Wound Research Articles

A Call for Help: A Retrospective National Study of Self-Inflicted Trauma Among American Indians and Alaskan Natives.

Background Self-inflicted injury accounts for approximately 312,000 emergency department visits annually. American Indians/Alaskan Natives (AIAN) have significantly higher rates of suicide. The National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) was analyzed for the incidence of self-inflicted trauma. Methods Data were obtained from the NTDB 2012-2017. Patients were selected using ICD codes for self-inflicted trauma. Categorical and continuous variables were tested for significance. Results AIAN patients accounted for 1,176 of the 78,668 patients. The AIAN patients were younger, had lower injury severity score (ISS) scores, were more female, utilized Medicaid more frequently, were more likely to present with a cut or piercing injury, and had higher rates of positive alcohol and drug tests. AIAN patients had shorter lengths of stay in the ICU and overall hospital stay. Conclusion Despite a higher rate of suicide completion, the AIAN population had lower rates of presentation to the hospital and lower ISS scores. AIAN patients were younger, had higher rates of drug use, and utilized cutting/stabbing. This discrepancy could indicate a physical manifestation of a "call for help".

Patterns in flexor zone V injury: a retrospective study

Background: Volar cut injuries to the wrist that range from simple to complex full house and are commonly encountered by plastic surgery residents. In this study we aim to recognize common clusters of structures injured together, to decipher patterns in presentation and to assert the role of superficial tendons in protecting the nerves, vessels and the deeper tendons in the flexor compartment. Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study analyzing 322 patients with acute Zone V injuries. The patients were profiled based on demographic factors and etiology of injury. Detailed analysis of morphology of injury, structures involved was done and grouped into six common injury patterns. Results: Majority of subjects were in the age group 21 to 30 years (33.9%), 81.1% were males and 18.9% were females. Both the sides flexor carpi radialis, Palmaris longus and flexor digitorum superficialis were commonly injured structures. Most common etiology was cutting tools. The median number of structures injured in cutting injuries was 3, in deliberate self-harm was 3, in Power tool was 6, in Shard injuries was 5 structures. Distribution of injuries was pattern 1 (98.2%), pattern 2 (36.2%), pattern 3 (40.5%), pattern 4 (80.1%), pattern 5 (15.6%) and pattern 6 (21.5%). Pattern 1 was seen commonly in all etiologies whereas power tools were responsible for serious pattern 6 types of injuries. Conclusions: Cut injury to wrist occurs as clusters of specific structures and these patterns need to be looked for during surgical repair of hand. Superficial tendons have a role in protecting deeper tendons and neurovascular structures.

Antiulcer Effect of Genus Symphytum L. and Portulaca oleracea L. as Investigated on Experimental Animals

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) occurs when open sores, or ulcers, form in the stomach or first part of the small intestine caused by bacterial infection (H. pylori) and/or nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. This study was conducted to evaluate the antiulcer effect of some plants including genus Symphytum L., and Portulaca oleracea L. on aspirin‐induced acute gastric ulcer in rats. Sixteen male albino rats (200–210 g b.wt. each) were divided into 4 groups, 4 rats each, one of them left as the control −ve group while the other 3 groups orally administered with aspirin at a dose of 200 mg/kg b.wt., for gastric ulcer induction, one of them left as control +ve and the rest 2 groups were orally administered with genus Symphytum L. and Portulaca oleracea L. at a dose of 100 mg/kg b.wt., each. for seven consecutive days. Body weight gain (BWG), the length of gastric ulcer, the volume of gastric juice, the total acidity of gastric juice, and blood sample were assessed. The results showed that orally administered with genus Symphytum L. and Portulaca oleracea L. significantly reduced the length of gastric ulcer, gastric juice volume, and total acidity of gastric juice, in addition to decreasing total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), RBC, WBC, HGB, and PLT. No significant changes were observed in the pH of gastric juice among treated groups. Moreover, in comparison to Portulaca oleracea L., genus Symphytum L. showed preferable results. Accordingly, genus Symphytum L. and Portulaca oleracea L. could be used as plants as curative agents against gastric ulcer in experimental rats.

Ophthalmic Ointment & Formulation: A Review

Using ointments as an eye drug delivery system gives topical therapy a significant new aspect. Ointments are a great way to increase ocular contact duration and are generally safe and well-tolerated. Increased contact time results in higher drug levels in the eyes. Experimental evidence, however, suggests that corticosteroid ointments do not enter the eye as deeply as suspension solutions do. This could be related to both the specific steroid component and the drug's binding to the ointment base. Ointments can get contaminated, just like other ophthalmic preparations. It is not recommended to apply ophthalmic ointments to eyes that have open sores. It seems safe and effective to apply ointments to postoperative eyes where wound closure is secure.

A Young Farmer with Multi-Organ Failure: A Case Report on Weil’s Disease in Bangladesh

Weil’s disease is a zoonotic infection caused by organism of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, having a very high mortality. This article reports a case of a young male farmer who presented to a tertiary-level hospital in north-eastern Bangladesh with severe fatigue, fever, abdominal pain and yellow discoloration of the whole body. Meticulous history taking revealed that he worked bare-footed in an animal farm and had a cut injury in his right foot 15 days back. On the basis of this piece of information, serological tests for leptospirosis were done that showed positive results. There was significant clinical and biochemical improvement after treatment. This case report revealed that a patient with fever, hepatitis and, pancreatitis with a background history of suggestive exposure, leptospirosis should be considered.

EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC PROPERTY OF BIOSYNTHESIZED AGNPS USING LEAF METHANOL EXTRACT OF Brugmansia suaveolens

The plant Brugmansia suaveolens (Bercht. & Presl) belongs to the family Solanaceae and is endemic to the Malnad region (Shimoga) of the Western Ghats. Traditionally leaf extract has been applied externally to treat cut wounds, pain-killer swellings, scalds, inflammations, skin rashes, and hemorrhoids. The objective is to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) conjugated Leaf methanol extract of B. suaveolens analyzed and characterized based on multiple (X-ray diffraction (XRD); Scanning electron microscopy (SEM); Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy) analytical methods. After characterization, the analgesic activity of extract bio-synthesized with silver nanoparticles was evaluated and compared with different concentrations of leaf methanol extract alone. Analgesic activity was examined by writhing and tail-flick testing. Reduction in the writhing and tail withdrawal time after administration of 250 mg/kg b.w./d of leaf methanol extract bio-synthesized with silver nanoparticle is more significant than 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg b.w./d extracts alone and is slightly less significant when compared to the standard drug. This has proved that the bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles may have played a fundamental role as drug delivery vehicles to target tissues more conveniently and efficiently compared to nascent extract.

Clinicoepidemiological Profile of Agricultural Work Related Injuries in Rural Agrarian Community of Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study

Introduction Injuries have a significant proportion in the global burden of diseases and are in increasing trend. Nepal being an agrarian country had frequent reporting of injuries among rural communities whose major occupation is agriculture. So, we had this study with the objective to assess clinico epidemiological profile of agricultural work related injuries in the rural agrarian community of Nepal. Methods A community based cross sectional study was conducted among 362 farmers of rural agrarian communities of Budhiganga Rural Municipality of Nepal from 20 December 2022 to 20 June 2023 after getting ethical clearance from institutional review committee (IRC-PA 254/2022). A specially designed pro forma was used to collect data through convenient sampling techniques. Collected data was entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed by SPSS version 23. Results The annual prevalence of agricultural work related injury was 48.6%. The most common primary causes were Sickle cut injury 43(24.4%), followed by Oxen/Cow hit injury 33 (18.8%), Traditional Plough cut injury 15 (8.5%), Spade cut injury 15 (8.5%) etc. Injury typically occurs in lower extremities 71 (40.3%). Among them 102 (58%), 82 (46.6%), 28 (15.9%) and 147 (83.5%) had a disability, bedridden, hospitalized and received some sort of treatment. Twenty two (12.5%), 36 (20.5%) and 32 (18.2%) reported stress, self reported decreased vision and self reported hearing loss at the time of injury respectively. Only 9 (5.1%) had used personal protective equipment (PPE) during agricultural work and about 36 (20.5%) had helping hands at the time of injury. Conclusions About half of farmers experienced agricultural work related injury with significant days of disability from daily activities and regular work. Use of personal protective equipment during work is miserable.

Natural Therapy of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that is spread by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies, there are several different forms of leishmaniasis in people, the most common forms is cutaneous leishmaniasis, and visceral leishmaniasis, Cutaneous leishmaniasis is characterized by one or more cutaneous lesions, the sores can change in size and appearance over time, the skin sores of Cutaneous leishmaniasis usually heal on their own, even without treatment, but this can take months or even years. A recent study has lead to new natural treatment to accelerate the healing time of lesions caused by leishmania parasite, which based on using a bandage of banana peels at the lesions site during night for seven to ten days. There were eight cases out of ten had responded positively for using banana peels and completely cured, and two did not respond. Patients who have the injection treatment is healed in short time in compare to one who did not take injection.

Effectiveness of green betel leaf extract cream in healing cut wounds

Green betel leaf (Piper betle L.) is widely used in the healing of cut wounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of green betel leaf extract cream in the healing of cut wounds on the skin of white Wistar rats. The design employed was a pre-test post-test with a control group design and a sample size of 20 white rats divided into four groups. Betel leaf extract was prepared using the maceration method, while a cream preparation of betel leaf extract was prepared using the oil-in-water emulsion type (M/A). Macroscopic histopathological evaluation was performed by examining fibroblast growth. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test (p < 0.05) was used to determine the difference between groups, and a post hoc least significant difference (LSD) test was used to analyze which treatment group had the greatest efficacy. Technical terms were explained upon first use, and the language used was clear, objective, and value-neutral to improve academic quality. The text was free from grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and unnecessary jargon. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test (p < 0.05) was used to determine the difference between groups, and a post hoc least significant difference (LSD) test was used to analyze which treatment group had the greatest efficacy. The study revealed a substantial difference in the average wound healing rates between the control group (P0) and treatment groups P1, P2, and P3. This is due to the lack of active substances in the control group (P0), which aids in accelerating the wound healing process. Notably, the 15% green betel leaf extract cream demonstrated superior efficacy in healing wounds in white rats compared to the 10% and 25% green betel leaf extract creams. The results indicated no significant difference between the application of 15% and 25% green betel leaf extract cream. This is due to the fact that secondary metabolite compounds present in the extract produce a healing effect on wounds at these particular levels. However, lower concentrations only act as microorganism inhibitors, rendering them less effective for promoting wound healing.

An Ayurvedic approach in Monkey Pox - A Review

Monkey pox is a zoonotic sickness brought about by the monkey pox infection, an orthopoxvirus in the poxviradae family. With its rising dreariness and low casualty rate, it has become endemic all through Focal and West Africa. It signifies a fever, extreme cerebral pain, body ache, enlarged lymph hubs, and a skin rash or sores. Side effects can wait for quite a long time, slowly debilitating the invulnerable framework and ultimately influencing patients with skin diseases, pneumonia, confusion, and eye contaminations that can prompt visual impairment. Ayurveda is an old study of medication in light areas of strength for of firm rules that have shown its preventive and healing viability for the vast majority Anukta Vyadhi's kin enduring today. Ayurvedic analytic and treatment highlights of such Anukta messes have previously been analyzed as far as Dosha pervasiveness. Thus, a coordinated methodology is expected for the fix of monkey pox to further develop the patient's personal satisfaction. In Ayurveda, such popular diseases are delegated Sankramaka Roga, and their side effects are related with Ayurvedic sicknesses, for example, Sannipatika Jwara, Samshoshi Jwara, Masurika, and Brihat Masurika. The objective of this audit is to find an Ayurvedic technique to diagnosing and treating monkey pox ailment. Alongside this preventive methodology utilizing Ayurveda, which is fundamental to stay solid under such pandemic as well as endemic circumstances, is talked about.

Mitigation of Arsenic Contamination through Biotechnological Approaches in Rice

Arsenic poisoning negatively impacts plants, soil, water, and human health, posing a serious threat to sustainable agriculture. Pesticides, fertilizers, and industrial processes that contain arsenic are widely used, which leads to soil contamination and reduces soil fertility and productivity. The drinking of groundwater contaminated with arsenic affects around 300 million people globally. Prolonged exposure to arsenic has been linked to a number of health concerns, including cancer, developmental abnormalities, and skin sores. Concerns have been raised over the possible health effects of arsenic, which is mostly exposed to consumers through the consumption of contaminated food. Because arsenic-contaminated soil and irrigation water affect rice more than other crops, rice is frequently consumed with elevated levels of arsenic in it. In present review, the challenges related to arsenic toxicity and its possible solutions in rice have been discussed.

Exploring the Antioxidant Potential of Cissus woodrowii (Stapf Ex Cooke) Santapau: A Study on Leaves and Stem

Cancer, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative illness, inflammatory disease, and many other pathologies have a common denominator: oxidative stress. The situation arises from the overproduction or ineffective quenching of free oxygen and nitrogen species within the cell. Antioxidant activity, nutritional value and traditionally roots were made into a powder and applied to cut wounds where pus had formed, ethnobotanical/traditional use is as an antitumor in Maharashtra. Owing to its ethnomedicinal importance, proper identification with pharmacognostic and phytochemical details and evaluation is vital for drug development and to prevent adulteration highlights and their role in laying down standardization. The present paper discusses phytochemical and antioxidant study of Cissus woodrowii (Stapf ex Cooke) Santapau. The both extract showed occurrence of glycosides, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids also tannin and aqueous and ethanol extract of stem and leaves showed good antioxidant properties by DPPH assay.

Occurrence and Characteristics of Cut Injuries in Hedgehogs in Germany: A Collection of Individual Cases.

The number of European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) is in long-term decline across Europe. Recently, an additional threat to hedgehogs' lives has been cutting injuries caused by garden care equipment, but to date, there have been no reliable data on their spatial and temporal occurrence as well as characteristics such as mortality rate. Usually, found injured hedgehogs are admitted to care centres. In this study, data on hedgehogs with cutting injuries were collected from care centres throughout Germany. Over a period of 16 months, data on a total of 370 hedgehogs with cut injuries were reported by 71 care centres. At least 60% of these hedgehogs were found more than 12 h after the accident and at least 47% did not survive as a result of the injury. The comparatively high mortality rate coupled with a possible high number of unreported cases of hedgehogs with laceration injuries show that these accidents pose an additional, serious danger to hedgehogs, both impacting the welfare of individual animals and having a broader effect on the conservation potential of this species. Moreover, the data collected objectify the current discussion on the need for possible technical or political solutions to prevent such injuries.

Comparing New Plunger-cylinder and Conventional Pin-luck Suspension Methods on Piston Movement and Satisfaction of Patients With Transtibial Prosthesis

Background and Objectives: One of the factors affecting the time of using the prosthesis is the level of satisfaction of the amputee with the quality of the prosthesis. Choosing the right suspension system based on the functional needs and expectations of the amputee is a crucial step in the process of making the prosthesis and as a result, prosthetic rehabilitation. The critical side effects caused by “a weak suspension system” are pain and skin sores due to piston movement between the socket and stump and as a result, abnormal walking, reducing the amputee’s satisfaction and comfort. Methods: This study was conducted using a simple quasi-experimental method on six unilateral below-the-knee amputees. For each person, two prosthetic sockets were made with different suspension systems, one socket with a conventional pin-lock suspension system and the other socket with an innovative suspension system with a plunger cylinder. In this study, the level of satisfaction with the suspension system with a questionnaire and the amount of piston movement between the remaining limb and the prosthetic socket with the method of photography and the use of an indicator during 5 stages of a constant loading test, including full weight bearing, half weight bearing, no weight bearing, 30 N and 50 N were measured. Results: The photography method did not show a significant difference in the amount of piston movement between the socket and the stump. However, the satisfaction level of the participants with the pin-lock suspension system was higher than with the plunge cylinder. Conclusion: The use of a plunger-cylinder suspension system can be useful for below-the-knee amputations with a low activity level.

Retention periods of diagnostic dyes on a cut corneal wound

Comparative studies of four main ophthalmic dyes were carried out on their ability, after a single short-term exposure, to stain a corneal incised wound.12 year–old Wistar rats weighing 180-220 grams were selected for the study. 4 experimental groups of 3 rats each were formed from them. Corneal incision wounds were inflicted on all animals. A 10.0% lidocaine solution was used to anesthetize the cornea. Before applying the cut wound, the animals were injected into anesthesia with the drug "Sevoflurane". The depth of the wound was monitored visually using a microscope at a magnification of 4-6 times. Next, the corneal cut wound was stained with various dyes: animals of group 1 – fluorescein, group 2 – riboflavin, group 3 – bengal pink, group 4 – lissamine green. The exposure of all dyes, before eliminating the excess, was 1 minute.The degree of corneal staining was evaluated and photodocumented immediately after the elimination of excess dyes and further after 10 min., 20 min., 30 min., 60 min., 90 min., and 120 min. The cornea was visualized and photodocumented using a microscope "jingleszcn 315W" at magnification x 6.0.For long-term studies, it is advisable to use bengal pink, which visualizes a wound defect within 60 minutes after staining. Lissamine green should be used in cases where a contrast is needed between the dye and the cornea, and/or the underlying structures of the eye. Fluorescein and riboflavin diffuse rapidly enough into the surrounding tissues, and also stain the tear film, which can give a false positive result when diagnosing a wound defect of the cornea.

Pulmonary Embolism Successfully Treated with Tenecteplase: A case report

Acute pulmonary embolism is a life-threatening situation when presenting with hypotension is called high-risk (massive) pulmonary embolism (PE) which is associated with mortality, especially if there is hemodynamic instability, right ventricular dysfunction with thrombus. Thrombolytic therapy can be lifesaving and leads faster improvement in hemodynamics in patients with acute pulmonary embolism and cardiogenic shock which accelerates the resolution of thrombus, reduction of RV dilatation, mortality and recurrent PE. Only three fibrinolytic agents namely Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA), Streptokinase and Urokinase have been approved in the treatment of PE. We report the case of a 64 years old Bangladeshi female with a history of immobilization due to unilateral cut injury of foot, who presented with shortness of breath and intermittent chest pain for a duration of 7 days during OPD visit. ECG showed sinus tachycardia (HR-120bpm, regular) and poor progression of R wave. Echocardiography revealed dilated RV, PA with RV dysfunction, presence of McConnell’s sign, RV apical & PA thrombus, flattened IVS, PHT, and minimal pericardial effusion, normal LV systolic function which was reported as suspected pulmonary embolism. Urgent hospitalization and CT pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) was done for confirmatory diagnosis which revealed large pulmonary thrombus in both right and left pulmonary artery. Thrombolysis with Tenecteplase (100ml) over 2 hours was started immediately along with intravenous normal saline and norepinephrine for hypotension, although, it was not recommended by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guideline, resulting a successful resolution of the PA thrombus and clinical improvement. She was discharged with oral anticoagulant Rivaroxaban. Bangladesh Heart Journal 2023; 38(2): 148-154

A Cross-Sectional Study of Pediatric First Aid Knowledge and Attitude among the General Population in the Makkah Region

Background: Children are highly susceptible to injury and death from accidents. Appropriate intervention can limit disability and increase survival (Alshammari, 2021). In this review, we aim to assess the knowledge and attitudes of the public towards pediatric first aid in the Makkah region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a self-administered questionnaire was distributed among residents of the Makkah region. Descriptive statistics were employed to express numerical variables and categorical variables. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study included 397 respondents. More than half were female (60.2%). Approximately one-third of the respondents were aged > 50 years, and 28.5% were working or studying in the medical field. Most participants had heard about first aid (99.5%) and believed that training was required to provide first aid (93.7%). However, less than half of the respondents (45.1%) had attended first-aid training once. Almost half of the respondents (51.6%) had previously encountered an injury, accident, or medical emergency; of these, 77.6% had provided first aid to the individual who experienced the emergency, and the most common types of emergencies included cut wounds (38.5%), burns (37.6%), and fits (25.4%). Conclusion: First aid is an important tool for providing immediate emergency care for all people, and it is particularly important for children. Knowledge of and attitude towards first-aid tools are essential for providing first aid when needed. In contrast, training in first aid is crucial for providing appropriate first aid, particularly for children and young infants.

Detection And Management of Lower Body Deformity And Ulceration Extremity In People With A Lived Experience of Diabetes

Background: Diabetes is a silent killer, wherein prolonged poor glucose control could lead to acute diabetic ulcers that are responsible for foot ulcers in the lower body extremities. A diabetic foot is a skin sore formed as a result of skin tissue breaking down and exposing the tissue layers underneath. Chronic conditions of the disease lead to amputation of the limb which is a lifelong disability as well as morbidity. Objective: We have compiled an interesting and informative review on diabetic foot ulceration. Topics and subtopics discussed in the article have scientific relevance for the readers of health management journals. Main Outcome and Results: The cascade of events that lead to ulceration is responsible for degrading vascular changes in nerve fibers, resulting in poor motor neuropathy in the lower extremities. Therefore, detection of diabetic foot and ulceration in the early stage is crucial for proper disease management. Various tools in this regard have been used to detect and monitor diabetic foot occurrence apart from a conventional assessment such as the severity of the infection, infection of the skin, extent or size of the ulcer, depth of tissue infection, and loss of sensation from various parts of the lower body. Furthermore, recent advancement in medical technology has also given some critical diagnostic tools EMG (Electromyography), NCV (Nerve Conduction Velocity), PPG (Photoplethysmography), and SSEP (Somatosensory Evoked Potential). Conclusion: The review discusses various complications related to people with a lived experience of diabetic foot ulcers and some advanced tools to diagnose them. Furthermore, a conclusive discussion on a holistic view of diabetic foot diagnosis methods and available treatments has been summarized which could be more explored for better detection/management of the disease.

The devastation of Lumpy skin disease in third world countries: a mini – review on the current status of the disease focusing phytochemicals

Lumpy skin disease is a rising bovine viral illness that is widespread in most African and Middle Eastern nations, with a high probability of disease transmission throughout the Asia and Europe. The causative agent is capripoxivirus endangering hundreds of dairy cattle across the country in recent years. The LSD virus infects cattle and buffaloes and results in nodular skin sores all over their bodies. This results in chronic debility, decreased milk supply, poor development, infertility, abortion, and other issues in cattle and buffaloes infrequently leading to death of animals. The only infected animal species are cattle and water buffalo, both of which have high morbidity and low mortality rates. However, mortality rates are greater in calf populations. LSD causes sterility in males and abortions in female cattle. This mini review highlights existing information on epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and potential role of phytochemicals particularly turmeric and aloe vera in treating lumpy skin disease.

Fabrication of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)/gelatin electro spun nanofiber patch containing CaCO3/SiO2 nanocomposite and quercetin for accelerated diabetic wound healing

An open wound or sore on the bottom of the foot caused by diabetes is known as a diabetic foot ulcer. Preventive measures are essential, including consistent foot care and glycemic management. The dangers associated with diabetic foot ulcers can be reduced via early identification and timely treatment. The risk of foot ulcers and limb amputation increases with age and duration of diabetes. Quercetin contains anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, the calcium carbonate/silica (CaCO3/SiO2) nanocomposite has a good anti-inflammatory property due to the presence of calcium, which will aid in wound healing. As a result, combining quercetin (plant based anti-inflammatory drug) and CaCO3/SiO2 nanocomposite will boost the wound healing rate. We have synthesized CaCO3/SiO2 nanocomposite in sol-gel method and characterized using XRD, FTIR and TEM. Cell line tests and the MTT assay revealed that the PLGA/gelatin/CaCO3/SiO2/quercetin patch enhanced the proliferation of cells. Its anti-bacterial efficacy against four major bacterial strains often found in wound locations, as well as its water retention, make it an ideal material for diabetic wound healing. In-vivo trials confirms the enhanced diabetic wound healing potential of the patch.