Woven Wire Research Articles

Metal Sandwiches and Metal‐Matrix‐Composites Based on 3D Woven Wire Structures for Hybrid Lightweight Construction

Within this paper the development of 3D woven wire structures in cellular design for multifunctional multi component‐composite semi‐finished products for economically efficient and resource‐conserving processing into hybrid lightweight constructions is described. These structures can be produced in a modified weaving process and are supplied for subsequent processing such as joining and heat treatment. The developed 3D woven wire structures are predestined for the use in lightweight structures due to their high geometric variability, adjustable mechanical properties, and temperature‐resistance at a low specific weight. The structures are used as core material in sandwich construction or reinforcing material in metal matrix composites. By combining such wire structures with carbon fibers, a new class of material especially suitable for infiltration with metal matrix can be realized with outstanding high mechanical properties such as good impact and crash resistance as well as a high flexibility regarding the choice of materials and optimized structural design. Experimental investigations of mechanical properties and the failure behavior of textile based metal sandwiches and metal‐matrix‐composites with wire reinforcement have been carried out. For this purpose, extensive static and dynamic tests have been performed. The mechanical properties are compared to commercial lightweight materials of the same class as a benchmark.

Allowable Shears for Plastered Straw-Bale Walls

AbstractAlthough straw-bale construction originated in the midwestern United States in the late 1800s, the engineering of plastered straw-bale walls to resist in-plane lateral loads is a modern development. Relevant experimental studies are reviewed and allowable shears are developed for use in design for wind and seismic loading. Clay, soil-cement, lime, lime-cement, and cement plasters having various thicknesses and reinforced with welded steel wire mesh, woven steel wire mesh, or polypropylene mesh are considered. Experimental values are adjusted on the basis of moment-curvature analysis results to account for lower-bound model code material strengths, plaster thicknesses, and mesh reinforcement. A conventional model for shear strength is used to provide a preliminary assessment of true shear strength. The resulting design values and associated detailing requirements are summarized in a format suitable for implementation in model code provisions for straw-bale construction.

Experimental and numerical flow investigation of Stirling engine regenerator

This paper presents both preliminary experimental and numerical studies of pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of Stirling engine regenerators. A test bench is designed and manufactured for testing different regenerators under oscillating flow conditions, while three-dimensional (3-D) numerical simulations are performed to numerically characterize the pressure drop phenomena through a wound woven wire matrix regenerator under different porosity and flow boundary conditions.The test bench operating condition range is initially determined based on the performance of the commercial, well-known Stirling engine called WhisperGen™. This oscillating flow test bench is essentially a symmetrical design, which allows two regenerator samples to be tested simultaneously under the same inflow conditions. The oscillating flow is generated by means of a linear motor which moves a piston in an oscillatory motion. Both the frequency and the stroke of the piston are modified to achieve different test conditions.In the numerical study, use of a FVM (finite volume method) based CFD (computational fluid dynamics) approach for different configurations of small volume matrices leads to a derivation of a two-coefficient based friction factor correlation equation, which could be later implemented in an equivalent porous media with a confidence for future regenerator flow and heat transfer analysis.

Thermal Analysis and Testing of a Heat Pipe With Woven Wired Wick

The heat generation of electronic systems has been increasing because of the increase in the speed and density of such systems. High-power light-emitting diode and power semiconductor modules are examples of electronic systems that exhibit the aforementioned thermal problem. Recently, microsized cooling devices that are developed using the semiconductor process of silicon and glass have been used as electronic cooling solutions. However, microsized cooling devices with an equivalent diameter of less than 1 mm have low cooling capability close to 10 W. Therefore, cooling devices that have high cooling capability are needed in the field of electronic cooling. In this paper, a woven wire wick with a high capillary limit and high productivity was developed, and small-sized heat pipes with outer diameters of 3 and 4 mm were designed, manufactured, and tested. Performance test results show the maximum cooling capability of 27.9 W at a working temperature of 90 °C for the small-sized heat pipe with length of 300 mm and outer diameter of 4 mm. The capillary radius distributions in the vapor-liquid meniscus and the pressure distributions in the vapor and liquid paths were obtained through numerical analysis. The obtained maximum cooling capability at various working temperatures was compared with the experimental results. The maximum cooling capability was compared with that of other wick structures as well.

Determination of Some Physical Attributes for Wooden Construction Elements Strengthened with Woven Wire Fiberglass

This study designed composite wooden construction elements strengthened with woven wire fiberglass netting and determined the technical attributes. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was used in wooden layers, and woven wire fiberglass netting was used in intermediate layers. Layers were pressed with polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) D3 and Desmodur-VTKA adhesives to form 7 solid 13-layer laminated composite specimens. Experiments on 95 specimens determined density, bonding strength, bending resistance, and compression strength; solid and solid laminated wooden materials were tested and compared. BS EN 204 and BS EN 205 standards were complied with for bonding strength tests, TS 5497 EN 408 was used for densities, and TS 549 EN 408 was followed for bending resistance and compressive strength. Most factors, except for intermediate layer material in compressive strength and bending resistance tests perpendicular to the glue line, did not cause significant differences. Variables (adhesive, intermediate layer material) used for determining bending strength parallel to the glue line were effective. Polyurethane adhesive increased resistance to bending parallel to the glue line. These composite wooden construction elements supported with woven wire fiberglass netting could be advantageous for applications that require high bending resistance perpendicular to the glue line. However, these composites do not hold a compressive strength advantage.

Numerical study of the heat transfer in wound woven wire matrix of a Stirling regenerator

Nusselt number correlation equations are numerically derived by characterizing the heat transfer phenomena through porous medium of both stacked and wound woven wire matrices of a Stirling engine regenerator over a specified range of Reynolds number, diameter and porosity. A finite volume method (FVM) based numerical approach is proposed and validated against well known experimentally obtained empirical correlations for a random stacking woven wire matrix, the most widely used due to fabrication issues, for Reynolds number up to 400. The results show that the numerically derived correlation equation corresponds well with the experimentally obtained correlations with less than 6% deviation with the exception of low Reynolds numbers. Once the numerical approach is validated, the study is further extended to characterize the heat transfer in a wound woven wire matrix model for a diameter range from 0.08 to 0.11mm and a porosity range from 0.60 to 0.68 within the same Reynolds number range. Thus, the new correlation equations are numerically derived for different flow configurations of the Stirling engine regenerator. It is believed that the developed correlations can be applied with confidence as a cost effective solution to characterize and hence to optimize stacked and wound woven wire Stirling regenerator in the above specified ranges.

Effects of Gaps between Discontinuous Wire Woven Kagome Cores upon Bending of Sandwich Panels

WBK (Wire-woven Bulk Kagome) is a periodic cellular metal assembled of helical wires. The mechanical behavior under compression or shear, optimal design of a sandwich panel with WBK core, and characteristics of heat dissipation media have been studied, which proves feasibility of WBK as core material with multi-function capability. When WBK is used as the core material in a large scale sandwich panel, gaps between discontinuous cores are inevitable in their fabrication or building even larger scale structures using them. In this study, the effects of the gaps on mechanical behavior of sandwich panels are investigated. Theoretic analysis, experiments with three-point bending, and numerical analyses are performed to predict the strength and to analyze the results

Эксплуатационные характеристики фильтровальных перегородок из проволочных сеток с ячейками микронных размеров

Results of pilot studies related to hydraulic resistance of wire woven grids with cells of micron sizes in laminar mode of a filtration have been presented. For assessment of grids hydraulic resistance the permeability coefficient value has been used. To overcome the effect of a large-scale factor on conducted researches results the dimensionless size of this parameter in the form of permeability coefficient relation to a square of the grid cell size is entered. The researches have been conducted on free-flow hydraulic installation by specially developed technique providing high precision determination of this parameter. Influence like wires interlacing at a size of dimensionless coefficient of permeability is established. Nature of influence like wires interlacing at a size of this parameter is confirmed with results of wire grids internal structure analysis. On the basis of obtained data the choice technique like grid has been developed for production of a filtering partition with optimum characteristics at the set size of filtering nominal subtlety. On the basis of porous body channel model the assessment of hydraulic resistance coefficient value of wire grids with various type of wires interlacing has been carried out. Dependence of this parameter on wires interlacing type has been established. Groundlessness of interstice’s tortuosity coefficient use at assessment of grids hydraulic resistance has been shown.

Characterization of the Orthotropic Elastic Constants of a Micronic Woven Wire Mesh via Digital Image Correlation

Woven structures are steadily emerging as excellent reinforcing components in dual-phase composite materials subjected to multiaxial loads, thermal shock, and aggressive reactants in the environment. Metallic woven wire mesh materials in particular display good ductility and relatively high specific strength and specific resilience. While use of this class of materials is rapidly expanding, a significant gap in property characterization remains. This research classifies the homogenized, orthotropic material properties of a representative twill dutch woven wire mesh through the use of in-plane uniaxial tensile experiments incorporating a Digital Image Correlation (DIC) strain measurement technique. Values for elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio are calculated from the experimental data, and shear modulus values are identified by means of constitutive modeling. This approach establishes a reproducible method for characterizing the in-plane elastic response of micronic metallic woven materials via macro-scale uniaxial tensile tests, and shows that a homogenous orthotropic constitutive model may be employed to describe the macro-scale elasticity of this class of materials with reasonable accuracy.

Woven type smart soft composite beam with in-plane shape retention

Shape memory alloy (SMA) wire embedded composites (SMAECs) are widely used as morphing structures in small-size and high-output systems. However, conventional SMAECs cannot keep deformed shapes without additional energy. In this paper, a new kind of smart structure named the woven type smart soft composite (SSC) beam is introduced, which is not only capable of morphing, but also maintaining its deformed shape without additional energy. The woven type SSC beam consists of two parts: woven wires and matrix. The selected woven wires are nitinol (Ni–Ti) SMA wires and glass fibers, while the matrix part is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). In order to evaluate the performance of the woven type SSC beam in areas such as in-plane deformation, blocking force and repeatability, a beam-shape specimen is prepared of size 100 mm (length) × 8 mm (width) ×3 mm (thickness). The fabricated SSC beam achieved 21 mm deformation and 16 mm shape retention. Blocking force was measured using a dynamometer, and was about 60 mN. In the repeatability test, it recovered almost the same position when its cooling time was 90 s more. Consequently, the woven type SSC beam can be applied to bio-mimicking, soft morphing actuators, consuming less energy than traditional SMAECs.

Object shape-based optical sensing methodology and system for condition monitoring of contaminated engine lubricants

Presence of contaminants, such as gasoline, moisture, and coolant in the engine lubricant indicates mechanical failure within the engine and significantly reduces lubricant quality. This paper describes a novel sensing system, its methodology and experimental verifications for analysis of the presence of contaminants in the engine lubricants. The sensing methodology is based on the statistical shape analysis methodology utilizing optical analysis of the distortion effect when an object image is obtained through a thin random optical medium. The novelty of the proposed sensing system lies within the employed methodology which an object with a known periodic shape is introduced behind a thin film of the contaminated lubricant. In this case, an acquired image represents a combined lubricant–object optical appearance, where an a priori known periodical structure of the object is distorted by a contaminated lubricant. The object, e.g. a stainless steel woven wire cloth with a mesh size of 65×65µm2 and a circular wire diameter of 33µm was placed behind a microfluidic channel, containing engine lubricant and optical images of flowing lubricant with stationary object were acquired and analyzed. Several parameters of acquired optical images, such as, color of lubricant and object, object shape width at object and lubricant levels, object relative color, and object width non-uniformity coefficient, were proposed. Measured on-line parameters were used for optical analysis of fresh and contaminated lubricants. Estimation of contaminant presence and lubricant condition was performed by comparison of parameters for fresh and contaminated lubricants. Developed methodology was verified experimentally showing ability to distinguish lubricants with 1%, 4%, 7%, and 10% coolant, gasoline and water contamination individually and in a combination form of coolant (0%–5%) and gasoline (0%–5%).

In-plane shear behavior of corrugated cellular solids and validation of an open-cell corrugated cellular solid

The objective in here is to compare the design of a corrugated wire mesh laminate (CWML) with an open-cell mockup by using a uniaxial shear test. This paper depicts the fabrication of CWML specimens by using a transient liquid phase (TLP) skill at low temperatures and a design of a shear testing frame, and then applying uniaxial shear loading. The material used in the fabrication is a 316 stainless steel woven wire mesh with a 0.22-mm wire diameter and 0.95-mm aperture. Tin-alloy (95%Sn–5%Ag) is used as the bonding material in the TLP method, and the designed shear frames are glued with epoxy. The fabricated samples are tested under a uniaxial condition to determine their shear behaviors. Finite element software is employed to model the CWML and study its reaction to mechanical shear loading. The results of the numerical simulation are confirmed by experimental results for the shear loading behavior. Finally, the CWML is concluded to be of an open-cell foam type, and the results of the numerical model show a reasonably linear match to the experimental results on a log-log scale.

Research of elasticity for a corrugated wire mesh

The objective of this paper was to validate the characteristics of corrugated wire mesh laminate (CWML) by numerical calculation and uniaxial compressive test and then to compare the results with those of an open-cell cancellous bone model. CWML fabrication was based on the transient liquid phase (TLP) technique within an inert gas environment, the numerical model was calculated using a software package, and a CWML theoretical model was developed using prismatic structures. CWML samples were made from type 316 stainless steel (SS) woven wire mesh that was bonded by a soldering material, Tin alloy (95Sn–5Ag), within an inert gas environment at approximately 250°C. Fabricated meshes ranging from 1.67pore/cm (42.3pore/in.) to 0.85 pore/cm (21.7pore/in.) to 0.63pore/cm (16pore/in.) were used. The relative densities of the meshes ranged from 0.0272 to 0.0321. The numerical model of CWML was based on a bonded structure with four waves, one layer, and a corrugation angle of 57.71°. It was calculated for three different types of wire cloths for comparison with the real samples. The relative densities of the numerical model ranged from 0.022624 to 0.030746. Finally, the specimens were tested and compared with the derived CWML theory, the numerical computational model, and the open-cell cancellous bone models of Gibson–Ashby and Carter–Hayes. The relative densities of the fabricated samples were reduced to 79.07% when the corrugated angle was 57.71°, as confirmed by the comparison of the relative densities of the derived CWML theory and the numerical model. The CWML-derived theory, the computational model, and the tested samples were reasonable matches with the open-cell cancellous bone model of Gibson–Ashby and Carter–Hayes. Because of this, the CWML model is expected to be of use in bone replacement. However, for human bone replacement, the model must be subjected to biomedical testing by medical scientists.

Yield Characteristics of a Twill Dutch Woven Wire Mesh Via Experiments and Numerical Modeling

Woven structures are steadily emerging as excellent reinforcing components in composite materials. Metallic woven meshes, unlike most woven fabrics, show high potential for strengthening via classical methods such as heat treatment. Development of strengthening processes for metallic woven materials, however, must account not only for behavior of the constituent wires, but also for the interactions between contacting wires. Yield behavior of a 325 × 2300 stainless steel 316L (SS316L) twill dutch woven wire mesh is analyzed via experimental data and 3D numerical modeling. The effects of short dwell-time heat treatment on the mechanical properties of this class of materials is investigated via uniaxial tensile tests in the main weave orientations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is employed to investigate the effects of heat treatment on contacting wire interaction, prompted by observations of reduced ductility in the macrostructure of the mesh. Finally, the finite element method (FEM) is used to simulate the accumulation of plastic deformation in the mesostructure of the mesh, investigating how this wire level plasticity ultimately affects global material yielding.

Numerical study of the pressure drop phenomena in wound woven wire matrix of a Stirling regenerator

Friction pressure drop correlation equations are derived from a numerical study by characterizing the pressure drop phenomena through porous medium of both types namely stacked and wound woven wire matrices of a Stirling engine regenerator over a specified range of Reynolds number, diameter and porosity. First, a finite volume method (FVM) based numerical approach is used and validated against well known experimentally obtained empirical correlations for a misaligned stacked woven wire matrix, the most widely used due to fabrication issues, for Reynolds number up to 400. The friction pressure drop correlation equation derived from the numerical results corresponds well with the experimentally obtained correlations with less than 5% deviation. Once the numerical approach is validated, the study is further extended to characterize the pressure drop phenomena in a wound woven wire matrix model of a Stirling engine regenerator for a diameter range from 0.080 to 0.110mm and a porosity range from 0.472 to 0.638 within the same Reynolds number range. Thus, the new correlation equations are derived from this numerical study for different flow configurations of the Stirling engine regenerator. The results indicate flow nature and complex geometry dependent friction pressure drop characteristics within the present Stirling engine regenerator system. It is believed that the developed correlations can be applied with confidence as a cost effective solution to characterize and hence to optimize stacked and woven Stirling engine efficiency in the above specified ranges.

Electrochemical synthesis of cuprous oxide with a cylindrical bipolar reactor

Background This work analyzes the behaviour of monopolar and bipolar electrochemical reactors with a cylindrical configuration using woven wire meshes as three-dimensional anodes for the production of cuprous oxide. Results Calcium gluconate as an additive diminishes cell voltage because of the depolarization of the hydrogen evolution reaction, and it also avoids the reduction of cuprous oxide to metallic copper. The quality of the powders obtained in a bipolar reactor with three-dimensional anodes is similar to that of a monopolar reactor. Powders containing 97% cuprous oxide were obtained at current densities ranging from 21 to 103 mA cm-2 with current efficiencies near 100%. The bipolar arrangement presents a simpler electrical connection; however, special attention must be paid to some features of construction to minimize the leakage current. Conclusion Cylindrical bipolar electrochemical reactors with three-dimensional anodes show a good performance for the production of cuprous oxide powder. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry

Does the presence of a human affect the preference of enrichment items in young, isolated pigs?

Pigs may be housed individually in both production and research settings. Gregarious by nature, pigs kept in isolation may show behavioural and physiological signs of stress. In this study we investigated the preference of individually housed pigs, for social and non-social enrichments. Three enrichment items were compared: a mat (MAT), a companion (COM) and a mirror (MIR). Fourteen weaner pigs (Yorkshire×Landrace) were housed individually with continuous access to 4 adjacent pens. One pen was a control (CTRL) and had no enrichment; the others had one enrichment each, either a mat on part of the woven wire floor (MAT), a companion visible across the passageway (COM) or a mirror on one wall (MIR). Pigs spent more proportion of time (P=0.021) in the COM pen (0.65±0.07) compared to the CTRL pen (0.31±0.07) with the MAT pen (0.57±0.07) and the MIR (0.42±0.07) pen as intermediates. They also spent more total time engaged in investigative and inactive behaviours in the COM pen compared to the CTRL pen (P=0.007). A second analysis was performed to investigate changes in preferences in the presence or absence of a human in the room. The pens were then combined into two categories: social pens (COM and MIR) and nonsocial pens (MAT and CTRL). The probability of a pig being observed in the MIR pen when a human was present was significantly higher (P=0.0001), than when absent. Within the social enrichments, the probability of the animal being observed in either MIR or COM pen was not different (P=0.017). Our results confirm that preference studies may be highly sensitive to experimental conditions. Thus, the assumption that the most important preference is the one the animal spends most of its time with can be misleading. It appears that a mirror may be used by the animal for social support during periods of perceived threat, however further investigation is warranted.

Projectile penetration of reinforced concrete blocks: Test and analysis

Concrete blocks are usually used to provide protection against incidental dynamic loadings such as the impact of a steel projectile. This paper presents results of an experimental test and numerical investigation of reinforced concrete blocks’ penetration resistance. Investigation test was conducted experimentally using a steel blunt-nose projectile with a diameter of 23mm and a mass of 175g with striking velocity about 980m/s hitting concrete blocks reinforced by different number of layers of woven wire steel mesh (Ferrocement).Nonlinear three-dimensional numerical simulation of the investigation test was carried out using AUTODYN which is probably the most extensively code dealing with penetration problems. A comparison was conducted between the results of the numerical model and the experimental test measurements and show relatively good agreement.The main findings show that the penetration depth and the damage in the front and rear face of target specimens exhibit an overall reduction with using wire meshes as a reinforcement. On the other hand, the results showed that increasing the reinforcement ratio has slight influence on the perforation resistance and face damaged area.

Oxidation of ammonia on woven and knitted platinoid gauzes

The results from pilot tests of catalytic systems equipped with 7–12 woven or 5–14 knitted platinoid gauzes in the oxidation of ammonia are considered. OAO Yekaterinburg Non-Ferrous Metal Processing Plant produces gauzes of the two types: Pt092 0.092-mm wire woven and Pt076 0.076-mm wire loosely knitted (large-mesh) gauzes. Both types of gauzes are made of PdRdRu 15-3.5-0.5 alloy (referred to as alloy no. 5) and have the following elemental composition: Pt, 81%; Pd, 15%; Rh, 3.5%; Ru, 0.5% (STO (Branch Standard) 00195200-013-2007 and STO (Branch Standard) 00195200-014-2007). The third type is 0.076-mm tightly knitted (small-mesh) gauzes (Uncore, Germany), which differ from the Russian knitted Pt076 gauze by their greater mass and external surface area per unit reactor cross section. The effect of the mass, external surface area, and free volume of woven and knitted platinoid gauzes on the yield of nitrogen oxide is studied in this work, and the residual concentration of ammonia downstream of a stack of gauzes is determined in dependence on their number. The efficiency of the unit surface of knitted gauzes depends on the influence exerted by transfer phenomena and the direct homogeneous ammonia reduction of nitrogen oxide in the free volume of a platinoid catalyst stack. Loosely-knitted Pt076 gauzes are less efficient than woven Pt092 gauzes within a ≥91.5% range of nitrogen oxide yields. Tightly knitted gauzes are suitable for use within a ≤94.5% range of nitrogen oxide yields. Yields equivalent to those obtained on woven gauzes cannot be attained on tightly knitted gauzes even after their external surface area is enlarged considerably. Maximum nitrogen oxide yields (≈95%) are attained on Pt092 woven gauzes. From the results of our tests of loosely and tightly knitted platinoid gauzes, it follows that the latter (with less free volume in a stack) are preferable for use. The free volume of gauzes and the fraction of ammonia for nontargeted conversion can be minimized by placing a smaller number of loosely knitted platinoid gauzes on a regular honeycomb block catalyst or packing bed.

Responses of northern red oak seedlings to lime and deer exclosure fencing in Pennsylvania

In Pennsylvania, two hypotheses compete to explain the chronic oak ( Quercus spp.) regeneration problem: excessive deer browsing and soil cation depletion. We tested these hypotheses by evaluating the effect of forest liming and deer exclosure fencing on northern red oak ( Quercus rubra L.) seedling growth and nutrition in five oak shelterwood stands in Pennsylvania over 6 years. In each stand, four planting plots were located inside a 2.4 m high woven wire fence and another four were established outside the fence. About 225 northern red oak acorns were planted in each plot in spring 2004. Dolomitic limestone was applied to randomly selected plots at rates of 0, 4.5, 9.0, and 13.5 Mg·ha–1during May 2004. There were no statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) growth responses to lime applications. The only significant growth responses resulted from the fence versus no-fence treatment. A significant (P < 0.003) fence × year interaction for seedling height and root collar diameter indicates differential impacts of deer browsing. By 2009, seedlings inside fences averaged 32 cm tall, while seedlings outside the fences averaged 17 cm. Similarly, root collar diameter averaged 6.6 mm outside the fences and 9.1 mm inside fences.