X-ray Diagnostic Radiology Research Articles

Radiation Dose Measurement of X-Ray Diagnostic Radiology in Some Dentistry by Using Film Badge in Salah-Din / Iraq

X-ray has been employing in Iraq widely, but there are no valuable measurements for radiation dosages. In purpose for evaluation of radiation hazard emitted from using x-ray instrument in the medical diagnostic.This study use performed for five X-ray centers in Salah-din / Iraq we are using film badge method the measurement efficiency of these techniques was 70%. Empirical relation to estimate the radiation dose from X-ray with relative error not exceeds 30%.The result of measurements radiation dose from diagnostic is different from instrument to anther because the different of the exposure value which used and is not conformed the value of recommended. By using the exit dose from the body to limit entrance dose values for any thickness without used to increase the radiation dose.

Evaluation of radiation safety levels in the monitor rooms of selected diagnostic centres in Lagos State using thermoluminescent dosimeter

The hazard of exposure to ionizing radiation at low doses has been scientifically proven to be possible for cancer and non-cancer diseases. International and national regulatory bodies have recommended dose limits for occupationally exposed workers to ionizing radiation and the general public. The objective of this study was to assess the radiation safety levels in monitor rooms of x-ray diagnostic radiology facilities. Sixty monitored rooms in twenty radio diagnostic centers were visited. Three tissue-equivalent thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLD-100 (LiF: Mg. Ti)) chips were placed in strategic places a few centimeters from the viewing glass in the monitored rooms for two weeks. The TLDs were analyzed using the RADOS RE 2000 TLD reader. Questionnaires were also distributed to ascertain compliance with the basic principles of radiation protection. The average personnel dose equivalents in the monitored rooms of conventional x-rays, mammography, computed tomography, and fluoroscopy were 0.33, 0.32, 0.28, and 0.34 mSv/year, respectively. The status of the radiation safety levels in the selected monitored rooms is satisfactory because the values obtained were below the international recommended dose limit of 50 mSv in a single year for occupationally exposed radiation workers.

Radiation Protection Issues in Clinical Research Involving X-Ray Diagnostic Radiology Procedures

Aim: To review radiation protection issues in clinical diagnostic studies that involves the use of x-rays. The Issue: X-rays imparting low dose have some dominance in the use of ionising radiation (IR) in clinical radiological investigations. In good clinical diagnostic practice, with radiation effects anticipated to be wholly stochastic, it is simply not possible to be specific about risks to health other than to acknowledge an anticipated increase in probability with dose. Difficulties in making an assessment of risk can be further compounded given possible cumulative effects from previous exposures and from varying clinical state. Scientific Considerations: Clinically focused research involving IR and subjects (reviewed by ethics committees and other parties) necessarily involves assessment of the study protocol. In addition to the embodiment of radiation protection principles, the protocol must conform to the general ethical principles of beneficence, prudence, justice and dignity, all of which are important. The protection aspects arising from the use of radiation needs to be assessed by radiation experts, the safety of study participants needing to be weighed against the necessity for the study. This information must be fully explained to the participant as part of the process of seeking consent. In obtaining consent, the participant information sheet must be of an appropriate quality of language and possible specific risks provided in a transparent manner. Conclusion: In clinical studies that involve the use of IR, the study protocol must contain all relevant radiation protection measures. It is important that review of the protocol should involve IR experts.

Synthesis and Characterization of a New Nanocomposite Film Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol Polymer and Nitro Blue Tetrazolium Dye as a Low Radiation Dosimeter in Medical Diagnostics Application.

Dosimetry is a field of increasing importance in diagnostic radiology. There has been a realization among healthcare professionals that the dose of radiation received by patients via modern medical X-ray examinations could induce acute damage to the skin and eyes. The present study highlights the synthesis of polyvinyl alcohol/nitro blue tetrazolium nanocomposite films (PVA/NBT) for radiation detection depending on chromic, optical, chemical and morphologic changes. First, we synthesized the nanocomposite film-based PVA doped with NBT and the different parameters of the preparation procedure were optimized. Then The films were exposed to different low X-ray doses on the scale of mGy level (0, 2, 4, 10 and 20 mGy). The sensitivity and the performance of the made composite films were evaluated via different characterization methods. Indeed, the response curve based on UV-Vis absorptions revealed a linear increase in absorbance with increased radiation doses (R = 0.998). FTIR analysis showed a clear chemical modification in recorded spectra after irradiation. X-ray diffraction assessment revealed clear structural changes in crystallinity after ionization treatment. SEM analysis showed a clear morphological modification of PVA/NBT films after irradiation. In addition, the prepared PVA/NBT films exhibited excellent pre- and post-irradiation stability in dark and light. Finally, the quantitative colorimetry study confirmed the performance of the prepared films and the different colorimetric coordinates, the total color difference (∆E) and the color strength (K/S) showed a linear increase with increasing X-ray doses. The made nanocomposite PVA/NBT film might offer promising potential for an effective highly sensitive medical dosimeter applied for very low doses in X-ray diagnostic radiology.

Establishment and Dissemination of Radiological Standards in the Field of Diagnostic Radiology in India.

Background:The increased use of ionizing radiation for diagnostic purpose has resulted in an increase in the world population dose. Patient dosimetry in X-ray diagnostic radiology is required to establish diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) and to assess the average dose received by organs and tissues. International bodies have recommended DRLs to be based on dosimetric quantities.Aim:To cater to the increased requirement for dosimetry in diagnostic radiology, international guidelines are provided to establish and disseminate traceable calibration for dosimeters used in X-ray diagnostic radiology. X-ray diagnostic beams established are standardized using a diagnostic range free-air ionization chamber (DFAIC) (20-150 kV).Materials and Methods:Characterization of the DFAIC and determination of the correction factors for the air kerma measurements were evaluated experimentally and by theoretical calculations.Results:The paper details the establishment of 18 diagnostic beam qualities using DFAIC along with the associated uncertainties. The overall uncertainty for the air kerma measurements was within ±0.5% at 1 sigma level. Eight diagnostic range air kerma measurements using DFAIC were compared with the medium energy primary standard FAIC (50–300 kV) maintained in the laboratory.Conclusion:The air kerma rates agreed within ±1% and are within the overall standard uncertainty of both the chambers at the time of the comparison. Dissemination to the users in the field of diagnostic radiology in the country has been carried out by calibrating their ionization chambers and solid-state detector-based instruments against the DFAIC. The methodology followed to standardize the beams using DFAIC and calibration of dosimeters is presented in this work.

Effective Dose Calculation for Patients Undergoing X-ray Examinations in Erbil Hospitals

Background: In conventional X-ray examinations, patients are exposed to radiation. Biological hazards from radiation of any source is expressed as effective dose, and is measured in millisieverts (mSv). The purpose of this study was to assess and calculate the effective dose values for patients undergoing posteroanterior (PA) chest, abdomen, anteroposterior (AP) pelvis, and cervical spine X-ray examinations in general hospitals of Erbil city and compare it with those of other studies. Materials and Methods: A total of 255 patients between 20-70 years of age participated in this work (85 per hospital). The patients’ characteristics included age, sex, examination type, projection posture, and exposure parameters captured by NOMEX Multimeter including tube potential and current-time product. The mean effective doses (EDs) of four different examinations (chest (PA), pelvis (AP), abdomen, and cervical spine) were measured using the Monte Carlo method and compared with those of other studies. Results: The mean EDs were calculated 1.04, 2.01, 3.12, and 3.22 mSv for chest (PA), pelvis (AP), abdomen, and cervical spine, respectively. All ED values in this study were higher than those of published studies. The aim of the study was to increase the awareness of the radiographer and patients undergoing conventional X-ray diagnostic radiology on the risk of ionizing radiation for radiological protection in Erbil hospitals. Conclusion: The mean EDs were increased by an increase in the age; this may increase the probability of cancer incidence and heritable diseases. Hence, dose optimization is required due to more probable incidence of cancer when compared to other studies.

Radiation protection aspects of EMITEL Encyclopaedia of Medical Physics.

The Encyclopaedia of Medical Physics EMITEL was developed under the EU pilot project European Medical Imaging Technology e-Encyclopaedia for Lifelong Learning. This large reference material includes 3400 articles on 2100 pages supported by thousands of illustrations. All materials are available free at the website, www.emitel2.eu. The articles are grouped in seven categories--physics of: X-ray diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine, radiotherapy, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, radiation protection and general terms. The radiation protection part of EMITEL includes 450 articles. These were organised in several sub-groups including: nuclear and atomic physics; ionizing radiation interactions and biological effects; radiation detection and measurement; dosimetric quantities and units; and general radiation protection and international bodies. EMITEL project was developed over 3 y and attracted as contributors 250+ senior specialists from 35 countries. After its successful launching, EMITEL is actively used by thousands of professionals around the world.

Study on the quality assurance of diagnostic X-ray machines and assessment of the absorbed dose to patients

Radiation exposure and image quality in X-ray diagnostic radiology provide a clear understanding of the relationship between the radiation dose delivered to a patient and image quality in optimizing medical diagnostic radiology. Because a certain amount of radiation is unavoidably delivered to patients, this should be as low as reasonably achievable. Several X-ray diagnostic machines were used at different medical diagnostic centers in Egypt for studying the beam quality and the dose delivered to the patient. This article studies the factors affecting the beam quality, such as the kilo-volt peak (kVp), exposure time (mSc), tube current (mAs) and the absorbed dose in (μGy) for different examinations. The maximum absorbed dose measured per mAs was 594±239 and 12.5±3.7 μGy for the abdomen and the chest, respectively, while the absorbed dose at the elbow was 18±6 μGy, which was the minimum dose recorded. The compound and expanded uncertainties accompanying these measurements were 4±0.35% and 8±0.7%, respectively. The measurements were done through quality control tests as acceptance procedures.

診断X線検査による乳幼児, 小児, 成人の被ばく線量

診断X線検査による乳幼児, 小児, 成人の被ばく線量

診断X線検査による乳幼児, 小児, 成人の被ばく線量

診断X線検査による乳幼児, 小児, 成人の被ばく線量

診断X線検査による乳幼児, 小児, 成人の被ばく線量

診断X線検査による乳幼児, 小児, 成人の被ばく線量

A comparative study of quality control in diagnostic radiology

The main objective of this comparative study was to evaluate the national quality assurance program for X-ray diagnostic radiology in Syrian governmental hospitals. Two periods were covered in this study, the first period was from 1986 to 1998 (52 hospitals and 149 X-ray machines were considered) and the second period from 1999 to 2005 (41 hospitals and 95 X-ray machines were considered). Most of the X-ray machines studied were within the acceptable performance, but few machines needed recalibration for some parameters. Considerable improvement of about 50% was reported in the second period. This improvement could be attributed to the establishment of an effective National Regulatory Authority in Syria in 1998 that introduced and gradually enforced the quality assurance requirement for X-ray equipment as part of the licensing process and to the relatively newer X-ray machines covered in the second period.

Evaluation of the e-Learning material developed by EMERALD and EMIT for diagnostic imaging and radiotherapy

Two Leonardo projects, EMERALD and EMIT, have developed in a partnershipof university and hospital departments (the consortia) e-Learning materials in X-ray diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine, radiotherapy, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging for medical physics graduates and other healthcare professionals. These e-Learning materials are described in a separate paper in this issue. To assess the effectiveness and relevance of the e-Learning material, a series of evaluations by student users groups plus experts in medical physics education and training were undertaken. The students, with backgrounds in physics and clinical ultrasound, reviewed the e-Learning material using an evaluation form developed by the consortia. The student feedback was favourable with students commenting that their level of knowledge had increased having completed the tasks. Areas identified for development were a reduction in text volume and an increase in the time allowed for completion of some tasks. The feedback from the experts was positive with an overall appreciation of the value of the learning material as a resource for students in medical physics field across Europe and identified other disciplines in which the access to the learning material could be useful contribution to their learning. Suggestions made for improvements ranged from grading the tasks into basic and advanced topics to increasing the interactive nature of the material. These early evaluation of the e-Learning material look promising and provide a framework for further developments in the field. Insight into users and providers views is important if developers are to provide relevant and worthwhile educational learning opportunities.

Development of educational image databases and e-books for medical physics training

Medical physics education and training requires the use of extensive imaging material and specific explanations. These requirements provide an excellent background for application of e-Learning. The EU projects Consortia EMERALD and EMIT developed five volumes of such materials, now used in 65 countries. EMERALD developed e-Learning materials in three areas of medical physics (X-ray diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine and radiotherapy). EMIT developed e-Learning materials in two further areas: ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. This paper describes the development of these e-Learning materials (consisting of e-books and educational image databases). The e-books include tasks helping studying of various equipment and methods. The text of these PDF e-books is hyperlinked with respective images. The e-books are used through the readers’ own Internet browser. Each Image Database (IDB) includes a browser, which displays hundreds of images of equipment, block diagrams and graphs, image quality examples, artefacts, etc. Both the e-books and IDB are engraved on five separate CD-ROMs. Demo of these materials can be taken from www.emerald2.net.

Radiation exposure and image quality in X-ray diagnostic radiology. Physical principles and clinical applications. By H Aichinger, J Dierker, S Joite-Barfuss and M Sabel, pp. 212 plus CD, 2004 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York), $99.00 ISBN 3-540-44287-1

Book reviewsRadiation exposure and image quality in X-ray diagnostic radiology. Physical principles and clinical applications. By H Aichinger, J Dierker, S Joite-Barfuss and M Sabel, pp. 212 plus CD, 2004 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York), $99.00 ISBN 3-540-44287-1C J MartinC J MartinSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:5 Mar 2014https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.77.920.770704aSectionsPDF/EPUBFull Text ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail About Previous article Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byImage quality and radiation dose in planar imaging — Image quality figure of merits from the CDRAD phantom1 June 2019 | Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, Vol. 20, No. 7Radiotherapy for cancer using X-ray fluorescence emitted from iodine2 March 2017 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, No. 1 Volume 77, Issue 920August 2004Pages: 633-709 © The British Institute of Radiology History Published onlineMarch 05,2014 Metrics Download PDF

The measurement of energy imparted to patients during diagnostic x-ray examinations using the Diamentor exposure-area product meter

The mean energy imparted to the patient has been proposed as a practical quantity which may be useful for assessing somatic risk in x-ray diagnostic radiology. A technique is described for estimating energy imparted during most common x-ray examinations of the trunk or complete head from a measurement of exposure-area product conveniently provided by the Diamentor transmission ionisation chamber. The necessary energy imparted calibration for the Diamentor has been deduced from consideration of incident spectral energy fluence and Monte Carlo calculations of the fraction of total beam energy imparted to mathematical phantoms representing the patient. The relationship between energy imparted and exposure-area product depends primarily on the applied potential and total filtration of the x-ray beam, and to a lesser extent on voltage waveform and x-ray target angle. Direct measurements of energy imparted to an Alderson Rando phantom for a range of irradiation conditions provided an excellent verification of the technique developed. Using the energy imparted per exposure-area product factors presented, overall uncertainties of less than +or-15% and +or-20% should be possible for measurements of energy imparted during examinations of the trunk and head respectively using the Diamentor.

Patient exposures in diagnostic radiology: Protection problems of current concern. A statement issued by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) July 1973.

ICRP Statement. Patient exposures in diagnostic radiology: Protection problems of current concernA Statement issued by The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)* July 1973Published Online:28 Jan 2014https://doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-46-552-1086SectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail AboutAbstractFor many years, ICRP reports have included recommendations dealing with the protection of patients, particularly in X-ray diagnostic radiology. The most recent reports on this topic are ICRP Publications 15 and 16 (ICRP, 1970a; 1970b), the latter being entirely devoted to it. In the conclusion to Publication 16 it is stated that:“throughout the task of compiling the document it has been recognised … that the great and growing service to the individual and the community from X-ray diagnostic methods should not be in any way impaired because of radiation hazards. At the same time, there is need to ensure that the advantages of diagnostic radiology are obtained with the minimum of risk to the individual and to future generations. The achievement of this purpose is not within the scope of a single discipline but requires a multi-disciplinary effort by all who instigate X-ray examinations, by those in any way concerned with the use of X-ray diagnostic equipment and techniques, and by those responsible for the relevant educational programmes.”The resolutions of the World Health Assembly in 1971 and 1972 (WHO, 1971; 1972a) have emphasized the way in which the medical uses of ionizing radiation could be optimized. Previous article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byAnnex D List of the commission's publications1 January 1991 | Annals of the ICRP, Vol. 21, No. 1-3Energy Imparted in Roentgen Diagnostic Procedures5 November 2016 | Acta Radiologica. Diagnosis, Vol. 20, No. 1APublications of the commission1 July 1977 | Annals of the ICRP, Vol. 1, No. 3 Volume 46, Issue 552December 1973Pages: 1015-1088 © The British Institute of Radiology History Published onlineJanuary 28,2014 Metrics Download PDF