Wrong Thing Research Articles

Summer, 1964, and: Untitled, 1978

Summer, 1964, and: Untitled, 1978 Victoria Chang (bio) Summer, 1964 There are 1645 boxes. Inside each box is a small white dot. On some days, the dot looks like a dot. On other days, each dot is one of my tears. 1645 tears in the last week. Mary Ruefle kept a cryalog. My log is here, in these squares. I now know that tears aren't stillborn. In Chinese, 心疼 is different from 心理難受. The first means heart hurts. The second means heart inside is uncomfortable. In English, we say my heart aches. In every language, the heart can be in pain. But the heart doesn't feel pain. It is not a small mammal. Tears do not come from the heart. They do not come from the eyes or the body. They come from outside of us, like time, from one large repository, which is why we cry when other people cry. In this way, tears are communal. We depend on each other for our sadness. Which is why the repository is kept in a safehouse, away from the CEOs. [End Page 10] Untitled, 1978 Agnes once said, the silence on the floor of my house is all the questions and all the answers that have ever been in the world. I sit and wait for the floor to speak to me. But it just acts like a floor. The floor never testifies on my behalf, even though it has felt everything. Agnes says to give up facts, to have an empty mind. That if your mind is full of garbage, if an inspiration came, you wouldn't recognize it. Agnes tried to avoid having ideas because they are inaccurate. Someone said that what torments us isn't death but life. All along I have been preoccupied with the wrong thing. Maybe the five red bands are life. They wrap around my neck like someone's arms. When Agnes said you just can't be an artist if you can't be alone, I dreamt of the Tahoe fire. I, in the middle of it, sparks falling from the sky like men, the ski lift swaying from thoughts. And I woke up, my mind filled with smoke, no people, and Agnes's words. And the floor emptying my thinking like long division. [End Page 11] Victoria Chang victoria chang is the author of a nonfiction book, Dear Memory: Letters on Writing, Silence, and Grief, and several books of poetry, including The Trees Witness Everything and Obit. She lives in Los Angeles and is the program chair of Antioch's low-residency MFA program. Copyright © 2023 Yale University

Stolen Limelight: Gender, Display and Displacement in Modern Fiction in French by Margaret E. Gray

Reviewed by: Stolen Limelight: Gender, Display and Displacement in Modern Fiction in French by Margaret E. Gray Jennifer Carr Gray, Margaret E. Stolen Limelight: Gender, Display and Displacement in Modern Fiction in French. UP of Wales, 2022. ISBN 978-1-78683-860-5. Pp. 257. Visual culture is increasingly ubiquitous, suffusing everything from entertainment to political rights claims staked in visibility. Meanwhile, gender studies and its disciplinary tributaries have couched our understanding of gender in terms of performativity and display, further reinforcing visuality's primacy in daily life. Against this backdrop, Stolen Limelight explores how twentieth-century French and Francophone fictions have harnessed readerly fluency in viewing practices through their narrative framings of gender, with Gray's analysis hinging on scenes of slippage, when seemingly legible instances of gendered display cede to a destabilizing hypervisibility. Gray foregrounds literary representations of excessive, even monstrous gendered display, productively complicating the tendency to conflate visibility and agency, and to reduce dynamics of spectatorship to the stable binary of observer and observed. Rather, she suggests, textual scenes of gendered display can displace both subject and object of the gaze—whether these positions are embedded in the narrative or embodied by readers—sowing epistemological doubt in their wake. Borrowing from psychoanalysis, art history, museum studies, and film theory, Gray attends to the effects of this "visuality of text" (6) in a corpus that spans the twentieth century and multiple geographies, resolutely canonical authors and lesser-studied ones. Stolen Limelight is divided into two sections of three chapters each that focus, respectively, on culminating scenes of corporeal display in Colette's Le blé en herbe, Ferdinand Oyono's Une vie de boy, and André Gide's La porte étroite, then on more abstract narrative strategies of display in François Mauriac's Thérèse Desqueyroux, Sébastien Japrisot's Piège pour Cendrillon, and Marguerite Duras's dual renderings of the same narrative: L'Amant and L'Amant de la Chine du Nord. Gray acknowledges the disparate contexts that produced these fictions (and subsequent film adaptations) while teasing out their shared investment in a dynamic of display-as-displacement that is inextricable from gender politics. Incidentally, this dynamic is echoed in Gray's analytical moves, which effect their own displacements by insisting that previous scholarship has looked in the wrong places, focused on the wrong things. For instance, in the chapter on Piège pour Cendrillon, Gray identifies generic subtexts—namely, the feminine-coded love story and fairy tale—that surreptitiously displace the novel's obvious engagement with detective fiction. Reprising Shoshana Felman's analysis of Japrisot's text, Gray contends that Felman's investment in Piège pour Cendrillon's undoing of detective genre conventions neglects the love story between women that is the narrative's foundational impetus. Gray's readings of Oyono and Duras likewise refocus critical attention, in this case on gendered displays whose stakes are heightened [End Page 274] by colonial contexts of racial oppression. These chapters highlight the risks of dissonance attendant to thematically uniting a disparate corpus, as Gray's instructive insistence on racialized gendering in Oyono's text is seemingly diluted by her interpretation of L'Amant's Chinese lover as a mother-surrogate whose feminization enacts a salvatory displacement of maternal madness, its potential imbrication in racist logics addressed only glancingly. Still, Stolen Limelight consistently offers engaging models of creative close reading that will appeal to literary scholars interested in interdisciplinary analyses' capacity to locate "trans-versal connections" (177) among apparently dissimilar texts. [End Page 275] Jennifer Carr Wellesley College (MA) Copyright © 2023 American Association of Teachers of French

My Mother and Middlemarch

My Mother and Middlemarch Ruth Schemmel (bio) One—As Is After my father died, my sister and I thought, Now my mother can start living. Time for her second act, the one we always knew she had in her. "The old girl will surprise us yet," my sister said, while my mother grieved about her old life and flitted about the old house. For a year she grieved and flitted. We, meanwhile, waited for her to come alive. A new goal, a new dream, a new story arc—that's what we wanted for her. Reinvention. Transformation. A character in a book would come alive. A character in a movie. We wanted this for her, too, this woman who had laughed too loud, had worn the wrong things, had seemed, in all the old pictures and stories, carefree yet caged, with a wider, wilder spirit than life and marriage had allowed for. She took steps. She sold the Virginia house "as is," picked through the detritus of decades, and filled the back of her Corolla with the sorts of necessities betokening if not revival then at least survival: her mildewed shower curtain, her mismatched cutlery and plates, a dish drainer, her well-worn bedding and pillow, her TV. She packed a few knickknacks: an old metal mask with gem-blue eyes, a plastic California Raisin figurine, a card my father, from the depths of late-life dementia, had scrawled on with black Sharpie. (She kept this message on her wall for years but I can't recall now what it said. Something like: Remember: go to JC Penney! Or maybe: Urgent! Do NOT lock car!) She had sold one table in the Richmond Pennysaver. Everything else she left behind: chairs, sofa, rugs, lamps, books, letters, houseplants. Two hundred VCR tapes we inherited from my lonely bachelor uncle, movies he'd taped once for us, anything risqué hand-edited out, along with scenes he accidentally slept through. Cups still in the cupboard. Food still in the pantry. As is, my mother was told. As is, it was. Among that everything else: photographs. Her marriage, early motherhood, the Jersey house, the Virginia one. Older photos, too: black-and-white glimpses of my mother, glamorous in a miniskirt and short-cropped [End Page 157] hair, laughing with her head thrown back, a glass of something in her hand. My mother again, slender, young, posing with friends I've never heard about on a New York City street. My mother with a crooked smile bent over a sink in an apartment packed with friends. This is the woman we wanted to see reawakened. The woman who had come through a shitty, abusive childhood, who had been briefly single in New York and free, who had settled into an old-fashioned model of marriage with a kind, exuberant, intensely religious older man, who had had a year now to regain herself, regroup. My mother moved out west. There—here, where I live—she volunteered at the senior center, the children's hospital thrift. She took care of my children: drove them to preschool, elementary, middle, high. She cheered for their teams from soccer sidelines and gymnasium bleachers. She took guided daytrips to mountain viewpoints and nearby towns. She took exercise classes, met friends for lunch. She came to my house for dinners, holidays, brunches. But there were no romances, no makeovers, no new image or career. She failed to take up travel or any other passion. She watched a great deal of TV. My mother seemed in some ways to have assumed the infirmities of the much older man she had married: fear of driving, iffy balance, difficulty seeing at night. A desire to stay put. She spent a lot of time alone. My mother was sixty-three when my father died. Still young. She still had time to become. Two—Grown-Up People I was reading Middlemarch during my mother's hospitalization for lung cancer in late 2020, sixteen years after my father's death. Her hospital stays accelerated the mental fog that had advanced on the sly through the pandemic months. A neurologist finally made the call: early onset Alzheimer's, not fixable...

(Mis-)use of standard Autopilot and Full Self-Driving (FSD) Beta: Results from interviews with users of Tesla's FSD Beta.

Tesla's Full Self-Driving Beta (FSD) program introduces technology that extends the operational design domain of standard Autopilot from highways to urban roads. This research conducted 103 in-depth semi-structured interviews with users of Tesla's FSD Beta and standard Autopilot to evaluate the impact on user behavior and perception. It was found that drivers became complacent over time with Autopilot engaged, failing to monitor the system, and engaging in safety-critical behaviors, such as hands-free driving, enabled by weights placed on the steering wheel, mind wandering, or sleeping behind the wheel. Drivers' movement of eyes, hands, and feet became more relaxed with experience with Autopilot engaged. FSD Beta required constant supervision as unfinished technology, which increased driver stress and mental and physical workload as drivers had to be constantly prepared for unsafe system behavior (doing the wrong thing at the worst time). The hands-on wheel check was not considered as being necessarily effective in driver monitoring and guaranteeing safe use. Drivers adapt to automation over time, engaging in potentially dangerous behaviors. Some behavior seems to be a knowing violation of intended use (e.g., weighting the steering wheel), and other behavior reflects a misunderstanding or lack of experience (e.g., using Autopilot on roads not designed for). As unfinished Beta technology, FSD Beta can introduce new forms of stress and can be inherently unsafe. We recommend future research to investigate to what extent these behavioral changes affect accident risk and can be alleviated through driver state monitoring and assistance.

"Having One Person Tell Me I Didn't Do the Wrong Thing": The Impact of Support on the Post-Sexual Assault Exam Experience.

Social support following a sexual assault (SA) may help minimize or prevent the myriad of negative sequelae impacting individuals who experience SA. Receiving a SA exam may provide initial support during the SA exam and set up individuals with needed resources and supports post-SA exam. However, the few individuals who receive a SA exam may not stay connected to resources or support post-exam. The purpose of this study was to understand individuals' post-SA-exam social support pathways including individuals' ability to cope, seek care, or accept support following a SA exam. Interviews were conducted with individuals who experienced SA and then received a SA exam through a telehealth model. The findings revealed the importance of social support during the SA exam and in the months that followed. Implications are discussed.

(Re)Use of Research Results (Is Rampant)

Prior pessimism about reuse in software engineering research may have been a result of using the wrong methods to measure the wrong things.

Engaging and supporting the public on the topic of grief and bereavement: an evaluation of Good Grief Festival.

Good Grief Festival was originally planned as a face-to-face festival about grief and bereavement. Due to COVID-19, it was held online over 3 days in October 2020. To evaluate the festival's reach and impact. Pre/post evaluation. Pre-festival online surveys assessed reasons for attending and attitudes to bereavement across four items (fear of saying the wrong thing, avoiding talking to someone bereaved, knowing what to do if someone bereaved was struggling, knowing how to help). Post-festival online surveys evaluated audience experiences and the four attitude items. Free-text responses, analysed using thematic analysis, generated suggestions for improvement and general comments. Between 5003 and 6438 people attended, with most attending two to five events. Pre-festival survey participants (n = 3785) were mostly women (91%) and White (91%). About 9% were from Black or minoritised ethnic communities. About 14% were age ⩾65 years, 16% age ⩽34 years. Around 75% were members of the public, teachers, students or 'other'; 25% academics, clinicians or bereavement counsellors. A third had been bereaved in the last year; 6% had never been bereaved. People attended to learn about grief/bereavement (77%), be inspired (52%) and feel part of a community (49%). Post-festival participants (n = 685) reported feeling part of a community (68%), learning about grief/bereavement (68%) and being inspired (66%). 89% rated the festival as excellent/very good and 75% agreed that they felt more confident talking about grief after attending. Higher ratings and confidence were associated with attending more events. Post-festival attitudes were improved across all four items (p < 0.001). Attendees appreciated the festival, particularly valuing the online format, opportunities for connection during lockdown and the diversity and quality of speakers. Suggestions included improving registration, more interactive events and less content. Good Grief Festival successfully reached a large public audience, with benefit in engagement, confidence and community-building. Evaluation was critical in shaping future events. Findings suggest festivals of this nature can play a central role in increasing death- and grief-literacy within a public health approach.

The validity of the notary's self-safety clause in the notary deed

The results of this study show that the self-security clauses listed by the notary in the deeds did not violate the provisions of laws and regulations, especially the UUJN. That is, the clause is validly stated on the condition that the notary lists the clause based on the statements of the complainants and that the statements or statements and supporting documents as a reference for making a notarial deed are valid, so if in the future it is known that there are wrong things, then the notary can use the clause as a form of effort to secure themselves or as a form of notarial resistance if the notary is used as a witness, the suspect/defendant, the defendant/co-defendant because of the deed he made. Juridically, the notary's self-protection clause does not have the legal force to bind third parties such as prosecutors, public prosecutors, or judges, so the clause cannot provide legal immunity for the notary if the notary can indeed be proven guilty in advance of the court. The clause only applies to notaries who have carried out the position's duties, especially in doing deeds by the provisions of the UUJN and laws and regulations.How to cite item: Budiman, N., Kinasig, N.M.A.S., Pangandaheng, T.M.C., Nada, A.Q., (2022). The validity of the notary's self-safety clause in the notary deed. Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum, 13(3)300-307. doi:10.26905/idjch.v13i3.8616.

KELUARGA DALAM KAJIAN SOSIOLOGI

Analysis of the role of the family in society is sometimes not realized and neglected. The position of parents seems to only be in charge of providing physical services. However, it is very rare to deal with the religious, moral, ethical education of the child. If parents cannot give their children their maximum role, of course the child's attitude tends to make justifications for even the wrong things. Because, it is to parents that children identify themselves. The process of imitating the normative values of parents in their daily lives becomes a certainty so that it is not wrong if there is an idiom the child is a reflection of the parents. We are not surprised that many students who graduate have very high formal and scientific educational values. However, the moral character of his personality is still questionable. In other words, character education in schools is only capable of producing 'pragmatic' people, not 'intellectual' moral qualities.

Vincento Ignaco Marevičiaus „Abiejų lyčių edukacijos sistema“: apie natūralaus ugdymo adeptą Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje

Wincenty Ignacy Marewicz’s “A System of Education for Both Sexes”: About an Adept of Natural Education in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania The article discusses the system of children’s education presented in Proiekt nieuskuteczniony prozą i wierszem (1788; The Unfulfilled Project in Prose and Verse) by Wincenty Ignacy Marewicz (1755–1822). The article examines how the writer, who came from the petty nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, adapted the new ideas of pedagogy that were spreading in Europe in the second half of the eighteenth century. An attempt is made to discern what was typical in W. I. Marewicz’s work and what individual nuances were given to it by a particular personality. In the work discussed, the author’s pedagogical views are presented in the chapter “Systema Edukacyi dla Płci oboiey” (A System of Education for Both Sexes). The writer sets out his system like a narrative to his future wife about how he would bring up their future children. It is noteworthy that although the access to the works of Western pedagogical theorists was limited, the system of children’s education described by W. I. Marewicz was close to the model of natural education developed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. W. I. Marewicz based his work on the postulate that the child’s great teacher is nature. In his project, the child’s upbringing takes place in the countryside and is based on observation of nature and the child’s direct experience. The writer envisages the upbringing of the child from infancy, the parents’ active involvement in their children’s education, and supports the notion that teachers should take into account the child’s age characteristics and individual needs. He resorts to the means of ‘negative education’, when the child seems to be acting on his or her own initiative, but is guided by an educator who protects the child from wrong things. At the same time, we can observe that W. I. Marewicz adapted the system of natural education by using his own life experience and taking into account the realities of his own country. The educational system described by W. I. Marewicz is aimed at the upbringing of a decent citizen. It is based on the attitudes that the writer used to declare in his patriotic works: work for the good of society, obedience to the king, respect for religion, the striving for the unity of the nation, and hatred of outsiders who undermine the state. Keywords: Wincenty Ignacy Marewicz, eighteenth-century literature, natural education, Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

STRATEGI MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN PEDAGANG MUSLIM MELALUI USAHA PENJUALAN PAKET DATA

Trading activity is an activity that was previously practiced by the Prophet Muhammad SAW which is still being carried out by all mankind, starting from selling primary needs to luxury needs. To achieve the desired profit in the business world, it is necessary to carry out a strategy in practice, so that you can compete with other traders without having to do the wrong thing. As a trader, you don't just sell your wares, you need skills in managing finances and managing a good marketing system. This study aims to find out what strategies must be carried out by traders, especially Muslim traders to increase income from the previous one. The type of method used in this study is a qualitative method using two data collection techniques, namely literature study and observation.

FENOMENA PINJAMAN ONLINE DIMASA PANDEMIK COVID-19 DI KOTA BATAM

Receivable debt is a social reality that has been inherent in the life of the community, not only the bottom layer but the upper layer also often do the behavior of debt with online loans. These communities are identical to having a livelihood as freelancers which as can be seen from low income or wages due to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic which led to job cuts and reduced work schedules. In order to answer that problem, the theory used from James S. Coleman regarding rational choice to explain the phenomenon of online loans experienced by the community of Batam City. Among other things by using the social definition paradigm by using qualitative research methods with a descriptive approach. The data collection technique in this analysis uses observation or observation data collection techniques, interviews, and documentation. In this study there were as many as 8 people’s as informants with Snowball Sampling techniques. This study does not blame the debt receivables debts through online loans as a right or wrong thing, but this study explains how to do receivable debts through wise online loans as if it is one of the goals to meet the lifestyle needs the people of Batam City

"They Just Assume That We're All Going to Do the Wrong Thing With It. It's Just Not True": Stakeholder Perspectives About Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters in People Who Inject Drugs.

BackgroundIn the absence of adequate harm reduction opportunities, people who inject drugs (PWID) are at increased risk for serious infections. Infectious diseases guidelines recommend extended periods of intravenous antibiotic treatment through peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), but PWID are often deemed unsuitable for this treatment. We conducted semi-structured interviews and focus groups to understand the perspectives and opinions of patients and clinicians on the use of PICCs for PWID.MethodsWe approached patients and clinicians (doctors, nurses, PICC nurses, social workers, and case workers) involved in patient care at Tufts Medical Center (Boston, Massachusetts) between August 2019 and April 2020 for semi-structured interviews and focus groups.ResultsEleven of 14 (79%) patients agreed to participate in an in-depth interview, and 5 role-specific clinician focus groups (1 group consisting of infectious diseases, internal medicine, and addiction psychiatry doctors, 2 separate groups of floor nurses, 1 group of PICC nurses, and 1 group of social workers) were completed. Emergent themes included the overall agreement that PICCs improve healthcare, patients’ feelings that their stage of recovery from addiction was not taken into consideration, and clinicians’ anecdotal negative experiences driving decisions on PICCs.ConclusionsWhen analyzed together, the experiences of PWID and clinicians shed light on ways the healthcare system can improve the quality of care for PWID hospitalized for infections. Further research is needed to develop a system of person-centered care for PWID that meets the specific needs of patients and improves the relationship between them and the healthcare system.

The Legal Review Regarding Copyright Protection of Songs from Unauthorized Song Cover Actions

The copyright infringement is an act prohibited by the law, in practice copyright infringement is divided into several forms of song piracy in Indonesia which results in losses from the creator and the state, therefore the government tries to enforce copyright law. Problems in writing this scientific paper are related to forms of violations, arrangements and legal protection efforts for the rights of songwriters in Indonesia. This research uses a normative juridical approach. Meanwhile, the conclusion of this study is that an activity does not include copyright infringement as long as the acts and covers related to the song's artwork are noncommercial and the creator also gets benefits without objection to the activity. On the other hand, we also need to know that there are a lot of Indonesians who cover and upload it on social media in the form of Youtube, Instagram and Tiktok. Article 43 and Article 44 of the Copyright Act explain the criteria for whether the activity meets the elements of copyright infringement or not. As for legal protection efforts, one of them is by preventing (preventive) and cracking down (repressive). One way is by socializing with the community. Although of course the government has also taken many related actions, with maximum results. But for us, it is not the wrong thing to remind each other about copyright infringement.

Net searcher sentiment: A web-search based replacement for net promoter score

In 2003, Bain consultant Frederick Reichheld published an article in Harvard Business Review arguing that the best predictor of top-line growth can be captured in a single survey question: ‘Would you recommend this company to a friend?’ In the almost 20 years since, Reichheld's question, referred to as net promoter score (NPS), has become a standard metric for many organisations, complementing and even replacing more comprehensive customer satisfaction surveys. Yet, just as Reichheld argued in 2003 that companies were measuring the wrong thing, NPS itself may be the wrong measure. As documented in recent literature, NPS captures self-reported attitudes versus behaviour, is prone to sampling bias and runs the risk of non-participation bias. This paper explores the creation of a new metric, net searcher sentiment (NSS), that replaces NPS's reliance on survey data with aggregated search data. This paper lays out the benefits of NPS, its shortcomings as documented in the relevant literature, the methodology behind NSS, how it addresses the shortcomings of NPS, and provides two examples of NSS in action.

”I don’t want to say the wrong thing”: mental health professionals’ narratives of feeling inadequately skilled when working with gender diverse adults

ABSTRACT Trans, gender diverse and gender questioning adults are highly likely to experience mental health difficulties, for multiple reasons including transphobia or minority stress. However, gender diverse adults often describe having negative experiences accessing mental healthcare in the UK. Concurrently, health professionals have described feeling inadequately skilled, and lacking confidence in their ability to support gender diverse people. There has been limited research exploring the experiences of mental health professionals who provide care for gender diverse people in mainstream mental health services, and even less in the UK. In this study, the accounts of seven mental health professionals from a range of disciplines were analysed with a constructionist narrative analysis, to better understand the nature of stories and positioning of individuals, within the local, social and historical contexts of the narratives’ construction. This paper focuses on participants’ narratives of feeling inadequately skilled when working with gender diverse individuals, which were drawn on and resisted in their stories. Implications for clinical practice and training are suggested.

Update on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Implications for Acute and Critical Care APRNs.

Update on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Implications for Acute and Critical Care APRNs.

Always Saying the Wrong Thing: Negative Beliefs About Losing Control Cause Symptoms of Social Anxiety.

BackgroundIndividuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) often report a fear that they will lose control of their emotions or report intense, unpleasant thoughts or images of uncontrollably humiliating themselves in social situations. These fears and associated beliefs that one is likely to lose control may underlie the anxiety and/or cognitive biases (e.g., self-focused attention and negative post-event processing) experienced during and following social situations. The present experiment examined whether manipulating beliefs about losing control would cause changes in symptoms of SAD.MethodsOne hundred and twenty-six undergraduate psychology students were given false feedback that they were either at high or low risk of losing control, and then completed a social interaction task with an actor. Participants rated their anxiety before and during the interaction and completed a post-event processing questionnaire 24-hours later.ResultsParticipants in the high beliefs about losing control (HLC) condition reported significantly greater subjective anxiety than those in the low beliefs about losing control (LLC) condition leading up to the social interaction task, and significantly more negative post-event processing.ConclusionResults suggest beliefs about losing control may play a causal role in the development and maintenance of SAD. These beliefs may represent a novel domain to be targeted in CBT.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10608-022-10325-w.

Socrates and the Voice that Says No: Listening to Plato's Apology

Socrates and the Voice that Says No:Listening to Plato's Apology Sarah Nooter (bio) In Plato's Apology, Socrates describes himself as being guided by a voice (phônê) that prevents him from doing the wrong thing. This voice is also a "sign" (sêmeion), whose absence is "proof" (tekmêrion) of correct action. Moreover, it is a "divine" (theion) and "spiritual" (daimonion) phenomenon (see Apology in Fowler, 1966, 31c–d, 40a–b).1 In contrast to scholars who refer to this phenomenon as Socrates's daimonion ("spiritual thing") or as a "sign" that implicitly signifies something else, in this article I suggest that it is not truly a signifier, but is rather better understood as a sign that resists symbolization.2 In other words, I aim to take this "voice" seriously as a voice: one that is irreducible to language (it says nothing), representative of no one (its speaker is not identified), non-dialogic, acousmatic, and unknowable except by the act of negation or the nonperformance of this act. In these features, it resembles the negative capability of Jacques Lacan's object a, and, in a similar way, dwells almost outside of social existence, the symbolic order, a trace of the Real, as defined here: The Real is essentially that which resists symbolization and thus resists the dialectization characteristic of the symbolic order, in which one thing can be substituted for another. Not everything is fungible; certain things are not interchangeable for the simple reason that they cannot be "signiferized." They cannot be found elsewhere, as they have a Thing-like quality, requiring the subject to come back to them over and over again. (Fink, 1995, p. 92) Like the Real, this voice is embodied as unique, its own Thing, repeatedly present to and constitutive of Socrates, heard only as it frees him from the symbolic structures of language, law, [End Page 413] and Athens, despite the attempts of Socrates's many accusers and his still more numerous interpreters (including himself) to assign it a fixed meaning. It is only through its strange (dis) embodiment of (as) voice that we can understand how it is constituted by and in opposition to the other voices in the Apology.3 Socrates's daimonion has been the object of copious studies, not least because it appears frequently—in several dialogues of Plato, works of Xenophon, and again in later but still ancient authors, such as Plutarch and Cicero.4 Thus, we have a protracted chain of overlapping but never quite (quiet) equivalent signifiers (each a "sign," sêmeion), with its meaning always shifting just a touch from one text to the next, with implications ever newly revealed or occluded.5 Many studies of the daimonion attempt to piece together clues from several dialogues (or authors) to construct an interpretation of its meaning or provenance. In this article, I suggest a different approach, namely, to read the daimonion in the Apology alone, not only in accordance with the precise words used there to denote it—first and primarily "voice"—but also in the context of the other voices that populate this dialogue. There are several justifications for this approach. One is that so literary a writer as Plato (however paradoxically) is likely to construct a careful work like the Apology in such a way that the parts bear meaningfully upon each other, whether intentionally or otherwise. Another is to adopt a more broadly structuralist perspective, which also calls for a psychoanalytic one: each piece of the Apology gains its meaning only in relation or opposition to the other pieces. However generally this may apply to language or texts, I try to show here that this form of reading is particularly, even preternaturally, appropriate to the Apology, whose entire raison d'être is to acknowledge, answer, respond to, fend off, diminish, refute, and even invalidate, but ultimately to exist in relation to accusation. Every voice in the Apology accuses, every voice but one. Yet very few voices can be heard, inasmuch as the dialogue poses the courtroom as a space that does not provide time for emphatic listening, the kind of listening that can affect a process of thought and (re) evaluation, such...

Paved with good intentions: Moral disengagement and social entrepreneurship

Social entrepreneurship has a deservedly well-regarded reputation in the literature. Given the constraints and problems of modern society we are looking for social entrepreneurs to solve problems that government will not or cannot solve more now than ever. However, there is also a darker side to social entrepreneurs. In effect, social entrepreneurs become so involved in fixing problems that they justify behaviors that could be viewed as unethical. In essence, they do the “wrong thing for the right reason.” Using moral disengagement theory, we develop a typology to discuss issues related to social entrepreneurship.