Wuhan Research Articles

Omicron B.A 2: Vaccine Construction with MHC Class-I, MHC Class-II by Using Bioinformatics Tools

SARS (COV-2) was recognized in 31/December/2019 in Wuhan city in the Hubei Provence of China. The omicron variant of COVID-19 reported in November 2021. Omicron can have many earlier documented mutations of other variant of concern (VOC) omicron is including 32 mutations of spike like protein, it is too compared of the 16 mutations. The omicron variant has been divided into four linages BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, B.1.1.529. BA.1 which could destroyed our immune system and vaccine are not highly effective against BA.2.

Preface: 6th International Conference on Art, Design and Cultural Studies (ADCS 2024)

6th International Conference on Art, Design and Cultural Studies (ADCS 2024) was held during April 13-14, 2024 in Wuhan City, China, and this conference was a great success. The conference provides a useful and wide platform both for display the latest research and for exchange of research results and thoughts in Art, Design and Cultural Studies. The success and prosperity of the conference is reflected high level of the papers received. The aim of ADCS 2024 is to provide a platform for educators, sociologists, designers, writers, historians and graduate students from different cultural backgrounds to present and discuss research, developments and innovations in all fields of Art, Design and Cultural Studies. It provides opportunities for the delegates to exchange new ideas and application experiences, to establish business or research relations and to find global partners for future collaboration. We would like to acknowledge all of those who supported 6th ADCS. Each individual in addition, institutional help was very important for the success of this conference. Especially we would like to thank the organizing committee for their valuable advices in the organization and helpful peer review of the papers. It was a fully synchronized online conference that had live Q&A, participants jointly listened to presentations, and attended other live events associated with the conference. Each speech lasted for 30 minutes, including 5 minutes for Q&A. and for other sessions, there was 20 minutes for each presentation, including 5 minutes for Q&A. The interaction session was made the real experience to the participants and they had good exposure with the foreign university students and delegates. We would like to thank all the author submitted papers to the conferences and thank you all the reviewers for their time and effort in reviewing articles. Finally, it is a great honor to thank you all of behind staff who made their constant effort to make sure the conference process can go smoothly and the proceeding team who have dedicated their constant support and countless time to bring these scratches into this volume. Shanhong Zhu, Jiayu Liang Conference Committees

Phylodynamics and Phylogenetic Analysis of Recent SARS CoV 2 Viral Strains from Pune, Maharashtra

In December 2019, medical practitioners from China identified a novel strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV (SARS-CoV). The disease was allotted a zoonotic origin and the spillover event is associated with Huanan Wholesale Seafood Market in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. On 30 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID- 19 as an international public-health emergency concern. In India, the index case was reported on 30th January in the district of Thrissur, state of Kerala and by 25th March 2020, the country was lockdown. This research aims to analyze the viral phylogenetic and phylodynamics of strains from Pune, Maharashtra, followed by a comparison against real time data and an analysis of the potency of government prevention strategies. Publicly available SARS-CoV-2 sequences, specific to Pune, Maharashtra, were downloaded from GISAID during the time frame of the epidemics. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences, including Maximum Likelihood trees and the nucleotide substitution model, were done using IQ-TREE software. Phylodynamic tools available as part of the BEAST2 software was used to estimate the evolution of R number through time. GTR+F+I was found to be the best-fit nucleotide substitution model for the data acquired. ML trees constructed reported a log likelihood of 44842.9931. Analysis of trace estimates reported R number with an average of 1, indicating transmission of virus. The data contains controversial elements which can only be clarified upon further sequencing of the SARS- CoV-2 strains, however, the results obtained are parallel to real time statistics.

CA-based urban growth model considering the temporal dynamic adjustment of local spatial driving factors: An application in Wuhan City

Cellular Automaton (CA) is widely used because of its ability to simulate complex spatiotemporal dynamic processes through applying simple rules. The basis of the CA model is the definition of transformation rules. During a simulation process, the rules determine the change of the cell state. However, existing processing methods calculate the driving factors based on single-point time (start time or end time), making it difficult to reflect the fact that numerous driving factors affecting the cell conversion dynamically change with time. Based on the time dynamics perspective and the data set of multiple time series, this paper designs a method of dynamic adjustment of driving factors of urban expansion on the local cell-scale. It uses linear, exponential, logarithmic, and polynomial fitting to develop a CA model of dynamic adjustment that conforms to the characteristics of local spatial evolution. The main conclusions of the paper are as follows: (1) The polynomial fitting has the highest average R2, indicating that the driving factors experiences large fluctuations over time; (2) Secondly, the simulation result kappa obtained by the four fitting methods is between 0.781–0.810, which is higher than the simulation accuracy obtained by using only a single time point. In other words, the factor does not dynamically fit with time and (3) The fitting accuracy of road density is a key indicator of correct and incorrect simulation parts of construction land. Our results demonstrate that the precision of the CA model may be significantly improved by capturing the time development law of environmental variables affecting urban development at the micro-scale.

The impact of fear of cancer recurrence on the quality of life of breast cancer patients: A longitudinal study of the mediation effect of cortisol and hope

ObjectiveThis longitudinal study sought to explore the impact of cortisol and hope levels on Fear of Cancer Recurrence (FCR) and Quality of Life (QOL) in a cohort of 552 breast cancer patients from three centers in Wuhan City. MethodA longitudinal study involving 552 breast cancer patients from three centers in Wuhan City utilized Chinese versions of the Fear of Progression Questionnaire-Short Form (FoP-Q-SF), the Herth Hope Index (HHI), and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B) scale. Cortisol levels were measured thrice daily, and data was collected longitudinally three times. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 26.0 and Mplus 8.3, employing a longitudinal path model constructed via the cross-lagged method. ResultsThe results showed there were significant correlations between FCR, cortisol levels, and QOL at different time points. A significant mediating model was found with outcomes related to hope levels. Specifically, FCR predicted a decrease in hope levels (β = −0.163, p < 0.001), which in turn led to a decrease in overall QOL (β = −0.078, p < 0.001), with a mediation effect accounting for 10.34%. Although there were correlations between FCR, cortisol levels, and QOL at different time points, further analysis revealed that cortisol levels did not exhibit a mediating effect between the two (95% confidence interval: −0.002 to 0.001). ConclusionThis study demonstrated there were significant correlations among FCR, QOL, and hope levels. Considering hope as a crucial mediator between FCR and QOL, potential intervention strategies for optimizing the QOL of breast cancer patients are proposed.

Infection with Clonorchis sinensis (Cobbold, 1875) Metacercariae in Fish from the East Lake of Wuhan: Freshwater Fish in Urban Lakes May Act as Infection Sources of Liver Fluke.

The liver fluke disease caused by Clonorchis sinensis is one of the most serious food-borne parasitic diseases in China. Many freshwater fish and shrimps can be infected with C. sinensis metacercariae as the second intermediate hosts in endemic regions. Owing to the lack of infected humans and the good administration of pet dogs and cats in cities of non-endemic regions, few fish are expected to be infected with C. sinensis metacercariae in urban lakes. To determine the infection of C. sinensis metacercariae in freshwater fish and shrimps in urban lakes, a total of 18 fish species and one shrimp species were investigated in the East Lake of Wuhan City. Metacercariae were isolated by artificial digestive juice and identified using morphology and rDNA-ITS2 sequences. Five species of fish, Pseudorasbora parva, Ctenogobius giurinus, Squalidus argentatus, Hemiculter leuciclus, and Rhodeus spp., were infected with C. sinensis metacercariae. The overall prevalence of C. sinensis was 32.5%. The highest prevalence was found in P. parva with 57.9%, while S. argentatus exhibited the highest mean abundance (13.9). Apart from the C. sinensis metacercariae, four species of other trematode metacercariae were also identified across twelve fish species in total. Owing to the consumption of undercooked fish and feeding cats with small fish caught by anglers, there is a potential risk that the small fish infected with C. sinensis metacercariae may act as an infection source to spread liver fluke. Given the complete life cycle of C. sinensis, stray cats and rats were inferred to act as the important final hosts of C. sinensis in urban lakes in non-endemic areas.

Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Persepsi Masyarakat terhadap Vaksin-19 di Kelurahan Remu Sorong, Papua Barat

Corona virus or corona virus is part of a large family of viruses that can cause infections in the upper respiratory tract with mild and moderate levels. The corona virus, also known as the novel corona virus (nCoV), was first discovered in the city of Wuhan, China in November 2019. Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Internal factors: feelings, attitudes and individual character, desires or expectations, prejudices, learning, attention (focus), physical condition, mental disorders, values, and needs as well as interests and motivation. External factors: family background, knowledge, information obtained and the needs of the surroundings, intensity, size, repetition of movements, resistance, new and familiar or unfamiliar objects. Efforts are needed to educate the public about the importance of vaccination and overcome problems that arise. Apart from that, education level and age also influence people's perceptions of vaccination. People who are more educated and older tend to have a more positive perception of vaccination, so there needs to be a special strategy that targets younger and less educated groups of people.

Urban Ecological Quality Assessment Based on Google Earth Engine and Driving Factors Analysis: A Case Study of Wuhan City, China

Ecological quality is a critical factor affecting the livability of urban areas. Remote sensing technology enables the rapid assessment of ecological quality (EQ), providing scientific theoretical support for the maintenance and management of urban ecology. This paper evaluates and analyzes the EQ and its driving factors in the city of Wuhan using remote sensing data from five periods: 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, and 2021, supported by the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. By employing principal component analysis, a Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) was constructed to assess the spatiotemporal differences of EQ in Wuhan City. Furthermore, the study utilized the optimal parameter-based geographical detector model to analyze the influence of factors such as elevation, slope, aspect, population density, greenness, wetness, dryness, and heat on the RSEI value in 2021 and further explored the impact of changes in precipitation and temperature on the EQ in Wuhan. The results indicate that (1) principal component analysis shows that greenness and wetness positively affect Wuhan’s EQ, while dryness and heat have negative impacts; (2) spatiotemporal analysis reveals that from 2001 to 2021, the EQ in Wuhan showed a trend of initial decline followed by improvement, with the classification grades evolving from poor and average to good and better; (3) the analysis of driving factors shows that all nine indicators have a certain impact on the EQ in Wuhan, with the influence ranking as NDVI &gt; NDBSI &gt; LST &gt; WET &gt; elevation &gt; population density &gt; GDP &gt; slope &gt; aspect; (4) the annual average temperature and precipitation in Wuhan have a non-significant impact on the EQ. The EQ in Wuhan has improved in recent years, but comprehensive management still requires enhancement.

Sex ratio shift after frozen single blastocyst transfer in relation to blastocyst morphology parameters

The sex ratio shift was observed in peoples who underwent ART treatment. Moreover, there is limited evidence on differences in sex ratio between single frozen-thawed blastocyst morphology, insemination type and transfer days. So further research is needed in this area with regard to factors possibly affecting the sex ratio. Retrospective study based on multicenter including two large assisted reproduction centers in Shanghai and Wuhan in China. A total of 6361 singleton delivery offspring after frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer. Propensity score weighting and logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations between blastocyst morphology grading and child sex ratio. The main outcome measures is singleton sex ratio. In our study, the primary outcome measure was sex ratio which was calculated as the proportion of male newborns among all live births. Higher quality blastocysts resulted in a higher sex ratio than single poor-quality frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer. Among the three blastocyst morphological parameters of trophectoderm (TE), Grade A and B were significantly associated with a higher sex ratio than Grade C. The similar trend was observed in both IVF and ICSI treated subgroups. As compared with expansion (4 + 3), expansion degree 6 achieved a higher sex ratio in overall populations and IVF treated subgroup. Transferring blastocysts of day 6 had the highest sex ratio both in IVF group and ICSI group. A 6.95% higher sex ratio in transferring blastocysts of day 5 in IVF group than those in ICSI group. No significant association between inner cell mass degree and sex ratio was observed. However, as compared with IVF treatment, all morphology parameters achieved the similar or the biased sex ratio favoring female in ICSI treated subgroup. Quality of blastocysts was positively associated with sex ratio. TE score and expansion degree rather than ICM were significantly associated with sex ratio at birth. ICSI treatment promotes the biased sex ratio favoring female.

Nitroaromatic compounds in six major Chinese cities: Influence of different formation mechanisms on light absorption properties

Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) are important nitrogen organics in aerosol with strong light-absorbing and chemically reactive properties. In this study, NACs in six Chinese megacities, including Harbin (HB), Beijing (BJ), Xi'an (XA), Wuhan (WH), Chengdu (CD), and Guangzhou (GZ), were investigated for understanding their sources, gas-particle partitioning, and impact on BrC absorption properties. The concentrations of ΣNACs in PM2.5 in the six cities ranged from 9.15 to 158.8 ng/m3 in winter and from 2.02 to 9.39 ng/m3 in summer. Nitro catechols (NCs), nitro phenols (NPs), and nitro salicylic acids (NSAs) are the main components in ΣNACs, with NCs being dominant in particulate phase and NPs being dominant in the gas phase. Correlation analysis between different pollutant species revealed that coal and biomass combustions were the major sources of NACs in the northern cities during wintertime, while secondary formation dominated NACs in the southern cities during summertime. The contribution of ΣNACs to brown carbon (BrC) light absorption ranged from 0.85 to 7.98 % during the wintertime and 2.07–6.44 % during the summertime. The mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm (MAE365) were highest for 4-nitrocatechol (4NC, 17.4–89.0 m2/g), 4-methyl-5-nitrocatechol (4M5NC, 15.0–76.9 m2/g), and 4-nitroguaiacol (4NG, 11.7–59.8 m2/g). The formation of NCs and NG through oxidation and nitration of catechol and guaiacol led to a significant increase in aerosol light absorption. In contrast, NPs and NSAs formed by the photonitration and photooxidation in liquid phase showed high polarity but low light absorption ability, and the proportions of (NPs + NSAs) in the light absorption of ΣNACs were lower than 15.3 % in the six megacities.

COVID-19: A deadly outbreak on planet earth

Coronavirus may be a large group of viruses and recently identified coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 was first detected in Wuhan City, China. After that it spread rapidly to other countries. Some studies show positive, and few others exhibit negative relationship between COVID-19 and sunlight. There is controversy about its intermediate host. Snake, turtles, and pangolins are considered the intermediate hosts, however bat is regarded as the primary host. It belongs to Nidovirales order, family is Coronaviridae, and subfamily is Coronavirinae. The transmission may occur through various ways. The structure of COVID-19 is enveloped and spherical with a positive single strand. Various accessory, structural, and non-structural proteins are present in it. Life cycle involves attachment, entry, replication, translation, assembly, and then its release. B.1.1.7, B.1.351, p.1, and b.1.617 are a few important variants of SARS-CoV-2. An increase of cholesterol level supports the entry of SARS-CoV-2. Statins with lower cholesterol level lessens COVID-19 entry. Fever, cough, fatigue, headache, sputum production, diarrhea, dysphonia, etc. are common symptoms of COVID-19. RT-PCR, RT-LAMP, CT scan, antibodies and antigen are various tests for COVID-19 detection. Various drugs and convalescent plasma are used for its treatment. People are also now vaccinated, and these vaccines also have side effects like fever, fatigue, headache etc. Preventive measures must be carried out to prevent its spread.

Genomic Diversity and Recombination Analysis of the Spike Protein Gene from Selected Human Coronaviruses.

Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are seriously associated with respiratory diseases in humans and animals. The first human pathogenic SARS-CoV emerged in 2002-2003. The second was MERS-CoV, reported from Jeddah, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in 2012, and the third one was SARS-CoV-2, identified from Wuhan City, China, in late December 2019. The HCoV-Spike (S) gene has the highest mutation/insertion/deletion rate and has been the most utilized target for vaccine/antiviral development. In this manuscript, we discuss the genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and recombination patterns of selected HCoVs with emphasis on the S protein gene of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 to elucidate the possible emergence of new variants/strains of coronavirus in the near future. The findings showed that MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have significant sequence identity with the selected HCoVs. The phylogenetic tree analysis formed a separate cluster for each HCoV. The recombination pattern analysis showed that the HCoV-NL63-Japan was a probable recombinant. The HCoV-NL63-USA was identified as a major parent while the HCoV-NL63-Netherland was identified as a minor parent. The recombination breakpoints start in the viral genome at the 142 nucleotide position and end at the 1082 nucleotide position with a 99% CI and Bonferroni-corrected p-value of 0.05. The findings of this study provide insightful information about HCoV-S gene diversity, recombination, and evolutionary patterns. Based on these data, it can be concluded that the possible emergence of new strains/variants of HCoV is imminent.

Economic Development after Covid

The identification of Covid cases in China marked the beginning of a global crisis. The virus was first discovered in early 2020, leading to the lockdown of Wuhan city. Subsequently, it spread to India and the rest of the world, causing significant changes in the global economy. This article highlights various economic developments that have occurred during the Covid period, including the growth of the internet, advancements in the medical field, improvements in the IT sector, increased online transactions, enhanced family interactions, and improved healthcare for the people. However, it is important to acknowledge that the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic is a tragic event unfolding worldwide, reminiscent of the Spanish flu outbreak in 1918-19. Given the considerable uncertainty surrounding the economic outlook and the associated risks, quantifying the economic impact is challenging. Any unforeseen increase in uncertainty can jeopardize both economic growth and financial stability. In light of this, economists at the International Monetary Fund emphasize the need for targeted economic policies, fiscal measures, and appropriate monetary and financial stability policies to strengthen the global economy.

The effects of different landscape strategies on outdoor thermal comfort in village squares: a case study in Dayuwan village in Wuhan City.

Appropriate landscape configurations significantly mitigate rural thermal degradation. However, limited research exists on seasonal thermal comfort and the interconnections among landscape elements. Using ENVI-met software and field measurements, this study analyzed the microclimate of Dayuwan Village Square in Wuhan City. Fifteen design scenarios, including tree planting, building greening, albedo adjustment, and expanded tree coverage, were quantitatively evaluated to assess their impact on outdoor thermal comfort. Additionally, synergistic interactions between mitigation strategies were explored. The study found that increasing evergreen tree coverage by 50% has minimal impact on comfort during winter and spring. However, it significantly reduces temperatures in summer and autumn, resulting in average predicted mean vote (PMV) decreases of 0.315 and 0.643, respectively. Additionally, this strategy optimizes PMV values at 18:00 on extreme days, with a 0.102 decrease in summer and a 0.002 increase in winter. This research offers practical and sustainable guidance to designers for enhancing mitigation effects through optimal landscape configuration, providing a technical framework for rural environmental improvements.

Microplastics plastisphere is an important eco-site for nitrous oxide emission in lakes: A case study of various lakes in Wuhan, China

This study used correlation analyses to examine the microbial mechanisms linking microplastics and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes in 18 typical lakes in Wuhan city. The microplastic abundances were 502 ± 212 items/m3 in the surface water and 305 ± 216 items/kg in dry sediments. The microplastics were predominantly black and fiber shaped in both surface water and sediments. The N2O flux was positively correlated with total phosphorus (p < 0.01), suspended particles (p < 0.01), total nitrogen (p < 0.05), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (p < 0.01) in surface water. nirK/nosZ I was negatively correlated with the N2O flux and positively correlated with dissolved N2O concentration in surface water (p < 0.05). The microplastic abundance in surface water was positively correlated with nosZ II in water (p < 0.01) and nirK/nosZ I in sediment (p < 0.001). The microplastics in sediments were negatively correlated with nirK/nosZ I in water (p < 0.001) and positively correlated with nirS in sediment (p < 0.05). The predominant plastisphere denitrifiers in this study were nirS-type in sediments and nirK-type in surface water. The predominant denitrifier in surface water was Flavobacterium, where it had far higher relative abundances compared to sediments. The co-occurrence network between nitrifiers, denitrifiers, and water quality indexes implied that denitrifiers competed strongly in sediments, while they cooperated in surface water. Looking at the whole microbial community, the competitive and cooperative relationships were more complex in the sediment samples. The N2O flux was positively correlated with the plastic degradation function in sediment (p < 0.05), implying the plastisphere was a significant contributor. Microplastics in lakes, i.e., the plastisphere, may be a novel microbial colonization site that could be vital to ecosystem N2O emissions.

Analisis Clustering Kasus Covid – 19 di Indonesia dengan Kelompok Umur 40-60 Tahun menggunakan Algoritma K-Means

The Covid-19 virus is a case that first occurred in Wuhan City, China, which attacks the respiratory system, resembling influenza or flu which attacks the lungs. This research has the aim of being a class analysis to find out how the spread of the virus occurred in Indonesia. This study uses the K – Means method or the median value in calculations based on age in all Indonesian provinces for the last 3 years. The results of the study obtained the highest distribution in the age group 40-60 years in 2020, so it can be said that the decline in Covid - 19 in 2021 has decreased in analysis carried out using the Rapid Minner software.

Possible Interaction Between Drugs for COVID19 And Cancer Therapy

At the end of 2019, a new disease was reported in Wuhan China and described such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). This new virus named SARSCoV-2 S is characterized by high infectivity among humans. Such disease can have no symptoms in some individuals, while in others can provoke flu like symptoms or acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and death. At the end of January 2020, the World Health Organization and Public Health Emergency of International Concern declared a pandemic status. Many studies showed a high mortality rate in cancer patient infected by SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this context, the decision of a safe and effective treatment against COVID19 plays a crucial role crucial in these patients Therefore, important questions arose: Can the COVID19 therapies protect everyone and above all cancer patients? and which drug interactions can occur between cancer therapy and COVID19 treatment? In this regard, Covid-19 is a new disease and for this reason it will be necessary to modify constantly pharmacological treatment. In this scenario, the potential drug–drug interactions (DDI) in the cancer patients should be considered to evaluate the risks and benefits of drug combinations.

A cross sectional study on detection of COVID 19 antibodies in laboratory personnel at Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad

ABSTRACT Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) associated with COVID-19 disease was first reported from Wuhan Hubei Province, China, in December 2019. Aim and Objective: The current study is aimed to evaluate seroprevalence of SARS-COV-2 antibodies in laboratory personnel working in association with COVID-19 diagnostic work. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2020 and December 2020 to evluate seropositivity of COVID-19 in laboratory personnel by using COVID-19 IgG ELISA. Results: A total number of 91 laboratory personnel were included in the current study. Out of them, 45 (49.45%) were males, 46 (50.55%) were females. Out of 91 participants, 44 (48.35%) were doctors, 19 (20.8%) were Lab technicians, 13 (14.28%) were sample collection technicians, 7 (7.69%) were transport persons, 4 (4.39%) were research scientist, and 4 (4.39%) were data managers. Out of 91 samples, 25 were positive. Out of 44 doctors, 11 were positive contributing for (25%); out of 19 laboratory technicians, 5 were positive contributing for (26%); and out of 13 sample collection technicians, 5 were positive contributing for (38.46%). Conclusion: Seropositivity in asymptomatic individuals means that we need to be even more cautious in hospitals with masks, hand washing, and sanitization. Repeated serosurveys will help in the implementation of infection control policies in a systematic way, which in turn helps in protection of health care workers against COVID-19.

Correlation between Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio with C-Reactive Protein Levels in COVID-19 Patient

Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease brought on by SARS-CoV-2. China's Hubei Province's Wuhan City is where the pandemic first began. The number for Indonesia is 1,790. Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) tests are conducted to assess the disease prognosis in COVID-19 patients, who may have a bad prognosis. Purposes: To find out the relationship between NLR and CRP in COVID-19 patients at Bunda Margonda General Hospital in 2021. Method: This study used an analytic observational method with a cross-sectional approach and used secondary data from 100 samples from COVID-19 patients' medical records at Bunda Margonda General Hospital in 2021. Results: More COVID-19 patients were found in 56 male patients, aged 46-55 years, with 22 patients; NLR values increased in 67 patients and 80 patients in CRP. There is a significant relationship between NLR and CRP in COVID-19 patients at Bunda Margonda General Hospital in 2021, with a p-value of 0.001. The most common COVID-19 cases were found in male patients 46-55 years of age, and there was an increase in the NLR and CRP values. Conclusion: There is a relationship between NLR and CRP in COVID-19 patients at Bunda Margonda General Hospital in 2021.

Identification and detection of high NO x emitting inland ships using multi-source shore-based monitoring data

In urban areas situated along busy waterways like the Yangtze River, the diesel engines of inland navigation ships emerge as significant contributors to air pollution. Among these vessels, certain high-emission ships exhibit considerably higher levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions compared to others. To effectively identify such ships, this study employed a cost-effective ship emission monitoring sensor platform, comprising high-precision gas sensors, automatic identification system receiver, and sensitive meteorological sensors, along the Yangtze River in Wuhan City. By combining multi-source shore-based monitoring data, we identified ship emission signals and proposed a high-emission ship detection method using inverse modeling. Using this method, we successfully detected inland high-emission ships based on two months of monitoring data. Furthermore, the relationship between different ship types, sizes, speeds, and ship NO x emission rates were investigated. The results of this study are beneficial for strengthening the regulation of high-emission vessels in inland waterways, thereby reducing the adverse impact of ship emissions on the environment and climate. It also encourages the inland shipping industry to adopt more environmentally friendly technologies and fuels, as advocated by the International Maritime Organization.