Typical Wind Research Articles

Experimental and CFD performance analysis of 3D printed seashell type wind turbine

Experimental and CFD performance analysis of 3D printed seashell type wind turbine

Role of insulin in the management of diabetic foot

Despite insulin's well-documented benefits in wound healing over the last 70 years, challenges remain regarding the optimal method of administration. While systemic insulin therapy has significant side effects, topical insulin faces challenges with consistent delivery. This study aims to test the hypothesis that local insulin injections can provide sustained high concentrations in wounds, promoting healing with minimal systemic impact, combining the benefits of both systemic and topical insulin therapies.This study investigates the effect of local insulin injections on wound healing, focusing on enhancing the healing process in a non-healing diabetic foot ulcer. The objective is to determine whether insulin injections at the wound site can accelerate healing by promoting key processes like keratinocyte migration, differentiation, and angiogenesis.Conducted at a tertiary care center in South India, this study involved a 69-year-old male patient with a non-healing ulcer over the lateral aspect of the left foot due to Charcot's joint. The wound area was treated with a mixture of Insulin Isophane and Human Insulin (70/30) in a 4-unit to 10 ml saline ratio per 10 cm². The treatment was followed by a two-layer regenerative scaffold dressing and Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) to support recovery.The insulin application significantly enhanced wound healing by promoting keratinocyte migration, differentiation, and angiogenesis. These effects led to a noticeable reduction in the time required for wound closure and improved tissue regeneration.The use of local insulin injections effectively improves wound healing by targeting key processes such as inflammation, re-epithelialization, and angiogenesis. This study underscores the potential of insulin as a promising therapeutic agent for chronic wound management. Further research is recommended to validate these findings and explore its application across diverse wound types.

Electroactive Asymmetric Dressing for Spatiotemporal Deep Burn Scarless Healing and Management.

Burn care and treatment differ markedly from other types of wounds, as they are significantly more prone to infections and struggle to maintain fluid balance post-burn. Moreover, the limited self-healing abilities exacerbate the likelihood of scar formation, further complicating the recovery process. To tackle these issues, an asymmetric wound dressing comprising a quercetin-loaded poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P34HB@Qu) hydrophilic layer and a zinc oxide nanoparticle-loaded, thermally treated polyvinylidene fluoride (HPVDF@ZnO) hydrophobic layer is designed. This dressing provided antibacterial property and exudate management in the early stages of burn treatment, preventing infection and maintaining moisture balance at the wound site. As healing progresses, the electroactive properties of HPVDF@ZnO and quercetin from P34HB@Qu synergistically regulate cell migration and differentiation, accelerating wound healing and facilitating scar-free regeneration. Furthermore, the wound dressing assisted in the regeneration of skin appendages. This study underscores the full-cycle strategy of versatile wound dressings for spatiotemporal burn wound management from injury to scarless healing.

The applications and mechanisms of Rosmarinus officinalis L. in the management of different wounds and UV-irradiated skin.

Chronic wounds, especially non-healing wounds, significantly affect patients' quality of life and raise the costs of therapy. Wound healing is a complicated process involving interdependent stages, which may be impaired and delayed by infections with multi-drug resistant pathogens. Current medical strategies for wound healing, especially the treatment of non-healing wounds, exert limited therapeutic effects, thus become a dramatic challenge for modern medicine. There has been growing interest in exploring complementary approaches to enhance the wound healing process, and complementary therapy using herbs and their related products has gained increasing attention. Apart from skin wounds, dermal pathological changes caused by UV irradiation, may also benefit from such complementary therapy. The antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic and collagen-promoting properties of extract from Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) have all been considered to contribute to the beneficial effects on different stages and multiple aspects of skin recovery after various wounds or UV irradiation. This review aims to summarize the applications and their underlying mechanisms of rosemary as part of the complementary therapy for injured and UV-irradiated skin based on the currently available evidence. The medicinal properties of rosemary and its application in wound dressing are first discussed, followed by summarization of its application in different types of wounds. A conclusion is reached and future directions are discussed. As research in this area continue to evolve, rosemary-derived products may become an integral part of holistic wound care strategies, offering a complementary approach to conventional treatments.

Piezoelectric hydrogels for accelerating healing of diverse wound types.

The skin, as the body's largest organ, plays a crucial role in protecting against mechanical forces and infections, maintaining fluid balance, and regulating body temperature. Therefore, skin wounds can significantly threaten human health and cause a heavy economic burden on society. Recently, bioelectric fields and electrical stimulation (ES) have been recognized as a promising pathway for modulating tissue engineering and regeneration of wounded skin. However, conventional hydrogel dressing lacks electrical generation capabilities and usually requires external stimuli to initiate the cell regeneration process, and the role of ES in different stages of healing is not fully understood. Therefore, to endow hydrogel-based wound dressings with piezoelectric properties, which can accelerate wound healing and potentially suppress infection via introducing ES, piezoelectric hydrogels (PHs) have emerged recently, combining the advantages of both piezoelectric nanomaterials and hydrogels beneficial for wound healing. Given the scarcity of systematic literature on the application of PHs in wound healing, this paper systematically discusses the principles of the piezoelectric effects, the design and fabrication of PHs, their piezoelectric properties, the way PHs trigger ES and the mechanisms by which they promote wound healing. Additionally, it summarizes the recent applications of PHs in various types of wounds, including traumatic wounds, pressure injuries, diabetic wounds, and infected wounds. Finally, the paper proposes future directions and challenges for the development of PH wound dressings for wound healing.

Patient and wound factors associated with WOUND-Q scales measuring health-related quality of life: An international cross-sectional study.

The WOUND-Q is a patient-reported outcome measure for individuals with any type of chronic wound. This study aimed to identify patient and wound factors associated with the four WOUND-Q health-related quality of life (HRQL) scales: Life impact, Psychological, Sleep, and Social. Adults with a chronic wound were recruited internationally through clinical settings between August 2018 and May 2020, and through an online platform (i.e. Prolific) in September 2022. Multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted to identify factors significantly associated with the WOUND-Q scales. The assessments obtained were 1273, 1275, 706, and 1256 for the Life Impact, Psychological, Sleep, and Social scales, respectively. The mean age of participants was 55 (SD = 18) years; most (66%) had a single wound, and most (56%) wounds had lasted more than 6 months. The most common causes were trauma, surgery, and diabetic foot ulcer. Wound characteristics associated with worse scores on at least one of the scales were drainage, vacuum treatment, aetiologies (i.e. diabetic foot ulcer, trauma, other, multiple), duration (i.e. 10-11 months), having four or more wounds, smell, and sleep interference, while wound location different from the face or neck was associated with better scores (p < 0.05). Patient factors associated with worse scores included having diabetes or a comorbidity, whereas increasing age or male gender were associated with better scores (p < 0.05). Sleep disturbances had the largest negative influence on HRQL scores. This study identified factors affecting HRQL in individuals with chronic wounds. Understanding these associations can inform better management and treatment strategies to improve HRQL for these patients.

Trends in protein derived materials for wound care applications.

Natural resource based polymers, especially those derived from proteins, have attracted significant attention for their potential utilization in advanced wound care applications. Protein based wound care materials provide superior biocompatibility, biodegradability, and other functionalities compared to conventional dressings. The effectiveness of various fabrication techniques, such as electrospinning, phase separation, self-assembly, and ball milling, is examined in the context of developing protein-based materials for wound healing. These methods produce a wide range of forms, including hydrogels, scaffolds, sponges, films, and bioinspired nanomaterials, each designed for specific types of wounds and different stages of healing. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of recent research that investigates the transformation of proteins into materials for wound healing applications. Our focus is on essential proteins, such as keratin, collagen, gelatin, silk, zein, and albumin, and we emphasize their distinct traits and roles in wound care management. Protein-based wound care materials show promising potential in biomedical engineering, offering improved healing capabilities and reduced risks of infection. It is crucial to explore the potential use of these materials in clinical settings while also addressing the challenges that may arise from their commercialization in the future.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СУЛЬФАТИАЗОЛА СЕРЕБРА НА ЗАЖИВЛЕНИЕ КОЖНЫХ РАН, ОБРАЗУЮЩИХСЯ ПРИ ПРОРЕЗЫВАНИИ СПИЦАМИ АППАРАТОВ НАРУЖНОЙ ФИКСАЦИИ

The study of the healing mechanisms of skin wounds resulting from damage to the skin by transosseous needles of external fixation devices in the treatment of osteoarticular pathology with the aim of further targeted correction of these processes is one of the urgent tasks of modern traumatology and orthopedics. The effect of silver sulfathiazole, recommended for the prevention of infectious complications, on the healing of this type of wound has not been studied previously. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of silver sulfathiazole on the healing of skin wounds formed during the cutting of external fixation devices by pins. The experimental study was performed on 35 sexually mature male Wistar rats. Modeling of a skin wound formed during the cutting of external fixation devices by pins was carried out in sterile operating room conditions, under drug anesthesia of animals that underwent transosseous osteosynthesis of the femur using an original design of the external fixation device. By tractional movement of the proximal pin with a dosed stretching of the supports at a rate of 1 mm in 4 steps, tension and cutting of the skin were carried out for 10 days (the distraction period), then the device was in a static position for 15 days (the period of fixation of the limb in the device), after which the device was dismantled and observation was carried out for another 30 days. The animals were divided into 2 groups. In the control group, the simulated wound healed under natural healing conditions; in the experimental group, silver sulfathiazole applications were performed twice daily during the distraction period. Skin wounds were examined using light microscopy and morphometry after 10 days of distraction, 15 days of fixation, and 30 days after the apparatus was removed. The thickness of the epidermis, dermis, and the numerical density of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles were measured on digital images of histological preparations stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The volume density of elastic fibers was determined on preparations stained with orcein according to Tenzer-Unn. The obtained quantitative data were subjected to statistical analysis. The study showed that the formation of a skin wound with transosseous pins is accompanied by tissue tension. Healing of this type of wound occurs with a delay in epithelialization and an increase in the duration of the inflammatory phase. This affects the mechanisms of extracellular matrix synthesis and leads to the formation of scar tissue in the area of damage. The use of silver sulfathiazole applications promotes accelerated wound closure by epithelium, a reduction in the period of inflammation, normalization of elastin synthesis, and a decrease in cicatricial changes in the skin regenerate.

A Hybrid Intelligent Algorithm for Deterministic and Probabilistic Interval Predictions of a High-Speed Railway Wind Warning System

A wind warning system (WWS) is designed to ensure the operational safety of trains amid various wind environments. The system integrates the Internet, cloud computing, and virtual instrumentation technologies to automatically collect wind speed data and intelligently output alert information. To precisely predict the wind speed, a hybrid intelligent algorithm termed VMD–SSA–GRU comprising variational mode decomposition (VMD), sparrow search algorithm (SSA), and gated recurrent unit (GRU) is proposed and integrated into the WWS. Besides, the quantile regression (QR) is applied to wind speed uncertainty estimation, and the probability density functions of partial intervals are further evaluated by an improved kernel density estimation method. Two typical wind speed datasets (typhoon and normal wind conditions) measured by the WWS are used for validation of the applicability of the developed forecasted model. Through comparison to seven single and four combined models, the developed model presents the highest forecast accuracy in both definitive and uncertainty predictions even in typhoon wind conditions. The study demonstrates that the WWS integrated with the proposed hybrid intelligent algorithm can provide sensible warning for the safety of train operation.

Visualizing Wound Healing: Integrating Clinical Imaging with Nursing Practices for Enhanced Outcomes

Wound healing (WH) is an extraordinary biological process that encompasses the management of injuries, tissue repair, and the restoration of the integrity of the skin and surrounding tissues. This process plays a crucial role as a defensive barrier, preventing infections and injuries and maintaining homeostasis. A normal wound progresses through a series of stages, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling, within a specific timeframe. This type of wound is known as an acute wound. However, when the healing process is delayed or interrupted at any stage, the wound becomes chronic. Several factors can influence WH, such as physiological factors like age, gender, and oxygen levels; pathological conditions such as diabetes, cancer, and obesity; and lifestyle factors including poor hygiene, smoking, and alcohol consumption. If a chronic wound is not properly managed, it can lead to further complications, such as an increased risk of infection, higher morbidity, and even mortality. The role of healthcare, particularly the nurse, in wound care is to monitor the case, handle it, and reduce complications. Therefore, it is essential to optimize nursing practices and ensure adherence to guidelines, keeping up with their continuous updates. Visualizing WH is a crucial aspect of wound care, enabling effective monitoring and evaluation of the healing process. This review explores the theoretical perspectives and practical applications of clinical imaging in wound assessment. Techniques such as 3D scanning, ultrasound imaging, and visual documentation are highlighted for their role in tracking wound characteristics, diagnosing complications, and guiding treatment plans. Emphasis is placed on integrating advanced technologies with nursing practices to enhance patient outcomes. By combining theoretical frameworks with innovative imaging methods, this study underscores the importance of visual tools in improving the understanding and management of WH.

PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF WINDING TYPES AND ROTOR STRUCTURE IN SYNCHRONOUS RELUCTANCE MOTOR

Synchronous Reluctance Motors (SynRMs) have attracted a lot of attention in recent years due to their simple construction, high efficiency and the fact that they do not require rare earth magnets. SynRMs produce torque by directing the magnetic flux through barriers in the rotor, making them a low-cost alternative. The performance of the motor can vary significantly depending on the design of the stator windings and rotor barriers. Different combinations of stator winding types and the number of rotor barriers directly affect the critical performance parameters of the motor such as torque, efficiency, torque ripple, output power, saliency ratio and copper consumption. In this study, SynRMs using six different stator winding types and two different rotor barrier structures (3 and 4 barriers) are analyzed. Output power, efficiency, torque, torque ripple, saliency ratio, d-q axis inductances depending on current phase angle, total losses and copper consumption are investigated. The effect of full pitch and shortened pitch configurations in winding structures on the performance is discussed comparatively. The effect of 3 and 4 barrier rotors on these parameters is also evaluated. These analyses aim to reveal the ways in which winding and rotor configurations in motor design can be used to optimize performance. SynRMs can provide energy efficiency and cost benefits in a variety of industrial applications, therefore selecting the proper configuration is of great importance from both an economic and performance perspective.

Physiotherapy Intervention in the Treatment of Venous Ulcers: Results from a Delphi Panel

Background/Objectives: Venous ulcers are the most common type of ulcerated wounds in the lower limbs and result from chronic venous insufficiency. The treatment of venous ulcers is multidisciplinary, with physiotherapy intervention serving as an adjuvant therapy in managing these wounds. This study investigated physiotherapeutic interventions for the management of venous ulcers. Methods: This was an exploratory and descriptive study using the Delphi method. The panel comprised 12 experts in wound care, including 25.0% physicians, 41.7% nurses, and 33.3% physiotherapists. Two rounds of analysis were conducted. A quantitative analysis was performed to assess the level of agreement in responses, while qualitative analysis was applied to the experts’ comments. Results: In the first round, consensus varied between 80% and 100%, and in the second round, it ranged from 83.3% to 100%. In the second round, all interventions obtained at least 80% consensus. The interventions included the use of compression therapy and therapeutic exercise: resistance training (2–3 sets of 10–25 repetitions, 3 times/day, for at least 12 weeks), aerobic exercise (at least 30 min, 3 times/week, for 12 weeks), stretching, balance training, and the use of a vibrating platform. Conclusions: Physiotherapy may be beneficial as an adjuvant therapy alongside specific local treatments for venous ulcers. Therapeutic exercise and compression therapy are commonly utilized interventions that could support overall treatment outcomes.

On Alfvénic turbulence of solar wind streams observed by Solar Orbiter during March 2022 perihelion and their source regions

It has been recently accepted that the standard classification of the solar wind solely according to flow speed is outdated, and particular interest has been devoted to the study of the origin and evolution of so-called Alfvénic slow solar wind streams and to what extent such streams resemble or differ from fast wind. In March 2022, Solar Orbiter completed its first nominal phase perihelion passage. During this interval, it observed several Alfv\'enic streams, allowing for characterization of fluctuations in three slow wind intervals (AS1-AS3) and comparison with a fast wind stream (F) at almost the same heliocentric distance. This work makes use of Solar Orbiter plasma parameters from the Solar Wind Analyzer (SWA) and magnetic field measurements from the magnetometer (MAG). The magnetic connectivity to the solar sources of selected solar wind intervals was reconstructed using a ballistic extrapolation based on measured solar wind speed down to the (spherical) source surface at 2.5 R$_s$ below which a potential field extrapolation was used to map back to the Sun. The source regions were identified using SDO/AIA observations. A spectral analysis of in situ measured magnetic field and velocity fluctuations was performed to characterize correlations, Alfv\'enicity, normalized cross-helicity, and residual energy in the frequency domain as well as intermittency of the fluctuations and spectral energy transfer rate estimated via mixed third-order moments. A machine learning technique was used to separate proton core, proton beam, and alpha particles and to study v--b correlations for the different ion populations in order to evaluate the role played by each population in determining the Alfvénic content of solar wind fluctuations. The comparison between fast wind and Alfvénic slow wind intervals highlights the differences between the two solar wind regimes: The fast wind is characterized by larger amplitude fluctuations, and magnetic and velocity fluctuations are closer to equipartition of energy. In fact the Alfv\'enic slow wind streams appear to be on a spectrum of wind types, with AS1, originating from open field lines neighboring active regions and displaying similarities with the fast wind in terms of fluctuation amplitude and turbulence characteristics, but not with respect to the alpha particles and proton beams. The other two slow streams differed both in their sources as well as plasma characteristics, with AS2 coming from the expansion of a narrow coronal hole corridor and AS3 from a region straddling a pseudostreamer. The latter displayed the coldest and highest density but the slowest stream with the smallest fluctuation amplitude and greatest magnetic energy excess. It also showed the largest scatter in proton beam speeds and the greatest difference in speed between proton beam and alpha particles. This study shows how the old fast--slow solar wind dichotomy, already called into question by the observations of slower Alfv\'enic solar wind streams, should further be refined, as the Alfv\'enic slow wind, originating in different solar wind regions, show significant differences in density, temperature, and proton and alpha-particle properties in the inner heliosphere. The observations presented here provide the starting point for a better understanding of the origin and evolution of different solar wind streams as well as the evolving turbulence contained within.

Production of Polymeric Nanofiber Membranes Containing Plant Extract and Investigation of Their Potential for Use on Wound Healing

In cases of injury to the skin tissue, such as severe burns, these layers can be extensively damaged. A variety of dressings have been developed to address different types of wounds, with functional polymeric dressings being among the most popular. These advanced dressings are designed to accelerate the wound-healing process. The incorporation of plant-derived extracts and biological molecules into wound dressing materials is a common practice. This study aimed to develop an electrospun nanofiber wound dressing by incorporating active ingredients extracted from the plant Echium italicum (Italian viper's bugloss), known for its efficacy in burn wound healing, into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). The nanofiber membrane wound dressings produced by electrospinning were subjected to various analyses. Morphological and structural characterization revealed that the membranes exhibited significant morphological decomposition and weight loss after 90 days of in vitro degradation under physiological conditions. In vitro cytotoxicity testing, conducted using the MEM extraction method, demonstrated that the membranes were not cytotoxic. Based on the comprehensive analysis, it was concluded that the developed nanofiber membranes hold promise as potential wound dressings for the treatment of severe burn wounds.

Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 as a Predictor of Healing in Diabetic Foot Ulcers.

Background Wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) is hindered by several physiological and biochemical abnormalities, including prolonged inflammation, an imbalance in extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and degradation, insufficient neovascularization, and reduced macrophage activity. In DFUs, excessive and uncontrolled matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade the ECM and impede wound healing. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) concentration plays a key role in inflammation and ECM degradation. This study explores the relationship between wound type in DFUs and MMP-9 levels, hypothesizing that a high MMP-9 environment may indicate inflammation and impaired wound healing. Materials and methods Forty individuals with type 2 diabetes and foot ulcers were recruited for the study. The participants were divided into two groups: nonhealing and healing, with 20 patients in each group. Biopsy samples were homogenized, and MMP-9 activity was measured using an ELISA. Results The MMP-9 concentration was significantly higher in nonhealing ulcers compared to healing ulcers. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that MMP-9 measurement was the most accurate predictor of wound healing, with an area under the curve value of 0.945 and high sensitivity and specificity. Although there was a weak correlation between MMP-9 concentration and glycosylated hemoglobin, it was not statistically significant. Conclusions MMP-9 expression serves as a marker of poor wound healing. MMP-9 levels in the wound at the time of presentation may predict the healing trajectory and help tailor a specific treatment plan for each DFU patient.

Structural health monitoring of offshore wind turbines using distributed acoustic sensing (DAS)

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a first of its kind application and validation of fiber optic strain sensing for structural health monitoring of offshore wind turbines. A full-scale wind turbine was tested at the University of California, Berkeley’s shaking table. The test employed two Rayleigh-based Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing (DFOS) technologies to monitor dynamic strain profiles in a wind turbine that was subjected to strains representative of a typical offshore wind turbine environment. The two technologies used were Optical Frequency-Domain Reflectometry (OFDR), which can measure strain (tens of meters), and Phase-sensitive Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry ($$\phi$$ ϕ -OTDR), a technology used in DAS, which can measure strain over large distances (several kilometers). Target dynamic strain profiles were determined prior to testing using a prototype floating offshore wind turbine simulated in the computational software, OpenFAST. Fiber optic cables were installed onto a wind turbine tower in different orientations to capture global tower deformations and local strain. First, a quasi-static bend test of the entire tower was conducted to calibrate the sensing techniques. Second, the tower was mounted on a six degree of freedom shake table and was subjected to multi-directional (translational and rotational) shaking to induce dynamic strain profiles similar to offshore conditions. Different configurations of loose bolts at the turbine flange connections were also tested to evaluate the proposed sensing approach. The results show good agreement between $$\phi$$ ϕ -OTDR and OFDR measurements and show that the technologies captured both local and global structural phenomena; the effect of loose bolts on strain response was readily identified. In addition, numerous lessons on effective sensing installation techniques were identified. $$\phi$$ ϕ -OTDR’s ability to accurately capture dynamic strain over large distances makes it a promising candidate for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of large civil systems, though mitigating vibration noise is essential to measure small strains accurately.

Development and application of an intelligent pressure injury assessment system using AI image recognition

Background Pressure injuries are a significant concern in clinical settings, requiring accurate assessment to prevent complications. Traditional assessment methods are often subjective and time-consuming. Objective This study aimed to develop and evaluate an AI-based intelligent system for assessing pressure injuries, focusing on improving accuracy and efficiency compared to traditional methods. Methods The study involved 108 ICU patients, divided into control and experimental groups. The control group used traditional assessment methods, while the experimental group used an AI-based system with deep learning algorithms which is built upon a convolutional neural network (CNN). The accuracy, efficiency, and integration of the AI system with electronic medical records were analyzed. Results The AI system achieved an accuracy of 90%, outperforming traditional methods which had an accuracy of 81.2%. The system also significantly reduced the assessment time, improving the overall efficiency of pressure injury evaluation. Conclusion The AI-based system demonstrated superior accuracy and efficiency in pressure injury assessment, offering a valuable tool for clinical use. Further research is needed to expand the system's application to other types of wounds.

Review and evaluation of commercially available wound dressings

Abstract The wound dressing market is now filled with various products designed to treat different types of wounds. Choosing the proper dressing alone is crucial to the wound healing process. However, with so many options available, identifying and selecting the most appropriate dressing can be challenging for healthcare professionals - doctors, nurses, pharmacists and medical staff - as well as non-professional users and pharmacy customers. This study aims to provide an overview of the properties and characteristics of the most commonly used dressings available on the market. Specifically, dressings were tested for their vapour transmission rate, free swelling absorption capacity and mechanical properties.

Review on Hydrogel Based Systems and their use in Drug Delivery for Wound Healing &amp; Wound Management

Abstract: The largest organ of the human body, the skin, shields the body from the outside environment. Despite having a great capacity for regeneration, major skin abnormalities cannot heal on their own and must be covered with artificial skin. In recent years, significant advancements have been achieved in the area of skin tissue engineering to create novel skin replacements. Because of their porous as well as moisturized polymeric structural composition, hydrogels are one of the choices with the greatest ability to imitate the natural skin microenvironment. Naturally derived polymers, synthesized polymers, polymerizable synthetic monomolecules, as well as mixtures of natural and synthesized polymers, can all be used to create hydrogels. They can be used to assist in the regeneration as well as repair of the wounded dermis, epidermis or else both by dressing various wounds permanently or temporarily. Hydrogels possess distinct properties like lightweight, stretchable, biocompatible, and biodegradable; they have the potential to be incorporated as flexible solutions for the care of chronic wounds. Additionally, these characteristics make hydrogels appropriate for use in the pharmaceutical and medical industries. Physical, chemical, and hybrid bonding are all involved in the creation of hydrogels. Several processes, including solution casting, solution mixing, bulk crosslinking polymerization, the free radical mechanism, radiation therapy, and the development of interpenetrating networks, are used to create the bonding. This review primarily focuses on the type of wounds with phases in wound healing and the many kinds of hydrogels based on cross-linking, ionic charge, physical properties, source etc., and it also describes potential fabrication techniques for hydrogel design in biomedical applications, drug delivery as well as wound management hydrogel systems. Hydrogel-based systems for wound recovery and management are described, as well as current research &amp; future prospective of hydrogel-based drug delivery systems in wound healing for topical applications.

Fish skin dressing for wound regeneration: A bioactive component review of omega-3 PUFAs, collagen and ECM.

Wound healing is a complex biological process that involves several stages, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Traditional wound dressings, to a certain extent, can provide wound protection but are limited in promoting wound healing, reducing scar formation, and preventing bacterial infections. In recent years, with the advancement of research in biomedical materials, fish skin dressings have become a research hotspot in the field of tissue regeneration due to their remarkable biocompatibility and precious bioactive components. However, current research on fish skin dressings remains focused on clinical treatment. To further deepen and promote the development of fish skin dressings, we put emphasis on discussing main bioactive components in fish skin. This article has reviewed the advantages of fish skin dressings in wound regeneration, especially the promotive effects of its main bioactive components-Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, collagen derived from fish skin, and the extracellular matrix of fish skin-on the wound healing process. Besides, by critically summarizing the research issues of each bioactive component, this review assists researchers in better defining the next direction of research, thereby designing the optimal dressing for different types of wounds.