Wrightia Tomentosa Research Articles

Determination of the Allelopathic Potential of Cambodia’s Medicinal Plants Using the Dish Pack Method

Plants produce several chemically diverse bioactive substances that may influence the growth and development of other organisms when released into the environment in a phenomenon called allelopathy. Several of these allelopathic species also have reported medicinal properties. In this study, the potential allelopathic effects of more than a hundred medicinal plants from Cambodia were tested using the dish pack method. The dish pack bioassay method specifically targets volatile allelochemicals. Twenty-five species were found to have significant inhibitory effects on lettuce radicle growth. Eleven different plant families, including Iridaceae (2), Apocynaceae (2), Poaceae (2), Sapindaceae, Araceae, Combretaceae, Orchidaceae, Clusiaceae, Zingiberaceae, Rutaceae and Asparagaceae had the plant species with high inhibitory effects. Allophyllus serrulatus had the highest growth inhibitory effect on lettuce radicles more than 60%, followed by Alocasia macrorrhiza, Iris pallida, Terminalia triptera, Wrightia tomentosa, Cymbidium aloifolium, Garcinia villersiana and Kaempferia parviflora. The candidate species were subjected to further studies to identify the volatile allelochemicals in the volatile constituents.

Comparative evaluation of phytochemicals in leaf, stem bark and root bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica, Wrightia tomentosa and Wrightia tinctoria

Various phytochemicals like alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, saponins, polyphenolic compounds and steroids etc. are found in different parts of plant. These are primary and secondary metabolites formed as byproduct of various biochemical pathways and play a major role in combat and cure of various diseases. A large number of diseases which are incurable through allopathic medicines show promising response to ayurvedic medicines. Prevention of these incurable diseases achieved through use of herbal medicines. It is necessary to identify, isolate and quantify such phytochemicals which are being used in the preparation of medicines or drugs formulations. The present study deals with comparative phytochemicals analysis in leaf, stem bark and root bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roth) Wall ex. A. DC., Wrightia tomentosa Roem. et Schulta and Wrightia tinctoria R. Br.

Floral contrivances and specialised pollination mechanism strongly influence mixed mating in Wrightia tomentosa (Apocynaceae).

Reproductive success of a plant species is largely influenced by the outcome of mating pattern in a population. It is believed that a significantly larger proportion of animal-pollinated plants have evolved a mixed-mating strategy, the extent of which may vary among species. It is thus pertinent to investigate the key contributors to mating success, especially to identify the reproductive constraints in depauperate populations of threatened plant species. We examined the contribution of floral architecture, pollination mechanism and breeding system on the extent of outcrossing rate in a near-threatened tree species, Wrightia tomentosa. The breeding system was ascertained from controlled pollination experiments. In order to determine outcrossing rate, 60 open-pollinated progeny were analysed using an AFLP markers. Although the trees are self-compatible, herkogamy and compartmentalisation of pollen and nectar in different chambers of the floral tube effectively prevent spontaneous autogamy. Pollination is achieved through specialised interaction with moths. Differential foraging behaviour of settling moths and hawkmoths leads to different proportions of geitonogamous and xenogamous pollen on the stigma. However, most open-pollinated progeny were the result of xenogamy (outcrossing rate, tm=0.68). The study shows that floral contrivances and pollination system have a strong influence on mating pattern. The differential foraging behaviour of the pollinators causes deposition of a mixture of self- and cross-pollen to produce a mixed brood. Inbreeding depression and geitonogamy appear to play a significant role in sustaining mixed mating in this species.

A comparative phytochemical analysis of Wrightia species of family apocynaceae by spot tests

The phytochemical analysis of four species of medicinal plants from district Saharanpur was done. The plants were Wrightia coccinea , Wrightia tinctoria , Wrightia mollissima and Wrightia tomentosa , members of the genus Wrightia (Family: Apocynaceae).Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these plants confirms the presence of various phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoid. The presence of these phytochemicals can be correlated with medicinal potential of these plants.

English

The aim of this study is to identify and characterize the bioactive principles from the roots ofWrightia tomentosa. For isolation, the compound, the dried root powder of W. tomentosawas subjected to hot extraction with n-hexane to chromatography. Two compounds (WTRHF4 and WTRHF7) were isolated and purified by chloroform: toluene (7.5: 2.5) and chloroform: ethyl acetate (6: 4), respectively. The infra-red (I.R) spectra of WTRHF4showed specific absorption bands for proteins, viz., 3689 to 3629 cm-1 for COOH stretching; 2375 cm-1 for NH3+ stretching; 1726 cm-1 for COO- stretching; and the Mass spectrum of WTRHF4 showed the parent molecular ion (M )+ cum base peak at m/z 663.5. In addition, the I.R spectra of WTRHF7 showed specific absorption bands for flavonoids,viz., 3780 cm-1 for stretching alcohol and phenol; 1098 to 1048 cm-1 for C-O-C stretching; 1445 to 1375 cm-1 for O-H δ ip phenol; 1739 cm-1 for C=O stretching and the mass spectra of WTRHF7 showed a parent molecular ion (M+1)+ peak at m/z 423.4 which corresponds to the molecular formula C19H18O11. From the physical, chemical and spectral characteristics, WTRHF4 and WTRHF7 were concluded as amyloid β-protein (Aβ17-28) and mangiferin, respectively.   Key words: Wrightia tomentosa, n-hexane, roots, mangiferin, amyloid β-protein.

β-Amyrin acetate and β-amyrin palmitate as antidyslipidemic agents from Wrightia tomentosa leaves

The ethanolic extract and fractions of Wrightia tomentosa Roem. & Schult (Apocynaceae) leaves were tested in vivo for their antidyslipidemic activity in high fat diet (HFD) induced dyslipidemic hamsters. Activity guided isolation resulted in identification of antidyslipidemic compounds β-AA and β-AP. Compounds β-AA and β-AP decrease the levels of LDL by 36% and 44%, and increase the HDL-C/TC ratio by 49% and 28%, respectively, at a dose of 10mg/kg. In addition, the isolated compounds β-AA and β-AP showed significant HMG-CoA-reductase inhibition, which was further established by docking studies.

In vitro anti-breast cancer activity of ethanolic extract of Wrightia tomentosa: Role of pro-apoptotic effects of oleanolic acid and urosolic acid

Ethnopharmacological relevanceWrightia tomentosa Roem. & Schult. (Apocynaceae) is known in the traditional medicine for anti-cancer activity along with other broad indications like snake and scorpion bites, renal complications, menstrual disorders etc. However, the anti-cancer activity of this plant or its constituents has never been studied systematically in any cancer types so far. Aim of the studyTo evaluate the anti-cancer activities of the ethanolic extract of W. tomentosa and identified constituent active molecule(s) against breast cancer. Material and methodsPowdered leaves of W. tomentosa were extracted with ethanol. The ethanolic extract, subsequent hexane fractions and fraction F-4 of W. tomentosa were tested for its anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in breast cancer cells MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. ResultsThe ethanolic extract, subsequent hexane fractions and fraction F-4 of W. tomentosa inhibited the proliferation of human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The fraction F-4 obtained from hexane fraction inhibited proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells in concentration and time dependent manner with IC50 of 50μg/ml and 30μg/ml for 24h, 28μg/ml and 22μg/ml for 48h and 25μg/ml and 20μg/ml for 72h respectively. The fraction F-4 induced G1 cell cycle arrest, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and subsequent apoptosis. Apoptosis is indicated in terms of increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, enhanced Annexin-V positivity, caspase 8 activation and DNA fragmentation. The active molecule isolated from fraction F-4, oleanolic acid and urosolic acid inhibited cell proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells at IC50 value of 7.5μM and 7.0μM respectively, whereas there is devoid of significant cell inhibiting activity in non-cancer originated cells, HEK-293. In both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, oleanolic acid and urosolic acid induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis as indicated by significant increase in Annexin-V positive apoptotic cell counts. ConclusionOur results suggest that W. tomentosa extracts has significant anti-cancer activity against breast cancer cells due to induction of apoptosis pathway. Olenolic and urosolic acid are important constituent molecules in the extract responsible for anti-cancer activity of W. tomentosa.

Karyomorphological Studies in Wrightia tomentosa and W. tinctoria; Multipurpose Tree Species of Aravallis in South-East Rajasthan

Karyomorphological studies have been carried out in 2 species of the genus Wrightia. The somatic chromosome numbers 2n=22 and 2n=20 were recorded for W. tomentosa and W. tinctoria, respectively. The karyotypes of the species were more or less symmetrical. The significance of karyotypic variation in speciation of the genus Wrightia has been discussed.

Wood-inhabiting freshwater fungi from Thailand: Ascothailandia grenadoidia gen. et sp. nov., Canalisporium grenadoidia sp. nov. with a key to Canalisporium species (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota)

Ascothailandia grenadoidia gen. et sp. nov. is described and illustrated from submerged wood (Wrightia tomentosa) in a stream at Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, southern Thailand. The new genus (teleomorph) is characterized by perithecoid, globose, dark brown, ostiolate ascomata, paraphysate, asci cylindrical, unitunicate with a prominent J-refractive apical ring and versicolurus, 3-euseptate ascospores. Ascospores germinated producing a Canalisporium (C. grenadoidia sp. nov.) anamorph. The morphological characterization of this new fungus is reported and compared with the genera Ascotaiwania and Savoryella. Phylogenetic analyses of the combined partial 18S, 28S ribosomal DNA and internal transcribed spacer, including 5.8S regions, of Ascothailandia grenadoidia and 10 Canalisporium species were undertaken and analyzed with maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods. The molecular data indicate that A. grenadoidia is closely related to Canalisporium elegans in the Sordariomycetes, Hypocreomycetidae, order incertae sedis. Both morphological and molecular characterization provides sufficient evidence to support the description of a new genus. A key to Canalisporium species is provided.

STOMATAL CHARACTERISTICS DURING MICROPROPAGATION OF WRIGHTIA TOMENTOSA

In vitro culture conditions have been found to adversely affect the number and morphology of stomata in Wrightia tomentosa. Acclimatized or in vivo hardened plants showed elliptical stomata in comparison to the stomata of leaves obtained from in vitro grown plants, which showed wide open apparatus. In vitro leaves showed higher stomatal percentage with 29.4% malformed stomata as compared to the other phases of micropropagation. The water loss was found to be more in detached leaves after a period of 3 h at room temperature in in vitro cultures as compared to the plantlets undergoing different phases of hardening and acclimatization. The present study emphasizes the importance of stomatal characteristics for successful acclimatization of plants to ex vitro environment.

EFFECT OF CO2 ENRICHMENT ON IN VITRO GROWTH, HARDENING AND ACCLIMATIZATION DURING MICROPROPAGATION OF SOME TREE SPECIES OF ARAVALLIS IN RAJASTHAN

ISHS IV International Symposium on Acclimatization and Establishment of Micropropagated Plants EFFECT OF CO2 ENRICHMENT ON IN VITRO GROWTH, HARDENING AND ACCLIMATIZATION DURING MICROPROPAGATION OF SOME TREE SPECIES OF ARAVALLIS IN RAJASTHAN

Wood-inhabiting freshwater fungi from Thailand: <i>Ascothailandia grenadoidia</i> gen. et sp. nov., <i>Canalisporium grenadoidia</i> sp. nov. with a key to <i>Canalisporium</i> species (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota)

Ascothailandia grenadoidia gen. et sp. nov. is described and illustrated from submerged wood (Wrightia tomentosa) in a stream at Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, southern Thailand. The new genus (teleomorph) is characterized by perithecoid, globose, dark brown, ostiolate ascomata, paraphysate, asci cylindrical, unitunicate with a prominent J-refractive apical ring and versicolurus, 3-euseptate ascospores. Ascospores germinated producing a Canalisporium (C. grenadoidia sp. nov.) anamorph. The morphological characterization of this new fungus is reported and compared with the genera Ascotaiwania and Savoryella. Phylogenetic analyses of the combined partial 18S, 28S ribosomal DNA and internal transcribed spacer, including 5.8S regions, of Ascothailandia grenadoidia and 10 Canalisporium species were undertaken and analyzed with maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods. The molecular data indicate that A. grenadoidia is closely related to Canalisporium elegans in the Sordariomycetes, Hypocreomycetidae, order incertae sedis. Both morphological and molecular characterization provides sufficient evidence to support the description of a new genus. A key to Canalisporium species is provided.

Determination of antibacterial and antioxidant potential of some medicinal plants from saurashtra region, India.

Many plants used in Saurashtra folk medicine have been reported to exhibit high antibacterial and antioxidant activities. In the present study, some parts of five plants, Guazuma ulmifolia L., Manilkara zapota L., Melia azedarach L., Syzygium cumini L. and Wrightia tomentosa R.& S., were evaluated for their antibacterial activity, total phenol content, flavonoid content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity and phytochemical analysis, using successive extraction by cold percolation method with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. In vitro antibacterial activity was evaluated against five bacterial strains viz. Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium and Enterobacter aerogenes by agar well diffusion method. Among the plants screened, W. tomentosa leaf and fruit showed the best antibacterial activity. The Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible than Gram-negative bacteria. Methanol extract of M. zapota showed the best 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity. Highest total phenol content was shown by M. zapota and S. cumini in methanol extract, while highest flavonoid content was shown by W. tomentosa stem in petroleum ether extract and ethyl acetate extract. In all the plants, cardiac glycosides and triterpenes were more as compared to other phytoconstituents.

Search towards an insight for comparative anti-tumour effects of Wrightia tomentosa leaf & bark in ehrlich ascites carcinoma bearing mice

SUMMARY In the present study, the ethanolic leaf and bark extract of Wrightia tomentosa were tested forcomparative in vivo antitumour properties against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumourbearing mice at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight doses given orally once daily for 16 days. TheEAC mice receiving 100 and 200 mg/kg ethanolic leaf and bark extract showed a dose dependentelevation in tumour – free survival and a highest number of survivors were observed at 200 mg/kg for leaf extract of ethanol, which was considered as an optimum dose for its anti neoplasticaction. The Median survival time for this dose was approximately 44 days when compared with23 days of non-drug treated controls. The results indicate that the administration of leaf extractnot only increased the survival of animals with ascites tumour and reduced packed cell volumeand viable tissue cell count, but also altered many hematological parameters changed duringtumour progression, indicating the potent antitumour nature of leaf extract than the bark extract.Statistical analysis also reveals that the leaf extract showed highly significant anti tumour potency(p < 0.001) when compared with control.Key words: Wrightia tomentosa; Ethanol extract; Leaf, Bark; Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC);antitumour

Toxicological Evaluation And Antinociceptive Effects Of Wrightia tomentosa In Mice

Acute toxicity testing and the antinociceptive activity in mice of ethanolic extract of Wrightia tomentosa leaves and bark were carried out. The bark extract (400mg/kg) exhibited maximum antinociceptive action after 120 minutes of administration with a value of 14.67 ± 4.17 seconds in comparison with standard aspirin having the reaction time of 8.33 ± 1.72 seconds after 120 minutes. The leaf extract was not as active. Keywords : Wrightia tomentosa , Apocynaceae, Antinociceptive, Toxicity testing Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine Vol. 11 2007 pp. 64-66

Stomatal characteristics during micropropagation of Wrightia tomentosa

A deviation from usually found characteristics of stomata in Wrightia tomentosa was noted during in vitro propagation. Increase in stomatal frequency in leaves of plants grown in vitro was observed with 29.4 % malformed stomata. The stomata were spherical, wide open, did not close in detached leaves even after 3 h. The leaves exhibited 93.4 % total water loss during 3-h period. Stomatal frequency, percentage of malformed stomata and rate of water loss declined in subsequent rooting phase. Nevertheless, for high survival rate plantlets were hardened under gradually decreasing air humidity either in partially opened glass bottles containing Soilrite™ moistened with 1/4 Murashige and Skoog nutrients or in pots covered with polyethylene bags. The stomatal characteristics of hardened plants were comparable to seedlings. Survival rate was more than 95 %.

In vitro growth and shoot multiplication of Wrightia tomentosa Roem et Schult in a controlled carbon dioxide environment

In vitro growth and multiplication of shoots of a woody tree species Wrightia tomentosa in a controlled carbon dioxide environment was studied. The cultures were grown on BA supplemented MS medium with or without 3% sucrose. A range of CO2 concentrations (0.0, 0.6, 10.0 and 40.0 g m−3) was controlled in small chambers by using solutions of NaHCO3, Na2CO3, KHCO3 and K2CO3. To obtain a CO2-free environment, a saturated solution of KOH was kept in the chambers. It was concluded that the growing shoot cultures required either sucrose in the medium as a carbon source or an ambient CO2 environment. Complete absence of a carbon source caused severe browning of the shoots and death within 30 days. The cultures grew better with 10.0 g m−3 carbon dioxide in the environment than with 3.0% sucrose in the medium. With both CO2 and sucrose being available, the best response was obtained at 0.6 g m−3 CO2 in the chamber. At this concentration the rate of shoot multiplication was nearly double the standard rate obtained when exposed to the natural CO2 level and sucrose-supplemented medium. Total fresh and dry weight, leaf number and area per cluster also showed the best response under this condition.

Simple and rapid TLC method for identification ofHolarrhena antidysentericawall. Bark and its substituentWrightia tinctoriaR. Br. Bark

Substitution and adulteration of medicinal plants and their products occur widely, possibly for several reasons, including collection of crude drugs from the wild sources and use of common vernacular names. In India, for example, Terminalia belerica is known as baheda [1]. This crude drug is often confused with Bergenia lingulata also known as baheda on the Indian market [2]. Another example is three apocynaceous plants Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall., Wrightia tinctoria, and Wrightia tomentosa, frequently called kura, koda or kudo in Indian languages [3].

Micropropagation of Wrightia tomentosa (Roxb.) Roem et Schult

A complete protocol for micropropagation of Wrightia tomentosa is described. Multiple shoots were induced in vitro from cotyledonary node segments through forced axillary branching. Ninety eight per cent of the nodal segments produced an average of eight shoots per node within three weeks on agar-solidified Murashige and Skoog's medium (1962) supplemented with 5.0 mgl-' BAP. After establishment of cultures and initiation of shoot buds, a cluster of shoots with the mother explant were subsequently transferred to medium containing a lower (1.0 mgl- ') concentration of BAP to achieve a three-fold rate of multiplication during every subculture of three weeks. Nodal segments from in vitro raised shoots were also used to initiate new culture cycle. The shoots could be multiplied for 36 months without loss of vigour. Eighty per cent of the shoots were successfully rooted when their lower ends were dipped in pre-autoclaved IBA solution (500 mgl- ' for 5 min) followed by their implantation on modified MS medium (m...

In vitro propagation of an adult tree Wrightia tomentosa through enhanced axillary branching

Abstract A complete protocol for micropropagation of an adult tree Wrightia tomentosa is described. Multiple shoots were induced in vitro from nodal shoot segments through forced axillary branching. Culture initiation was strongly influenced by the nature of explant and the season. Ninety percent of the nodal segments, taken from young lateral branches, produced an average of 4 shoots per node within 3 weeks on agar-solidified Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg 1−1 benzylaminopurine (BAP). After establishment of cultures and initiation of shoot buds, a cluster of shoots including the mother explant, was subsequently transferred to medium containing a lower (1.0 mg 1−1) concentration of BAP. A threefold rate of shoot multiplication during every subculture of 3 weeks was achieved. Nodal segments from in vitro raised shoots were also used to initiate a new culture cycle. The shoots could be multiplied for at least 24 months without loss of vigour. Seventy percent of the shoots were successfully rooted when their lower ends were dipped in pre-autoclaved indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) solution (100 mg 1−1) for 15 min followed by their implantation on modified MS medium (major salts reduced to 1 4 strength). Of 500 plantlets, 411 (about 82%) were successfully hardened under water misted polythene tents and planted out in soil.