Wrong Part Research Articles

Identifying Human Factors Issues in Aircraft Maintenance Operations

Maintenance operations incidents submitted to the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) between 1986-1992 were systematically analyzed in order to identify issues relevant to human factors and crew coordination. This exploratory analysis involved 95 ASRS reports which represented a wide range of maintenance incidents. The reports were coded and analyzed according to the type of error (e.g, wrong part, procedural error, non-procedural error), contributing factors (e.g., individual, within-team, cross-team, procedure, tools), result of the error (e.g., aircraft damage or not) as well as the operational impact (e.g., aircraft flown to destination, air return, delay at gate). The main findings indicate that procedural errors were most common (48.4%) and that individual and team actions contributed to the errors in more than 50% of the cases. As for operational results, most errors were either corrected after landing at the destination (51.6%) or required the flight crew to stop enroute (29.5%). Interactions among these variables are also discussed. This analysis is a first step toward developing a taxonomy of crew coordination problems in maintenance. By understanding what variables are important and how they are interrelated, we may develop intervention strategies that are better tailored to the human factor issues involved.

Accidental contamination of the public water supply at Lowermoor, Camelford: an assessment of the possible veterinary consequences.

As a result of the delivery of 20 tons of concentrated aluminum sulphate solution into the wrong part of the Lowermoor water treatment works the water supplies of 20,000 people and many thousands of cows, sheep, pigs and poultry became contaminated with aluminium, copper, zinc and lead. When the water mains were flushed into the rivers Allen and Camel many fish were killed by the high concentrations of aluminium. However, there appear to have been no detrimental effects on farm live-stock; this was either because the animals were likely to have ingested less of the toxic elements from the water than they ingest with normal components of their diet, including soil, or because the abnormally high intakes lasted for only a short time.

Trifoliolate leaf-An oft misused term

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] leaf nomenclature can be confusing and, at times, uninterpretable in many professional agronomic journals. There are nutrient concentration differences between the soybean blade, petiole, and leaf for the nutrients B, Cu, Mn, and Zn. Consequently, care must be taken in the identification of plant parts if the data base being developed in the literature is to be meaningful. Erroneous diagnoses of nutrient deficiencies or toxicities can occur if the wrong plant part is analyzed. Soybean researchers should use the well established morphologic nomenclature of a trifoliolate leaf composed of a petiole and three leaflets (the blade plus three petiolules).

Heterotopic vs Heterotropic

To the Editor: Question 6 of the Self-Assessment Quiz on Spinal Cord Injury (Phys Ther, July 1982) mentions “heterotropic bone formation.” I bring to the attention of the editors of Physical Therapy the correct term—heterotopic. Though it may have been a typographical error, I hope correction will be conveyed to readers, as even in conversation I have heard the wrong term used. According to Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary , heterotopic means “occurring at an abnormal place or upon the wrong part of the body.” “Heterotropic” is not found in Dorland's or, for that matter, in any dictionary I consulted. The closest words are heterotropia—“failure of the visual axes to remain parallel when fusion is a possibility,” and heterotrophic—“not self-sustaining; said of organisms which require a reduced form of carbon for energy and synthesis.”

Mechanical Troubleshooting System: Knowledge Engineering Approach

This paper describes a qeneral mechanical troubleshooting system which incorporates knowledge engineering techniques to perform interactive diagnosis. In this paper 1) characteristics of machinery are considered with respect to fault diagnosis, 2) a description format of machines is presented and 3) a failure searching procedure using the description of machines is proposed. It is assumed that there is only one wrong part. An air conditioner is used as an example.

魚群探知機単体記録の判別計数に関する研究-IV

Among several modules for counting of echo pattern of individual fish in the oceanic field, Module AMDESS is proposed in this paper. Some functions of this module are explained with several graphic examples. There are sever steps in AMDESS. 1) The main function of AMDESS is to design the mask from sets of echo elements (SUBSET) in each depth range. 2) SUBSETs of TYPE A and B2, reported in the previous paper of this series, are laid on the element map by the method of adjustment between map point and base point. 3) The right part (R part) of the mask is decided to be positions which have smoothing frequencies more than the limited value (Flmt) obtained from the maximum frequency (FMAX). 4) After setting the wrong part (W part) surrounding R part, the number of elements in W part is adjusted to that in R part by the conversion from W part to B part or the inverse process. 5) For example masks in five depth ranges were produced from SUBSETs, extracted beforehand and stored in MT, of RNO 056020 recorded in the cruise of Hakuho Maru in the South Pacific in 1969. 6) There were moderate variations between masks produced by four levels of acoustic transmissions (TNO=1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000) in the same depth range even from the same echo data. 7) Using masks designed by this module, echo patterns of RNO 056020 were counted on trial. 8) From these results, it is recognized that these designed masks are sufficiently useful to count echo patterns from field data.

Authority as a Reference Problem

Although we could argue (as mad people might) about certain metaphysical questions, let us waive that for a moment. Let us stop doubting ontic status of various percepts-wondering whether an organ is itself an organism, an attribute a thing, and so on. And let us assume instead (for just a little moment) that we had attained agreement on what were objects, which their attributes, and what were relations between them. Then it would seem amazing that language itself offers clear distinctions between objects, properties of objects, relations of objects to one another and to their own parts, states, and activities. rules of syntax make those distinctions, although (as Chomsky shows) those rules provide no way to prevent putting wrong word in wrong part of expression (e.g., upped flag or We were invited to their housing). It is requirements of semantics that control such errors. Already in ancient languages it was possible to use verbs in sense of nouns (i.e., as gerunds) and in sense of connectives and adjectives (i.e., as participles). But only, I think, in recent times have we begun blithely to substitute any kind of word for virtually any other. It is fairly common now to hear phrases like, Who hosted that party? or He's very together (which means, He's at one with himself.). Insofar as we know what we mean by such phrases, there is no reason to become incensed about them, in my opinion. do carry, however, a risk that is not generally appreciated: On above assumption that objects exist and can be distinguished practically from their attributes and relations, use (say) of an adjective for a noun has consequence that it turns declarative statements into dreams. For example, The dark overcame them in is, albeit a familiar sort of truncation (= the woods became dark while . or the sun went down before .), scarcely different from The bloody ran all over while voicings showed me . or other delusional utterances, typical of psychotics. present epidemic of linguistic abandon-especially among hippies-increases social risks of losing track of distinctions between reality and phantasy, that is, between things observed in normal waking state and all other experiences. And what is more, such practices increase risk of attributing human attributes and potentialities to imaginary institutions. Bad enough that we say as a matter of habit, The court denies your motion (meaning I, as judge in this courtroom, deny your motion). Worse it is that people are saying, The man's got your number, and The Soviet is a chess player in politics, and The government powered capabilities up and enemy is hurting logisticswise. United States space program is thoroughly colonized by this parasite, so to speak. 'Authority' may refer to skills, capabilities, or other properties of a human being or of several human beings. Yet, word has become more abstract in modern times; and we no longer associate it so much with its etymological relatives, 'author,' or 'maker,' or 'initiator,' or augmentorr.' Thus, as in delusional language, Authorities get relocated and diffused; no longer persons like rest of us, nor even gods who live elsewhere, imagined authorities are abstractions consisting of bundles of other abstractions-power, tradition, organization, immortality, specialization, omniscience, etc. They are fixing street means, of course, that some men, paid by others who identify themselves as City Water and Sanitation Department, are allegedly repairing pipes, or whatever. Children are taught to contemplate political

Incidental appendectomy during vaginal surgery

the tip covering about 3 mm. of the end and allowed to dry while the tip is pointed downward. This give3 the extractor a smooth blunt tip of plastic to prevent uterine tissue damagE'. Several types of liquid plastic will provide a satisfactory bond to the metal. Some require several coats to provide a sufficient thickne3s of hardened plastic. The extractor is cold sterilized sinct> heat will dt'stroy the protective plastic tip. Pregnancy mmt be ruled out before the extractor is used. The hook is inserted through the cervical canal and into the uterine cavity. To en_gage the intrauterine device the extractor is rotated clock,vise \vhi!e 'Nithdra,ving. ''Vhen the device is engaged a firm clockwise rotational pressure will hold it while it is being removed. If only the presence of the device is being ascertained or the hook has engaged the wrong part of the device for easy removal, disengagemE·nt is done by inserting the extractor a short distance while rotating it counterclockwise. Although the flexibility of the wire and the plastic protective tip give a measure of safety, the operator must exercise care in the use of thi-; instrument.