facile solution combustion technique. The structural and optical properties were investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the presence of the monoclinic phase in all the samples, with few impurity phases in the samples synthesized at 300°C and 400°C. The Fourier-transform infrared analysis gave the expected chemical combustion results of the final product with few traces of Ca3Al2O6 impurities at low and very high synthesis temperatures. The XRD patterns displayed diffraction angles of the major peaks shifting to higher 2 theta as the synthesis temperature increased. This is attributed to an increase in particle sizes, which led to an increase in lattice parameters. The intensity of the prominent peak increased up to 500°C due to improved crystal quality. The crystallite sizes of the as-prepared samples were determined using the Debye-Scherrer equation. It was noted that there is variation in the crystallite sizes with synthesis temperature. The UV-Vis graph shows that absorption edges also shifted to lower wavelengths with an increase in synthesis temperature. It was noted that the band gap increased with an increase in synthesis temperature up to 500°C, but at temperature of 1000°C, the band gap was observed todecrease. Scanning electron microscope micrographs showed that the samples had irregular shapes with pores and cracks. The study provides a simple route to synthesize CaAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ phosphors with optimum synthesis temperature, producing the most crystalline sample for use in lighting devices.