Cotton Woven Fabrics Research Articles

Woven Fabrics Behavior in Pure Shear

Shear behavior is one of the most important mechanical characteristics that contributes to the performance and appearance of woven fabrics. Because of anisotropy, shear properties of woven fabric are tested in various directions. This research is focused on the experimental study of shear properties of plain woven fabric when shear force acts on specimens that are cut at different angles to the direction of the weft. Tests were conducted on woven fabric specimens that were fastened in two parallel clamps of the tensile tester. Five cotton woven fabrics of different weft density and of the same warp density were used. The research results show a very high degree of correlation between shear force and its axial component for all directions of the cutting specimen, and likewise between the relative extension of the diagonal of the specimen and the vertical displacement of the specimen. The initial shear modulus of woven fabrics was determined experimentally and theoretically.

Preparation and characterization of novel hydrophobic cellulose fabrics with polyvinylsilsesquioxane functional coatings

A series of novel hydrophobic cotton fabrics with polyvinylsilsesquioxane (PVS) polymer functional coatings were successfully prepared by solution immersion. The influence of the added amount of PVS polymer on the morphology, resistance to thermal and thermooxidative degradation, and hydrophobic properties of the treated cotton fabrics was studied by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and water contact angle measurements, respectively. The experimental results show that the PVS polymer formed a protective film on the surface of the cotton fibers; the resistance to thermal and thermooxidative degradation, and the water-repellent properties of the novel cotton fabrics were also improved with increasing added amount of PVS polymer, compared with that of reference material. The enhancement in the thermal properties of the treated cotton fabrics can likely be attributed to synergistic carbonization between the PVS protective layer and the cellulose fibers during thermal degradation. Meanwhile, it was also found that, with increasing added amount of PVS polymer, the hydrophobicity of the treated cotton fabrics was greatly improved. The noticeable improvement in the hydrophobicity of the treated cotton fabrics is ascribed to the combination of low-surface-energy PVS film and the intrinsically rough surface of the woven cotton fabrics. This strategy for fabricating novel cellulose fabrics provides a guide for the development of high-performance functional cellulose fabrics with tunable properties in the textile industry.

Study on the Mechanism of Woven Cotton Fabric during Steam Ironing

Cotton fabrics are very popular textile products to consumers due to their soft hand and comfortable wearing performance. However, the severe wrinkles on cotton fabrics will frequently happen after washing or wearing. As the growth of the market and demand of consumers, the sales of the steam ironing machine which can remove wrinkles to some extent is getting better. At present, the research is inadequate on the wrinkling mechanism during steam ironing. Therefore, in this paper, we aimed to investigate how cotton woven fabrics’ performance influences on the smoothness appearance after steam ironing. To further analyze wrinkling mechanism, fabrics’ wrinkle recovery rates which comprehensive characterize the physical and mechanical properties were tested with PhabrOmeter, including wrinkle recovery rates at normal temperature and after high temperature treatment. Then, the effect of temperature to fabrics’ wrinkle recovery rates and its relationship with fabrics’ smoothness appearance after ironing were studied. The results indicate that there are no significant correlations between the fabric basic parameters with smoothness appearance after ironing. The effect of temperature during ironing can improve the wrinkle recovery rates about 6%-21%. And no significant correlation is showed between smoothness appearance after ironing and wrinkle recovery rates. Keywords: Steam Ironing; mechanism; fabric parameters; wrinkle recovery rate.

The Preparation of Sol-Si/Direct Dye and Application in the Dyeing of Cotton Woven Fabric

Water silicon sol was prepared in this paper using sol-gel technology, which tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) was used as precursor. And the sol-Si/direct dye was prepared by doping dyes into sol-Si, then the sol-Si/direct dye was used to dye cotton woven fabric. The particle sizes of sol-Si and sol-Si/direct dye, the effects of sol-Si dosage, electrolyte dosage on the dyeing performance of sol-Si/direct dye were discussed. It showed that the particle sizes was really stable and under the influence of sol-Si the fastness were improved evidently, and the K/S value can be able to meet the requirements.

Effects of Fabric Parameters and Initial Moisture Content on the Smoothness Appearance of Woven Cotton Fabrics in Dryer

The effects of fabric parameters and initial moisture content in dryer on the smoothness appearance of woven cotton fabrics have been determined. In this study, 11 kinds of cotton fabrics were selected to evaluate their smoothness appearance after drum drying. The results indicated that the fabric parameters---surface density, thickness and warp density--- had a certain correlation with the fabric smoothness appearance, which wasn’t significant. The initial moisture content affected smoothness appearance positively. With the increasing of initial moisture content, the grade improved and the difference between the max and the mini is about 0.5grade. This study can provide a reference for the design of the dryer program and make fabric washing process achieve the coordination with drying process to obtain a best fabric appearance.

Conductive hydrophobic hybrid textiles modified with carbon nanotubes

The paper presents the results of modifying and testing modern hybrid polyester–cotton woven fabrics with deposited multi-wall carbon nanotubes and imparted hydrophobicity. The effect of the carbon nanotubes deposited on these fabrics on their conductive properties and hydrophobicity has been assessed. The electro-conductive and hydrophobic composite fabrics obtained in this way, being light, elastic and resistant to mechanical effects, make it possible to be widely used in various industrial fields.

Enhancing the accessibility of starch size and cellulose to enzymes in raw cotton woven fabric by air-plasma pretreatment

In this paper, raw cotton fabric was pretreated with non-thermal atmospheric air-plasma and the accessibility of the surface polymers of the fibers and yarns that act as respective substrates for the enzymes was evaluated. Results proved that plasma slightly destroyed and oxidized the starch size on the surface of warp yarns and partially removed the thin and perfectly hydrophobic waxy coverage of the fibers in weft yarns, creating deep “pits” with a depth of 215 nm. This latter process contributed to the exposure of cellulose and pectin located under the waxy outer layer of the elementary fibers in the weft yarns, and significantly increased the surface roughness of the fibers (from Rq of 25 to 67 nm for the raw and 180 s plasma-treated samples, respectively). Amount of the reducing sugars released during the amylase and cellulase digestion of the plasma-treated fabrics confirmed that air-plasma significantly increased the accessibility of the starch and cellulose, respectively, to the enzymes and resulted in an enhanced solubilization of both polymers. Since the plasma-treated substrates displayed significantly faster enzyme reactions, the time of enzymatic treatments can be sharply reduced.

Fully direct write dispenser printed sound emitting smart fabrics

Direct write dispenser printed sound-emitting smart fabrics are reported for creative applications and wearable electronics. Using dispenser printing, sound emission can be easily added to various fabric substrates, from industrial coated architectural fabrics to everyday woven polyester cotton fabrics. Two different types of sound emission have been realised on fabrics: a piezoelectric buzzer and an electromagnetic planar spiral speaker with an external magnet. These two planar sound emitting devices are flexible and simpler than conventional three-dimensional electromagnetic and electrostatic sound emitting devices. Furthermore, the spiral-based planar electromagnetic speakers allow interactive applications by changing the distance between the magnet and the speaker. The theory and the manufacturing technology of the direct write printed fabric buzzer and speaker are reported.

UV–Vis microspectrophotometry as a method of differentiation between cotton fibre evidence coloured with reactive dyes

The main purposes of this study was to assess the usefulness of microspectrophotometry (MSP), both in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (Vis) range for discriminating single cotton fibres dyed with reactive dyes coming from the same manufacturer, as well as the possibility of evaluation of the concentration of dye in an examine fibre. This study utilised woven cotton fabrics dyed with different concentrations of one-compound reactive dyes with the commercial name Cibacron® (at present Novacron®) as the focus of the MSP analysis.The spectra were recorded in the UV–Vis range between 200 and 800nm, in transmission mode. The results from this study illustrated that all of the analysed cotton samples dyed with reactive dyes were distinguishable between each other with the use of MSP, mostly in the visible, and also in ultraviolet range. The limit for applied MSP techniques was 0.18% of the concentration of a dye in the textile sample. The results indicate that based on the absorbance measurements for fibres constituting e.g. forensic traces it was not possible to estimate the concentration of the dye in the fibre because Beer’s law did not obey. The intra-sample, and inter- sample variation, as well as dichroism effect in a case of a cotton fibres dyed with reactive dye were observed. On the basis of the results obtained for each analysed cotton sample, it was concluded that there was no correlation between colour uniformity in cotton fabric (changes in lightness, red/green and yellow/blue colour) and concentration of the reactive dye.

Preparation and catalytic performance of Fe(III)-citric acid-modified cotton fiber complex as a novel cellulose fiber-supported heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalyst

Woven cotton fabric was first modified with citric acid by a conventional pad-dry-cure process and then coordinated with Fe(III) ions to prepare a Fe(III)-modified cotton fiber complex. After the characterization by SEM, FTIR, XPS, XRD and DRS, this complex was used as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for the degradation of a typical textile dye, Acid Red 88, under visible irradiation. Some factors affecting the modification process, such as the citric acid and NaH2PO4 concentrations as well as the curing temperature, were also investigated with respect to the coordinating performance of the modified fabric and the catalytic activity of its Fe complex. The results indicated that cotton fabric could be esterified with citric acid to impart the carboxylic groups, which successfully reacted with Fe(III) ions to form the complex. Dye degradation was significantly accelerated by the presence of the complex under visible irradiation. Increasing the concentrations of citric acid, NaH2PO4 or the curing temperature enhanced the carboxyl group content of the modified fiber as well as Fe content and catalytic activity of its complex. However, an excessive amount of citric acid and NaH2PO4 or a curing temperature higher than 140 °C reduced the Fe content and catalytic activity of the complex. A higher initial H2O2 concentration promoted the dye degradation. The excellent catalytic and mechanical performance was also found in its reuse processes.

Investigation on Physico-Chemical Properties of 100% Cotton Woven Fabric Treated with Titanium Dioxide

This paper represents an approach to observe the physico-chemical effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) applied on 100% cotton woven fabric. Cotton fabric was treated with TiO2 by exhaustion method and followed by necessary curing and washing processes. The treated fabrics were then analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the tensile strength, pH and absorbency of the treated and untreated fabrics were examined. It was found that titanium dioxide impairs the hand feel and absorbency of 100% cotton woven fabrics, wetting time of all treated fabrics increased gradually than untreated fabrics. The treatment increases the tensile strength of 100% cotton woven fabrics. The treatment with titanium dioxide also kept the pH of the fabric in acidic medium.

Providing a Protection Against Ultraviolet Lights Indoors Via Cotton Textiles

Apart from the special glasses used for the building pockets, almost all of the glasses are permeable against the ultraviolet lights. Therefore it is more practical and economical to provide protection against ultraviolet lights via curtains in the fronts instead of special glasses. In this study; the ultraviolet protection fabrics of the 100% cotton woven fabric, which is raw, bleached, dyed without being applied ultraviolet absorbent and dyed after being applied ultraviolet absorbent in different concentration. According to the results, it was determined that a prefect protection can be enabled indoors by using ultraviolet absorbent, and the results showed that the ultraviolet protection increases with increase in the concentration of ultraviolet absorbent in the samples.

Characterization of Electrostatic Discharge Properties of Woven Fabrics

In this research work, the woven fabric samples of cotton, polyester PC blend, glass and silk materials have been selected to analyze the electrostatic discharge behavior of various woven fabrics using electrostatic discharge tester. The electrostatic discharge is mainly depends upon various controlled factors of electrostatic discharge tester hence, the controlled factors of number of rubbing cycle (20, 30 and 40 strokes), pressure (100,150 and 200 gms), speed (10, 20 and 30 mpm) were considered and analyzed the electrostatic discharge behaviors of various woven fabrics under various temperature and relative humidity using Box Behnken design and regression analysis. It was found that the glass and silk woven fabric have greatest tendency to give up electrons and gain a positive electrical charge but in case of polyester woven fabric have the greatest tendency to attract electrons and gain a negative electrical charge. It was observed that glass woven fabrics have more electrostatic discharge value than the polyester, PC blend, silk and cotton woven fabrics and it was also found that higher number of rubbing cycle, pressure and speed have significant effects on the electrostatic discharge properties of various types of woven fabrics.

Study of Dyeing, Absorbency, Mechanical and Surface Properties on Chemical Treated Cotton Fabric

Chemical treatment of cotton cellulose to alter its properties of the fibers without changing their fibrous form is a common practice nowadays in the textile industry. In this paper cotton (woven and knitted) fabrics are selected and reacted with sodium hydroxide, morpholine, and cellulase enzyme. The fabrics are then dyed by some selected dyes such as annatto, onion, pomegranate, indigo, myrobalan, bar berry (natural dyes); and reactive and sulphur dyes (synthetic) respectively and subsequently finished. These fabrics are then analyzed for k/s values, fastness properties, absorbency, water retention, wicking, mechanical and surface properties from KES-F.

Comparative Analysis of Soft Computing Models in Prediction of Bending Rigidity of Cotton Woven Fabrics

Quantitative prediction of fabric mechanical properties is an essential requirement for design engineering of textile and apparel products. In this work, the possibility of prediction of bending rigidity of cotton woven fabrics has been explored with the application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and two hybrid methodologies, namely Neuro-genetic modeling and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) modeling. For this purpose, a set of cotton woven grey fabrics was desized, scoured and relaxed. The fabrics were then conditioned and tested for bending properties. With the database thus created, a neural network model was first developed using back propagation as the learning algorithm. The second model was developed by applying a hybrid learning strategy, in which genetic algorithm was first used as a learning algorithm to optimize the number of neurons and connection weights of the neural network. The Genetic algorithm optimized network structure was further allowed to learn using back propagation algorithm. In the third model, an ANFIS modeling approach was attempted to map the input–output data. The prediction performances of the models were compared and a sensitivity analysis was reported. The results show that the prediction by neuro-genetic and ANFIS models were better in comparison with that of back propagation neural network model.

Prediction of Yarn Strength Utilization in Cotton Woven Fabrics using Artificial Neural Network

The paper presents an endeavor to predict the percentage yarn strength utilization (% SU) in cotton woven fabrics using artificial neural network approach. Fabrics in plain, 2/2 twill, 3/1 twill and 4-end broken twill weaves having three pick densities and three weft counts in each weave have been considered. Different artificial neural network models, with different set of input parameters, have been explored. It has been found that % SU can be predicted fairly accurately by only five fabric parameters, namely the number of load bearing and transverse yarns per unit length, the yarn crimp % in the load bearing and transverse directions and the float length of the weave. Trend analysis of the artificial neural network model has also been carried out to see how the various parameters affect the % SU. The results indicate that while an increase in the number of load bearing or transverse yarns increases the % SU, an increase in the float length and the crimp % in the yarns have a detrimental effect.

Fabrication of ZnO nano particles using sonochemical method and applying on cotton fabric using in situ and pad-dry-cure methods

ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were prepared by sonochemical method at room temperature and were applied on to the 100 % cotton woven fabric using in situ and pad-dry cure methods. The results show that nanoparticles with average sizes of 20–100 nm with different morphologies have been created on the surface of samples. Synthesis of ZnO-NPs was varied in the morphological transformation by changes in zinc acetate dehydrate concentration. Characterizations were carried out using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Spectrophotometery. The antibacterial activities of the fabrics were assessed semi-quantitatively by the colonies count method. The results show that the finished fabric demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against S.aureus in antibacterial test.

Investigation of Wash Durability of Silica Nanoparticle Coated 100% Cotton Reactive Dyed Fabric Treated by Sol-Gel Technique

In this research a hydrophobic surface of 100% cotton woven fabric was developed by sol-gel technique. Fabric samples were dyed with Drimarene Reactive Red 5B and Drimarene Reactive Blue BR dyes (0.5% and 3% o.w.f) and then treated with a combination of silica nanoparticles, silane hydrophobes (alkyltrialkoxysilanes), and silane cross-linkers i.e, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and teramethoxysilane (TMOS) by dip-dry-cure process. After coating, wash durability of dyed samples was investigated for water repellency and water uptake according to AATCC standards. The effect of coating on dyeing behavior was assessed by measuring the (K/S)λmax value, while change in color (ΔE) and fastness properties of coated fabric also investigated. It has been observed that durable hydrophobicity achieved on cotton reactive dyed fabric through non-fluorine sol-gel route with silica nanoparticles with better fastness properties with little effect on shade.

A Study on Herbal Finish to Prevent Bed Sore Using Mangifera indica and Triphala Dried Fruit

“Bed sores” owe their name to the observation that patients who were bedridden and not properly repositioned would often develop ulcerations or sores on their skin, typically over bony prominences. These bed sores, which result from prolonged pressure, are also called “decubitus ulcers,” “pressure sores,” “skin breakdown,” and “pressure ulcers.” They are associated with adverse health outcomes and high treatment costs. This study focuses on developing herbal finish to prevent bed sores. For this purpose, functional finishing was utilized to produce a bedsore preventing fabric. Plain weave cotton fabric was dyed by using herbal extracts, dried, and then cured. Two samples in different ratios (1 : 2 and 2 : 1) of two herbal extracts (Mangifera indica and Triphala dried fruits) were prepared with and without binder (chitosan). Air permeability, wicking ability, Drop Test for absorbency, and antibacterial properties were examined for those samples. Based on the results, fabric dyed with Mangifera indica and Triphala dried fruits in the ratio of 2 : 1 with chitosan is determined as the most promising combination for the final product.

Prediction of warp and weft yarn crimp in cotton woven fabrics

The aim of this study was to develop statistical models for the prediction of warp and weft crimp percentage of cotton woven fabrics. The developed models are based on the empirical data obtained from carefully developed 60 fabric samples with different yarn linear densities, fabric densities, and weave designs. The predictability and accuracy of the developed models was assessed by correlation analysis of the predicted and actual crimp values of another set of eight fabric samples which was not used for the development of models. The results show fairly good capability and accuracy of the prediction models.