Wrinkles Research Articles

Anti-Wrinkle Activity of Clausena harmandiana Essential Oil and Development of a Bioactive Nano-Drug Delivery System for Cosmetic Applications

Background: Clausena harmandiana (Song Fa) leaves are a source of essential oil, in which the dominant compound is trans-anethole and reported the high antioxidant activity but the inhibition of biological enzymes related to anti-wrinkle activity is limit. Objectives: The objectives of this study are to investigate the ability of Song Fa leaf essential oil (SFEO) to inhibit enzymes that cause skin wrinkles and then to develop a bioactive ingredient in a nano-drug delivery system for anti-ageing cosmetic products. Methods: Fresh leaves of Song Fa were distilled and their essential oil obtained. Then, the anti-collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase activities were investigated and compared with those of an oleanolic acid standard. Then, SFEO was developed into a microemulsion by using Tween 80 as a surfactant and ethanol as a co-surfactant in a ratio of 1:1. Results: SFEO presented the highest inhibitory activities against hyaluronidase and collagenase (IC50 10.94±1.06 and 19.06±0.06 μg/ml, respectively), which were close to those of oleanolic acid (IC50 7.43±0.58 and 16.75±0.14 μg/ml), followed by elastase (IC50 121.47±2.80 μg/ml). Two microemulsion formulas with different amounts of essential oil, 1% and 5% w/w, were formulated and evaluated for their enzyme inhibitory activities. The results showed that 5% Song Fa microemulsion inhibited collagenase and elastase (35.78% and 99.35%, respectively) by more than 1% Song Fa microemulsion (34.22% and 92.67%, respectively) and only the 5% Song Fa microemulsion formula exhibited anti-hyaluronidase activity. Conclusion: This information will benefit the development of essential-oil-based products and increase the utilization of medicinal plants in the cosmetic industry.

Secang wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) nanoemulgel activity as antiaging through suppressing the MMP-1 expression and the collagen degradation

Context: Aging is closely related to reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS increases the collagenase enzyme (MMP-1) levels and collagen degradation that causes skin wrinkling. Secang wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) containing brazilin and brazilein has been shown to have photoprotective and antioxidant properties. Aims: To evaluate the activity of C. sappan nanoemulgel as antiaging agent against the target protein, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 by in silico assay and using in vivo assay through MMP-1 and collagen expression parameter. Methods: C. sappan nanoemulgel was made by mixing the gel base with C. sappan nanoemulsion from heartwood extract. The C. sappan nanoemulsion was formulated using the Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System method. In vivo testing was conducted with a post-test-only control group design and used male Wistar rats. MMP-1 expression was examined using immunohistochemical techniques, and the amount of dermal collagen was observed with Picro Sirius Red staining. In silico assay using a computational method with Autodock 4.2 program. Results: C. sappan nanoemulgel concentrations of 0.0625, 0.125, and 0.25% obstruct the expression of MMP-1 and collagen degradation. The bond energy value to MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 were -8.04, -10.40, and -8.70 kcal/mol (for brazilin); -8.82; -10.99, and -8.51 kcal/mol (for brazilein). Conclusions: Nanoemulgel containing C. sappan nanoemulsion has a potential activity as an antiaging agent by repressing MMP-1 expression and dermal collagen degradation. C. sappan nanoemulgel 0.25% showed the best result as antiaging. Brazilin and brazilein from C. sappan inhibit the MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 by in silico assay.

33213 Nonsurgical facelift: Clinical and histologic evaluation of fractional radiofrequency treatment on fine lines and skin laxity

Background: Fractional radiofrequency (FRF) microneedling technology has shown effectiveness in improving skin laxity and wrinkles. We report our nonsurgical face-lift experience using 5 pairs of electrically isolated 32-gauge microneedles. The device uses insulated needles which are inserted at a 25° angle to the skin surface. This allows selective thermal impact to the dermis while sparing the epidermis. Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a temperature controlled FRF microneedling device on fine lines and skin laxity. Methods: 15 patients with skin laxity and fine lines were treated with a single session of FRF with microneedling. All subjects were treated with local tumescent anesthesia prior to treatment. FRF treatment was administered through five 32 g needle electrode pairs at a preselected real-time fixed temperature of 62°C to 70°C, and an energy duration of 3 to 4 seconds. A punch biopsy was performed before and after treatment in 9 patients. Clinical photographs were obtained before treatment and at follow-up. Two blinded dermatologists assessed the clinical improvement in terms of skin laxity and fine lines using a quartile grading scale. Any adverse effects were assessed during the entire study period. Results: All patients experienced both subjective and objective improvement. No serious adverse effects were reported. Transient adverse events were transient edema, and erythema. Histologic evaluation revealed increased dermal collagen and straightening of elastic fibers in the reticular dermis after treatment. Conclusion: Fractional radiofrequency (FRF) microneedling technology may be successfully used for a nonsurgical facelift.

Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Blue Fenugreek Kale Extract on Skin Health and Aging: In-vitro and Clinical Evidences.

BackgroundThe skin is primarily affected by aging, especially when it is exposed to particulate matter present in the environment. It has been hypothesized that consumption of products with known antioxidant properties would help combat factors associated with both intrinsic and extrinsic aging factors.ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the formulation Blue Fenugreek Kale Extract (BFKE) on skin aging.MethodsIn this study, the effect of BFKE on protein oxidation was determined in human dermal fibroblasts by analysis of the level of protein carbonylation after cells were stressed with either H2O2 or urban pollution consisting of particulate matter and UV-A. Furthermore, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study that evaluated the effect of BFKE consumption over a period of 56 days in 59 volunteers was performed. The major parameter studied was skin barrier dysfunction through the assessment of Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL). Additional parameters analyzed clinically include skin moisture content, participant self-assessment of skin parameters, wrinkle severity, skin sagging and elasticity. Furthermore, low grade and allergic inflammatory biomarker levels were measured at the start and end of the treatment period, along with oxidative stress assessment using blood malondialdehyde levels.ResultsBFKE significantly reduced protein carbonylation in human dermal fibroblasts stressed with urban pollution. In the clinical study, the TEWL level reduced significantly and at the same time the skin moisture content levels increased by end of the treatment period. No significant changes were observed in wrinkle severity, skin sagging, elasticity, inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarker levels. Participant and investigator perception of treatment was significantly greater after product consumption, as was the improvement in skin parameters based on participant self-assessment.ConclusionBFKE reduces protein oxidation induced by H2O2 and restores skin barrier function and skin hydration, while also combating early signs of aging.

Water Immersion Skin Wrinkling: Influence Of Habitual Exercises Including Swimming

Water Immersion Skin Wrinkling: Influence Of Habitual Exercises Including Swimming

Effect of Multichannel Convolutional Neural Network-Based Model on the Repair and Aesthetic Effect of Eye Plastic Surgery Patients

Objective This study is aimed at exploring the impact of eye model based on multichannel convolutional neural network (CNN) on eye plastic surgery and aesthetic effect, thus formulating methods to improve the effect of eye plastic surgery. Methods A total of 64 patients who underwent pouch plastic surgery from January 2020 to March 2021 were selected as the research objects and were divided into observation group and control group by random number table method. The subjects in the observation group were evaluated by multichannel CNN-based eye model and doctors' experience, while those in the control group were evaluated by doctors' experience only, with 32 cases in both groups. Blepharoplasty, lower eyelid skin wrinkles, skin luster, and aesthetic scores were compared between the two groups. Results The similarity between the multichannel CNN model detected shape and the actual eye shape (98.78%) was considerably higher than that of the CNN model detected shape (78.65%) (P < 0.05). After treatment, the indexes of pouch degree, lower eyelid skin wrinkle, eyelid lacrimal sulcus, skin gloss, and aesthetic score in the observation group were better than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The incidence of complications in the observation group (13%) was considerably lower than that in the control group (28%) (P < 0.05). Conclusion The eye model based on the multichannel CNN model was helpful to improve the surgical repair and aesthetic effect of patients and can improve the occurrence of postoperative complications.

Palmitoyl‑RGD promotes the expression of dermal‑epidermal junction components in HaCaT cells.

With age, the dermal‑epidermal junction (DEJ) becomes thinner and production of its protein components decreases; this may be associated with increased fragility and wrinkling of skin. Topical treatment with palmitoyl‑Arg‑Gly‑Asp (PAL‑RGD) improves facial wrinkles, skin elasticity and dermal density in humans. In the present study, the effect of PAL‑RGD on expression of DEJ components, such as laminin and collagen, was assessed. Human HaCaT keratinocytes were treated with PAL‑RGD. The protein expression levels of laminin‑332, collagenIV and collagenXVII were examined by western blotting. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was used to analyze laminin subunit (LAM)A3, LAMB3, LAMC2, collagen typeIV α1 chain (COL4A1) and COL17A1 mRNA expression levels. Western blot analysis showed that the expression levels of proteins comprising the DEJ, including laminin α3, β3 and γ2 and collagenIV and XVII demonstrated a significant dose‑dependent increase following PAL‑RGD treatment. Furthermore, PAL‑RGD treatment significantly enhanced LAMA3, LAMB3, LAMC2, COL4A1 and COL17A1 mRNA expression levels. PAL‑RGD may enhance the DEJ by inducing the expression of laminin‑332, collagenIV and collagenXVII.

The Genus Broussonetia: An Updated Review of Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Applications.

The Broussonetia genus (Moraceae), recognized for its value in many Chinese traditional herbs, mainly includes Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent. (BP), Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold (BK), and Broussonetia luzonica (Blanco) Bureau (BL). Hitherto, researchers have found 338 compounds isolated from BP, BK, and BL, which included flavonoids, polyphenols, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, and others. Moreover, its active compounds and extracts have exhibited a variety of pharmacological effects such as antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antibacterial, and antiviral properties, and its use against skin wrinkles. In this review, the phytochemistry and pharmacology of Broussonetia are updated systematically, after its applications are first summarized. In addition, this review also discusses the limitations of investigations and the potential direction of Broussonetia. This review can help to further understand the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and other applications of Broussonetia, which paves the way for future research.

Efficacy and safety of a new peeling formulated with a pool of PHAs for the treatment of all skin types, even sensitive.

Actually, the use of chemical peels in cosmetics and dermatology continues to grow due to their versatility, clinical endpoint-directed predictability, and favorable risk profile in comparison to lasers. The chemical peel is a generally safe method for treatment of some skin disorders and to refresh and rejuvenate the skin. The major challenge of chemical peels is the tolerability, that is because of sensitive skin which is one of the most common skin disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the new Miamo Renewal Peel Serum formulated with a pool of new generation acids (ELPA25™) on sensitive skin with respect to mandelic acid serum only and with respect to placebo comparison. The "in vivo" study following the half-face experimental protocol active versus placebo involved 30 healthy Caucasian female volunteers between 25 and 64 years, with sensitive skin, who were divided into two different groups. ELPA25™ serum was applied in one group three times a week for 8 weeks. The other group, with the same protocol, applied an active serum containing mandelic acid, as control, versus placebo. In particular, skin moisturizing, skin viscoelastic properties, skin surface smoothness, wrinkle reduction, and stratum corneum renewal were evaluated. Renewal Peel Serum was very well tolerated from sensitive skin. A significant decrease in skin roughness and wrinkle breadth, and an improvement in firmness and in skin elasticity, was observed after 2months of treatment with respect both to mandelic acid serum and to placebo comparison. Scientific protocol using self-controlled study methodology and noninvasive skin bioengineering techniques with adequate statistical methods were able to evaluate both the safety and the efficacy of the new Miamo Renewal Peel Serum. This study highlighted that the Miamo Renewal Peel Serum formulated with a patent-pending mixture of new generation acids (ELPA25™) exerts many beneficial effects and it can be successfully employed for sensitive skin.

Botulinum toxin injection as a single or combined treatment with non-cross-linked high molecular weight and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid gel for neck rejuvenation: A randomized clinical trial.

The unpleasant appearance of the neck through the aging process could burden the psychosocial quality of life, therefore various treatment modalities have been used to rejuvenate the neck. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin injection as a single or combined treatment with Profhilo gel for neck rejuvenation. Patients with a request for neck rejuvenation meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into two groups. Initial clinical scoring based on Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale (WSRS) and skin biomechanical parameters using a multiadaptor system (MPA) were performed before starting the treatment. Dysport Botox was injected for all of the participants, moreover, in one of the groups (intervention), Profhilo gel was injected after 2 weeks and a follow-up visit was performed for both groups 3 months later. Patients were evaluated according to the GAIS (global aesthetic improvement scale) by two blind dermatologists and skin biophysical parameters were measured by MPA such as TEWL, hydration, thickness, density, visco-elasticity, net elasticity, pliability/firmness. In this study, 19 participants in the control (Dysport) and intervention (Dysport + PROFhilo gel) groups were evaluated. Before starting the treatment, the two groups were similar in terms of WSRS scores and biophysical skin parameters. Three months after the treatment, it was observed that Hydration (p< 0.001) and Thickness of the skin (p= 0.028) in the intervention group were significantly higher than in the control group. Similarly, the GAIS scores of the intervention group showed significantly better results comparing to the control group (p< 0.001). Profhilo gel following Dysport Botox can be considered as a safe and more effective treatment of neck aging comparing to Dysport Botox injection alone in patients who are not a candidate for surgery due to any reason.

Oral Supplementation with Low-molecular-weight Collagen Peptide Improves Hydration, Facial Lifting, Dermal Density, Skin Desquamation and Nails: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, and Maintenance of Effect Study

Background: Oral low-molecular-weight collagen peptide (LMWCP) hydrolyzed enzymatically is a fish-derived type I collagen hydrolysate with more than 15% of its content made up of tripeptides in the form of Gly-X-Y (X and Y are placed arbitrarily, but are often occupied by proline, hydroxyproline, and alanine) including 3% Gly-Pro-Hyp. LMWCP helps with skin hydration, wrinkles and elasticity via previous findings, has been recognized individually by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS notice No. 2013-30) as a functional food ingredient. In this study, to expand the scope of diversity in the efficacy of LMWCP, we evaluated hydration according to depth of the stratum corneum, facial lifting, dermal density, skin thickness, skin desquamation, and roughness of the nail plate surface. Moreover, the measurement timelines were considered including the early time intake and off-intake periods. Methods and materials: This study was designed as a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled for 14 weeks including oral intake for 12 weeks followed by 2 weeks of the off-intake period. Water content (depths of 0.1 mm, 0.5 mm), facial lifting, dermal density, skin thickness and skin desquamation were assessed at baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks after intake of the oral supplementation and after 2 weeks of off-intake (+2W). The roughness of the fingernail plate was measured at 0W, 8W and 12W. Results: The test group saw significant improvements compared to the placebo group. According to each measurement result, the skin moisture (depth of 0.1 mm) and skin desquamation were improved after 2 weeks of ingestion, and the skin moisture (depth of 0.5 mm), facial lifting, dermal density and skin thickness were improved after 4 weeks. For all measurement items, even after 2 weeks of off-intake, the test group showed a statistically significant improvement compared to the placebo group. In the roughness of the fingernail plate, it was found that the roughness was improved in the test group after 12 weeks compared to before ingestion. Discussion: These results demonstrated that the effects of LMWCP appear in early-intake and are maintained even after off-intake. This study suggests LMWCP as a safe and effective ingredient for anti-skin aging in the nutricosmetic market targeting both internal and external beauty and health.

Skin Penetration Enhancer-Incorporated Lipid Nanovesicles (SPE-LNV) for Skin Brightening and Wrinkle Treatment.

In this work, we utilize skin penetration enhancers (SPEs) such as ceramide and fatty acids in lipid nanovesicles to promote the transdermal delivery of active ingredients. These SPE-incorporated lipid nanovesicles (SPE-LNV) interact with the constituents of skin's outermost stratum corneum (SC) layer, enabling even niacinamide and adenosine with high water solubility to effectively permeate through, leading to enhanced skin efficacy. We demonstrate by both in vitro and in vivo skin permeation studies that the SPE-LNV formulation containing both ceramide and fatty acids (LNV-CF) exhibits deeper penetration depth and faster permeation rate compared to conventional lipid nanovesicles (LNV) without SPE as well as LNV-C with only ceramide. Moreover, in vivo clinical trials were also performed to confirm that LNV-CF most effectively mediates the delivery of niacinamide and adenosine, resulting in a substantial decrease in melanin index as well as skin wrinkle compared to the control groups. We envision that the strategy of incorporating both ceramide and fatty acids in lipid nanovesicles offers a simple and convenient route for the rapid and effective delivery of water-soluble active ingredients across the skin barrier layer.

Hesperidin Exhibits Protective Effects against PM2.5-Mediated Mitochondrial Damage, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Cellular Senescence in Human HaCaT Keratinocytes.

Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) exposure can trigger adverse health outcomes in the human skin, such as skin aging, wrinkles, pigment spots, and atopic dermatitis. PM2.5 is associated with mitochondrial damage and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hesperidin is a bioflavonoid that exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to determine the mechanism underlying the protective effect of hesperidin on human HaCaT keratinocytes against PM2.5-induced mitochondrial damage, cell cycle arrest, and cellular senescence. Human HaCaT keratinocytes were pre-treated with hesperidin and then treated with PM2.5. Hesperidin attenuated PM2.5-induced mitochondrial and DNA damage, G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, and SA-βGal activity, the protein levels of cell cycle regulators, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Moreover, treatment with a specific c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, SP600125, along with hesperidin markedly restored PM2.5-induced cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence. In addition, hesperidin significantly reduced the activation of MMPs, including MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9, by inhibiting the activation of activator protein 1. In conclusion, hesperidin ameliorates PM2.5-induced mitochondrial damage, cell cycle arrest, and cellular senescence in human HaCaT keratinocytes via the ROS/JNK pathway.

552 Skin metaproteomics a key functional approach to study skin healthiness and resilience

Our skin health and its resilience against assaults (pollution, climatic conditions, pathogens) rests mainly on the epidermis and its microbiome. Indeed, the skin is colonized by commensal beneficial microorganisms called microbiome. This complex ecosystem is a shield for our skin ensuring protective functions while educating our immune system. Unfortunately, when both epidermis and microbiome are fragilized diseases occur. Thus, taking care of its epidermis and microbiome is crucial to preserve skin healthiness. Therefore, studying epidermis and its microbiome with adapted methodologies to clinical sampling might help to gain valuable insight during the development of solutions dedicated to skin health. The option we choose is metaproteomics, which has only been used in gut microbiota field. In contrast to metagenomics, metaproteomics provide valuable descriptive and functional insights simultaneously on these two allies with complex interplay: the epidermis and the microbiome. The aim of this work is to demonstrate in a randomized clinical study, the efficiency of a natural active ingredient (obtained from white biotechnology) to provide skin healthiness using metaproteomics. Skin swabs were sampled from women’s faces before and after the use of a cosmetic formula. The results demonstrate that the active ingredient wasn’t harmful to skin microbiome, keeping its composition stable. We identified 20042 peptides belonging to 4785 proteins. Among them, 343 proteins were significantly modulated (from human, fungi and bacterial origins) impacting positively anti-oxidant, proteostasis, metabolism, anti-inflammation and extra-cellular matrix pathways. Finally, these clinical results highlight that metaproteomics is a powerful technology allowing to demonstrate that modulating proteins expression at keratinocytes and microbiome levels lead clearly to clinical and visible outcomes: improvement of skin wrinkles, mechanical properties and skin barrier function.

Stretchable and Conductive Cellulose/Conductive Polymer Composite Films for On-Skin Strain Sensors.

Conductive composite materials have attracted considerable interest of researchers for application in stretchable sensors for wearable health monitoring. In this study, highly stretchable and conductive composite films based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiopehe):poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) (CMC-PEDOT:PSS) were fabricated. The composite films achieved excellent electrical and mechanical properties by optimizing the lab-synthesized PEDOT:PSS, dimethyl sulfoxide, and glycerol content in the CMC matrix. The optimized composite film exhibited a small increase of only 1.25-fold in relative resistance under 100% strain. The CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite film exhibited outstanding mechanical properties under cyclic tape attachment/detachment, bending, and stretching/releasing tests. The small changes in the relative resistance of the films under mechanical deformation indicated excellent electrical contacts between the conductive PEDOT:PSS in the CMC matrix, and strong bonding strength between CMC and PEDOT:PSS. We fabricated highly stretchable and conformable on-skin sensors based on conductive and stretchable CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite films, which can sensitively monitor subtle bio-signals and human motions such as respiratory humidity, drinking water, speaking, skin touching, skin wrinkling, and finger bending. Because of the outstanding electrical properties of the films, the on-skin sensors can operate with a low power consumption of only a few microwatts. Our approach paves the way for the realization of low-power-consumption stretchable electronics using highly stretchable CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite films.

Effect of A. polygama APEE (Actinidia polygama ethanol extract) or APWE (Actinidia polygama water extract) on wrinkle formation in UVB-irradiated hairless mice.

Actinidia polygama (silver vine) is considered a medical plant which has been used in oriental medicine. It has been used for the treatment of pain, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammation. Few studies reported on the effect of Actinidia polygama (silver vine) on skin photoaging. To evaluate the anti-photoaging effect of the ethanol and water extracts of A.polygama (APEE and APWE, respectively) in UVB-irradiated hairless mice. SKH-1hairless mice were exposed to UVB irradiation (30-60mJ/cm2 ), following orally APEE or APWE oral administration for 10weeks. We examined the effect on winkle improvement by a measuring Fullscope, PRIMOS, Craniometer, and Cutometer. Furthermore, we analyzed histological changes in mouse dorsal skin through hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome (MT) staining. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase (1, 3, and 9) was analyzed by immunoblotting. Oral administration of APEE or APWE at 100 or 200mg/kg in UVB-irradiated mice alleviated the symptoms of skin aging, such as wrinkling, epidermal hyperplasia, and water loss. In addition, the APEE or APWE oral administration increased skin elasticity by enhancing the production of type I collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid synthase and downregulating matrix metalloproteinase (1, 3, and 9) expression. Based on results for our study, APEE or APWE could protect the UVB-mediated skin wrinkle and is new target for the developing anti-wrinkle cosmetics.

Skin wrinkles and folds enable asymmetric stretch in the elephant trunk

The elephant's trunk is multifunctional: It must be flexible to wrap around vegetation, but tough to knock down trees and resist attack. How can one appendage satisfy both constraints? In this combined experimental and theoretical study, we challenged African elephants to reach far-away objects with only horizontal extensions of their trunk. Surprisingly, the trunk does not extend uniformly, but instead exhibits a dorsal "joint" that stretches 15% more than the corresponding ventral section. Using material testing with the skin of a deceased elephant, we show that the asymmetry is due in part to patterns of the skin. The dorsal skin is folded and 15% more pliable than the wrinkled ventral skin. Skin folds protect the dorsal section and stretch to facilitate downward wrapping, the most common gripping style when picking up items. The elephant's skin is also sufficiently stiff to influence its mechanics: At the joint, the skin requires 13 times more energy to stretch than the corresponding length of muscle. The use of wrinkles and folds to modulate stiffness may provide a valuable concept for both biology and soft robotics.

Potential Effect of Black Cumin Honey on Skin Wrinkles, Pores, Moisture, and Sebum

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammation of the polysebaceous follicles with the presence of blackheads, papules, pustules, and cysts in predilection areas. The new drug development to provide more effective therapy of topical cream containing bioactive compounds has emerged. The properties possessed by black cumin and honey can be combined as a new anti-acne drug. This research aims to provide the skin evaluation data of modified topical cream of black cumin honey by following the guidelines of good manufacturing practice (GGMP). The organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, scatter power, cream type, and stability of combination cream have been tested. The the effectiveness of cream was evaluated based on the number of skin wrinkles, skin moisture content, number of skin pores, and sebum. Results showed that a combination cream of 5% extract has met the good standard of preparation. The topical application involving 40 volunteers within two weeks showed a significant effect on increasing the skin moisture and also reducing the skin wrinkles, pores, and sebum. This research showed the black cumin honey cream could improve skin conditions and potentially be used for topical antiacne treatment soon.

Drying-Induced Surface Wrinkles Generated on Chitosan Films Having Polyion Complex Skin Layers: Effects of Physical Properties of Skin Layers and Substrates on Surface Wrinkling upon Drying

Abstract The effects of the physical properties of skin layers and substrates on drying-induced surface wrinkling are investigated with a system using chitosan films having polyion complex (PIC) skin layers. The PIC layers are fabricated with diverse anionic polymers having similar molecular weights on a chitosan (CS) film surface, and the films are dried. In all cases, surface wrinkles form but their sizes vary widely depending on the molecular structure. In particular, wrinkles formed with ligninsulfonate are much larger than those formed with the others. The skin layers differ significantly in surface hardness but not in thickness, indicating that wrinkle sizes induced by PIC skin layers are predominately determined by the hardness of the layers or by physical properties affected by hardness, such as shrinkage volume. The effects of the elastic moduli and shrinkage volume of the substrates are evaluated with higher molecular weight CS and surface-deacetylated chitin nanofiber composite CS films that have different elastic moduli but show very similar swelling–drying behaviors. The wrinkle sizes and skin layer thicknesses also suggest that wrinkle size in this system depends on the hardness of the skin layers or on the physical properties affecting the hardness.

Facial skin ageing: Key concepts and overview of processes.

IntroductionThe face is a cosmetically sensitive region where the process of ageing is most clearly manifested. With increased focus on anti‐ageing and longevity, more anti‐senescent treatments are being proposed despite limited evidence. This study outlines the pathways and mechanisms underpinning the biological process of ageing in the face.MethodsComprehensive searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and CINAHL from inception to 2020. Inclusion criteria included all empirical human research studies specific to facial ageing features, written in the English language.ResultsA total of 65 papers met inclusion criteria for analysis. Pathways were subdivided into intrinsic and extrinsic senescence mechanisms. Intrinsic pathways included genetics, generation of reactive oxygen species and hormonal changes. Extrinsic pathways included photoageing and damage to skin layers. The combined intrinsic and extrinsic pathway alterations result in wrinkles, higher laxity, slackness and thinning of the skin. Skin functions such as barrier immune function, wound healing, thermoregulation and sensory function are also impaired.ConclusionThe ageing process is unique to the individual and depends on the interplay between an individual's genetics and external environmental factors. Through understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms, an appreciation of the consequent structural and functional changes can be achieved. Based on this knowledge, further research can focus on how to slow or impede the ageing process and identify specific targets to develop and evolve new treatment strategies.