Wound Healing Process In Rats Research Articles

Expression and significance of pin1 in the wound healing.

The aim of this study is to delineate the expression patterns of prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting protein 1 (Pin1), Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and Angiotensin II (ANG II) during the process of wound repair, and to ascertain the effects of Pin1, GDNF, and ANG II on the healing of wounds in a rat model. A total of 18 rats were allocated into three groups-sham (control), DMSO (vehicle control), and Pin1 inhibitor (treatment with juglone)-with six animals in each group. An animal model of wound healing was established, followed by the intraperitoneal administration of juglone. Tissue samples from the wounds were subsequently collected for histopathological evaluation. Expression levels of Pin1, GDNF, and Ang II were quantified. In addition, an in vitro model of wound healing was created using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), to assess cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation under conditions of juglone pre-treatment. The expression levels of Pin1, GDNF, and ANG II were notably elevated on 7-, and 10- days post-wound compared to those measured on 3-day. Contrastingly, pre-treatment with juglone significantly inhibited the expression of these molecules. Histological analyses, including HE (Hematoxylin and Eosin), Masson's trichrome, and EVG (Elastic van Gieson) staining, demonstrated that vascular angiogenesis, as well as collagen and elastin deposition, were substantially reduced in the juglone pre-treated group when compared to the normal group. Further, immunohistochemical analysis revealed a considerable decrease in CD31 expression in the juglone pre-treatment group relative to the normal control group. Pin1 serves as a pivotal facilitator of wound repair. The findings indicate that the modulation of Pin1, GDNF, and ANG II expression impacts the wound healing process in rats, suggesting potential targets for therapeutic intervention in human wound repair.

Determination of the Effects of Ankaferd Wound Dressing on the Wound Healing Process in Rats.

The effects of a composite nanofiber wound dressing material consisting of a polyvinylidene alcohol and polyvinylidene pyrrolidone polymer mixture with a hemostatic agent doped with Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS) on the healing of experimentally induced dermal wounds in rats were examined. Rats were divided into 4 groups (n= 6). Histological material was examined on tissues taken from the wound site, whereas total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) analyses were performed on blood samples taken from the cardia. The material that was produced had hydrophilic properties, and both the ABS-doped and-undoped forms of the material positively affected wound healing. In the histopathological examinations, macroscopic evaluations revealed a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of wound diameter, reepithelialization, and inflammation formation (p= 0.019). In parallel with wound healing and histological outcomes, TAS values increased in the ABS-doped groups, and TOS and OSI values decreased in the wound dressing groups (p < 0.05). It was concluded that the ABS-dopped dressing did not have a negative effect on wound healing, it accelerated healing, and it could be used effectively and safely to treat skin injuries. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical and histopathological benefits and potential adverse effects of wound dressings produced using ABS-doped polymers on wound healing.

Efficacy of Talh Honey, Whey Protein, and Collagen Based Novel Formulation Against Wound-Associated Skin Microbiota

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a novel wound-healing formulation composed of honey, whey protein, and collagenagainst the skin microbiota associated with delayed wound healing. Methods: A rat excisional model was employed to assess the wound-healing formulation. Pathogen contraction rates were measured onvarious days following the onset of wounds to investigate the formulation’s impact on microbial infection. The formulation, known for itsantimicrobial properties and rich in growth factors, was applied to promote cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue repair. Results: The tested wound-healing formulation demonstrated significant effectiveness in promoting the wound-healing process in rats.The pathogen contraction rates exhibited positive outcomes, indicating the formulation’s potential in addressing microbial infectionsassociated with delayed wound healing. Conclusion: This study underscores the promising therapeutic potential of the wound-healing formulation comprising honey, wheyprotein, and collagen. The observed positive effects on microbial infection and wound recovery suggest that this formulation could serveas a valuable intervention in managing delayed wound healing, particularly in conditions such as diabetes, immunosuppressive treatments, and obesity.

Evaluation of the Effect of Acute and Chronic Restraint Stress on Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Nitric Oxide Levels in Wound Healing Process in Rat

Evaluation of the Effect of Acute and Chronic Restraint Stress on Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Nitric Oxide Levels in Wound Healing Process in Rat

The combined effect of the human umbilical cord blood with chitosan scaffold on the full-thickness wound healing process in rats

This studyaimed to investigate the role of a low dose of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (HUCB-MSCs) with chitosan scaffold (ChSc) on the progress of the cutaneous wound healing process in male Albino rats. A full-thickness cutaneous wound with a circular shape with a diameter of about 2 cm was induced on the dorsum of thirty-six Albino male rats, divided into four groups: the first group, the wounds were left without treatment as a control group. In the second group, the wounds were covered by freeze-dried ChSc. While in the third group, the wounds were treated through injection of the HUCB-MSCs intradermally, and in the fourth group, the ChSc seeded with HUCB-MSCs were used together to treat the wounds. The progress of wound healing was monitored by histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical assays for all experimental groups at 3, 8, and 21 postoperative days. Both ChSc and the low dose of HUCB-MSCs alone performed moderate healing progress.The (HUCB-MSCs) ChSc group exhibited an increased healing rate more than the other groups and reported an appropriate collagen deposition without scarring signs, effective mast cell regulation, and well vascularization. In conclusion, the fourth group (the HUCB-MSCs with ChSc) improved the healing process, revealing the highest healing rate and performance without complications.

Low-power laser in increasing doses improve wound healing process in rats.

Low-power laser has been studied and applied as an auxiliary tool in wound healing. However, as it is a therapy with several variables to be controlled, there is great difficulty in establishing protocols and comparing its efficacy. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the use of low-power laser in fixed and crescent doses in the healing of skin wounds in rats. Seventy-five male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: G1 with animals that did not receive laser radiation; G2 with animals treated with fixed dose of 3 J/cm2 laser; G3 with animals treated with laser in increasing doses of 1 J/cm2, 3 J/cm2, 5 J/cm2. Macroscopic and histological analysis were performed. The lowest intensity of PMN was observed in the irradiated groups and G3 had lower intensity of this infiltrate compared to G1 and G2 (p <0.05). On the seventh day of injury, PMN infiltrate decreased in all groups, especially in G3 (p<0.05). It was observed that G2 had more blood vessels than G1 and G3 after 7 days of wound creation (p ˂ 0.05). Collagen quantification showed that laser-treated groups have increased collagen deposition. Different responses in the wound healing process were observed comparing G2 and G3 groups. The fluence of 1J/cm2 presented better results in the anti-inflammatory action than 3 J/cm2, although G3 presented the greatest amount of total collagen after ten days of treatment.

Accelerating Effect of Cucurbita pepo L. Fruit Extract on Excisional Wound Healing in Depressed Rats Is Mediated through Its Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects.

Background: Chronic stress can hinder wound healing as it suppresses both the cellular and innate immune responses. Objectives: The study aims to assess the effectiveness of the administration of topical and oral Cucurbita pepo L. (CP) ethanolic extract in prompting excisional wound healing in rats exposed to chronic stress, and to explain how it works. Materials and methods: Fifty albino rats assigned to five groups (n = 10) were utilized in this study. The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model was used for 4 weeks to induce depressive-like behavior in rats, and a forced swim test and corticosterone were assessed to confirm its occurrence. During the experiment, an excisional wound was induced in the rats and followed. Oxidant/antioxidants status and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels were measured in the serum and wound area. Gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was also assessed using RT-PCR. Wound closure histopathological changes and immunohistochemical expression of CD68, CD3, and CD4 at the wound area was assessed. Results: The administration of CP, both orally and topically, significantly reduced (p < 0.001) the depressive-like behavior and corticosterone and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, while it significantly up-regulated the antioxidant activity compared to the untreated and topically CP-treated groups. Both topically CP-treated and combined CP-treated groups showed complete re-epithelialization, reduced inflammatory cells infiltration, collagen fibers deposition, and significantly increased CD3, CD4 positive T cells count, with a superior effect in the combined CP-treated groups. Conclusion: Cucurbita pepo L., administrated both topically and orally, can enhance the wound healing process in rats with depressive-like behavior mostly through the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant activities observed in this study.

Topical application of oxygen nano-bubble water enhances the healing process of ischaemic skin wound healing in an animal model.

We investigated the usefulness of oxygen nano-bubble water as an oxygen-rich liquid for wound healing, by analysing its effect on the wound-healing process in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats (n=36) were divided into two groups: the wound-healing model group without ischaemia (n=18) and the ischaemic group (n=18). In each rat, an 8 mm diameter full-thickness skin defect wound was created on the back; in rats in the ischaemic group, a bi-pedicle flap (width, 3.6 cm; length, 8.6 cm) was also created. The wounds of six rats from each group were then treated with AQUACELL soaked with oxygen nano-bubble water, and compared with those of control rats, which were treated with purified water (same as that used to make the oxygen nano-bubble water; n=6) or physiological saline solution (n=6). There was no significant difference in epithelialisation rate and number of days of epithelialisation among the subgroups in the wound-healing model group. In the ischaemic group, there was a significant improvement in the wound-healing rate and time of the oxygen nano-bubble water subgroup. Oxygen nano-bubble water therapy enhances the ischaemic wound-healing process.

Comparison effects of platelet-rich plasma on healing of infected and non-infected excision wounds by the modulation of the expression of inflammatory mediators: experimental research.

Microbial invasion in soft tissue is believed to cause infectious wounds and increase healthcare costs, anxiety, and distress. The current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of topical use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on infected wound-healing process in rats. Following the induction of a circular wound, the animals were divided into three groups, including (1) standard control: infected wounds treated with mupirocin (SDCL), (2) non-infected wounds treated with PRP (PRP), and (3) infected group in which the rats were infected with Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and treated with PRP (INF + PRP). To evaluate the effects of PRP on the wound-healing rate, total bacterial count, histopathological assessment, the serum concentrations of sialic acid, C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, and fibrinogen were assessed. Additionally, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-3, NF-κB, iNOS, PDGF, and EGF mRNA level expressions were assessed employing the qRT-PCR method. The results indicated that topical application of PRP could significantly decrease total bacterial count, the level of C-reactive protein, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) compared to the SDCL group. The administration of PRP also promoted re-epithelization rate by increasing the expression of EGF mRNA level. We could recommend the use of PRP for the treatment of infected wounds owing to its efficiency in decreasing colonization of tissue bacteria, tissue inflammation, and stimulating wound heal-up.

Effectiveness of Nano Bioactive Glass Fiber Loaded with Platelet-Rich Plasma on Thermal Wound Healing Process in Rats.

In this study we evaluated the impact of topical application of bioactive glass fibers loaded PRP on a deep seconddegree thermal wound and its healing process sub-streaming molecular pathway of re-epithelialization. Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control group, model group (deep second-degree thermal wound), PRP group, and PRP+nanobioactive glass fiber group. After treatment, the changes of wounds were observed daily. H&E staining was used to evaluate the pathological changes and also, qRT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of KGF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β, EGF, VEGF, HIF-1α, integrin α3 and integrin β1 in wound tissues. In the current study, we observed that PRP group and the PRP group basically re-epithelized on the 21st day. The wound healing rates of the PRP+nanobioactive glass fiber group and PRP group at each time point were higher than those in the model group, while there was no significant difference in wound healing rate between the PRP+nanobioactive glass fiber group and PRP group at each time point. H&E staining showed that the pathological scores of skin wound repairing in the PRP+nanobioactive glass fiber group on the 7th, 14th and 21st day were higher than that of in the model group. The qPCR results suggested the mRNA expression of IL-1, IL-6 and IL-10 in the PRP+nanobioactive glass fiber group and the PRP group were lower than those in the untreated group on the 14th day; the expression of VEGF and EGF mRNA were higher on the 3rd day; the mRNA expression of TGF-β, HIF-1α showed a tendency of increasing first and decreasing then; integrin β1 mRNA expression increased significantly, which was highest; integrin α3 mRNA expression was higher on day 3rd and 21th, respectively. The PRP+nanobioactive glass fibers and PRP can shorten the wound healing time and improve the healing quality mainly by promoting the wound epithelization through increasing the expression of EGF, VEGF, TGF-β, HIF-1α, Integrin α3, and meanwhile increasing the release of Integrin β1 and other mechanisms.

The Effect of Golden Sea Cucumber (StichopusHermanii) Extract on the Healing Process of the White Rat (Rattus Norvegicus) Indicated by Oral Ulcer– A Literature Review

Background Indonesia is a maritime country that is rich in marine resources. There are many marine resources that can be used as herbal medicine. One of them is the golden sea cucumber which is thought to be used as an alternative medicine to speed up the healing process of oral ulcers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopushermanii) on the wound healing process in rats with oral ulcers.Method This research is a descriptive study with a literature review design. The articles used are articles published in international and national journals in the 2015-2020 period and are indexed by Scopus, Thomson Reuters, Web Science, Scimago and Sinta.Result The results of the scoping article show that there are active compounds in golden sea cucumbers, namely glycosaminoglycans that consist of hyaluronic acid, heparin / heparan sulfate (HP / HS), chondroitin sulfate / dermatan sulfate (CS / DS) and keratin sulfate (KS) which can form proinflammatory cytokines to trigger the emergence of immune defense cells and can bind to growth factors such as FGF2, VEGF, TGF-b, which will provide stimulation to accelerate the angiogenesis process, fibroblast ploriferation, endothelial differentiation, epithelial differentiation so as to accelerate the wound healing process.ConclutionThe conclusion of this study is the golden sea cucumber has the potency to accelerate the wound healing process by increasing fibroblast formation, collagen synthesis, endothelial differentiation and epithelial differentiation.

The Evaluation of 3-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-Phenyl–Propenone as a Targeted Drug for Wound Healingin Sprague dawleyRats

This study designed to evaluate the effects of 3-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-phenyl–propenone (HPPP) as atargeted drug on enhancement the process of wound healing in Sprague dawley (SD) rats. A skin excisionwound was dissected from posterior neck area of each rat. Group 1 received no treatment, while group2 received Intrasite gel treatment. Wounds of groups 3 and 4 were dressed with HPPP 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. After 10 days, histological evaluation, immunohistochemistry and biochemical analysiswere investigated.Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD)enzymes and malondialdehyde (MDA)levels were determined in wound homogenates.Groups 3 and 4 showed remarkably a higher rate of woundhealing process when compared with the others. The microscopic results indicated increases in fibroblasts,collagen fibers and angiogenesis. Moreover, chalcone groups showed respectively an increase and reductionin antioxidant activity, and lipid peroxidation level. There were no signs of toxicity or mortality in the acutetoxicity experiment up to 1000 mg/kg.Our data provided an evidence for the first time that HPPP couldhasten significantly the wound healing process in rats.

Insulin, but Not Metformin, Supports Wound Healing Process in Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes.

PurposeOptimal glycemic control is crucial for proper wound healing in patients with diabetes. However, it is not clear whether other antidiabetic drugs support wound healing in mechanisms different from the normalization of blood glucose control. We assessed the effect of insulin and metformin administration on the wound healing process in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.MethodsThe study was conducted on 200 male Wistar rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. In the last phase of the study, 45 rats, with the most stable glucose levels in the range of 350–500 mg/dL, were divided into three groups: group I received human non-protamine insulin subcutaneously (5 IU/kg body mass) once a day, group II received metformin intragastrically (500 mg/kg b.m.), and group III (control) was given saline subcutaneously. After 14 days of antidiabetic treatment, a 2 cm × 2 cm thin layer of skin was cut from each rat’s dorsum and a 4 cm disk with a hole in its center was sewn in to stabilize the skin and standardize the healing process. The wound healing process was followed up for 9 days, with assessment every 3 days. Biopsy samples were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical assays.ResultsAnalysis of variance revealed significant influence of treatment type (insulin, control, or metformin) on the relative change in wound surface area. The wound healing process in rats treated with insulin was more effective than in the metformin and control groups. Wound tissue samples taken from the insulin-treated animals presented significantly lower levels of inflammatory infiltration. Immunohistochemical assessment showed the greatest density of centers of proliferation Ki-67 in insulin-treated animals.ConclusionThese results suggest that an insulin-based treatment is more beneficial than metformin, in terms of accelerating the wound healing process in an animal model of streptozocin-induced diabetes.

Effect of White Tea (Camellia sinensis) Extract on Skin Wound Healing Process in Rats.

BACKGROUNDWhite tea (Camellia sinensis) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and a protective effect against wrinkles, sunburn and UV damages on the skin. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of white tea extract on the healing process of skin wounds in rats.METHODSThis study was done in the Research Center of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran in 2019. Excisional skin wounds were created on five groups of healthy male Wistar rats (200-250 g, n=21) including control group, Eucerin-treated group, white tea 5% ointment (Eucerin) treated group, gel-treated group, white tea 5% gel treated group. Treatment was begun on day 1 and repeated every day at the same time until day 15. Pathologic samples were taken on days 4, 7 and 15 for histopathological examinations. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze data by SPSS. Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05. RESULTSWound closure rate of control group was more than other groups on day 4 (P<0.05). On day 7, reepithelisation and granulation tissue of control group were more than white tea 5% ointment-treated and its inflammation was less than others (P<0.05). Neo-vascularization of white tea 5% ointment-treated group was more than control group on days 4 and 15 (P<0.05). On day 4, intact mast cells of control group were more than white tea treated groups (P<0.05). Degranulated mast cells of white tea 5% gel treated group was significantly (P<0.05) more than control group on days 4 and 15.CONCLUSIONFive percent white tea extract could not help the skin wound healing process.

Collagen extract obtained from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) skin accelerates wound healing in rat model via up regulating VEGF, bFGF, and \u03b1-SMA genes expression

BackgroundCollagen is the most abundant structural protein in the mammalian connective tissue and represents approximately 30% of animal protein. The current study evaluated the potential capacity of collagen extract derived from Nile tilapia skin in improving the cutaneous wound healing in rats and investigated the underlying possible mechanisms. A rat model was used, and the experimental design included a control group (CG) and the tilapia collagen treated group (TCG). Full-thickness wounds were conducted on the back of all the rats under general anesthesia, then the tilapia collagen extract was applied topically on the wound area of TCG. Wound areas of the two experimental groups were measured on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 post-wounding. The stages of the wound granulation tissues were detected by histopathologic examination and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor (TGF-ß1) were investigated using immunohistochemistry. Moreover, relative gene expression analysis of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were quantified by real-time qPCR.ResultsThe histopathological assessment showed noticeable signs of skin healing in TCG compared to CG. Immunohistochemistry results revealed remarkable enhancement in the expression levels of VEGF and TGF-β1 in TCG. Furthermore, TCG exhibited marked upregulation in the VEGF, bFGF, and α-SMA genes expression. These findings suggested that the topical application of Nile tilapia collagen extract can promote the cutaneous wound healing process in rats, which could be attributed to its stimulating effect on recruiting and activating macrophages to produce chemotactic growth factors, fibroblast proliferation, and angiogenesis.ConclusionsThe collagen extract could, therefore, be a potential biomaterial for cutaneous wound healing therapeutics.

Freeze-gelled alginate/gelatin scaffolds for wound healing applications: An in vitro, in vivo study.

In this study, fabrication of a three-dimensional porous scaffold was performed using freeze gelation method. Recently, fabrication of scaffolds using polymer blends has become common for many tissue engineering applications due to their unique tunable properties. In this work, we fabricated alginate-gelatin porous hydrogels for wound healing application using a new method based on some modifications to the freeze-gelation method. Alginate and gelatin were mixed in three different ratios and the resulting solutions underwent freeze gelation to obtain 3D porous matrices. We analyzed the samples using different characterization tests. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicated that the freeze gelation method was successful in obtaining porous morphologies for all the fabricated alginate-gelatin samples as previously was seen in single-polymer fabrication using this method. The alginate to gelatin ratio affected swelling, biodegradation, cell culture and mechanical properties of the matrices. The scaffold with the lowest content of gelatin had the highest swelling ratio while biodegradation and cell proliferation and viability were increased with the gelatin content. Regarding the mechanical properties, as the gelatin content increased, the scaffold became more ductile and showed higher tensile strength. The in-vivo results also showed the biocompatibility of the blend scaffold and its positive role in wound healing process in rats. The low-cost procedure used in this study to fabricate the porous alginate-gelatin scaffolds can be adapted and modified to suit different tissue engineering applications.

Effects of phenytoin injection on vocal cord healing after mechanical trauma: An experimental study

Background/aimPhenytoin is an anticonvulsant drug which causes fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, and an increase in epidermal growth factor. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of phenytoin injection on the wound healing process in rats with vocal cord injury by histopathological methods.Materials and methodsThe vocal cords of 10 albino Wistar rats were damaged bilaterally; the left vocal cord was kept as the control group. Phenytoin was injected in the right vocal cord. Ten rats were sacrificed. The thickness of the lamina propria and density of the fibroblast and collagen were evaluated histopathologically.ResultsThickness of the lamina propria was 18.0 ± 7.1 µm in the control group, 65.5 ± 10.7 µm in the phenytoin group. The density of fibroblast and collagen were statistically lower in the control group compared the phenytoin group (P < 0.05).ConclusionPhenytoin injection in rats after vocal cord injury significantly increased the thickness of the lamina propria and density of fibroblast and regular and mature collagen in the lamina propria. The findings in our study provide a feasible scientific view for adding phenytoin treatment to vocal cord surgeries in otolaryngology practice, but further studies are needed in order to evaluate the use of phenytoin in preventing the formation of scar tissue and possible effects on vocal cord vibration in humans after vocal cord injury.

Accelerated wound healing process in rat by probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri derived ointment

Background Antioxidant agents have positive effects on wound healing process and on the other hand probiotics also have great antioxidation or oxidation-resistance properties. Methods In this study, we investigated the effects of Lactobacillus reuteri derived ointment as a probiotic bacterium on the wound healing process using a full-thickness rat skin model. The wound diameter and contraction percent measurement, histopathological examination, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activity evaluation were carried out during the period of study. Results Amount of deposit collagen was significantly increased; epithelization speed and epidermis production were also observed in the ointment-treated group, while the inflammation rate was also significantly lower than the control group. In addition, a significant reduction in the activity of enzyme MPO was also detected in the ointment-treated group. Conclusions According to the results, probiotic ointment effectively accelerates the wound healing process and it can be used as a promising drug for wound dressing application.

Chitosan hydrogels containing nanoencapsulated phenytoin for cutaneous use: Skin permeation/penetration and efficacy in wound healing

Although phenytoin is an antiepileptic drug used in the oral treatment of epilepsy, its off-label use as a cutaneous healing agent has been studied in recent years due to the frequent reports of gingival hyperplasia after oral administration. However, the cutaneous topical application of phenytoin should prevent percutaneous skin permeation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro skin permeation/retention and in vivo effects of nanocapsules and nanoemulsions loaded with phenytoin and formulated as chitosan hydrogels on the healing process of cutaneous wounds in rats. The hydrogels had adequate pH values (4.9–5.6) for skin application, drug content of 0.025% (w/w), and non-Newtonian pseudoplastic rheological behaviour. Hydrogels containing nanocapsules and nanoemulsions enabled improved controlled release of phenytoin and adhesion to skin, compared with hydrogels containing non-encapsulated phenytoin. In vitro skin permeation studies showed that phenytoin permeation to the receptor compartment, and consequently the risk of systemic absorption, may be reduced by nanoencapsulation without any change in the in vivo performance of phenytoin in the wound healing process in rats.

Effects of cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, on oral wound healing process in rats: Clinical and histological evaluation.

The effects of cannabidiol (CBD), the main non-psychotropic component of Cannabis sativa, were assessed on oral wound healing in an in vivo model. Standardized ulcers were induced in 60 Wistar rats using a 5-mm biopsy punch on the midline of the ventral tongue. Animals received intraperitoneal injections of CBD at doses of 0 (control), 5, and 10mg/kg daily. Animals were weighed daily, and wound healing was clinically and histologically evaluated after 3 and 7days of treatment. CBD treatment did not influence the wound area of ulcerative lesions at either observation time. Conversely, microscopic findings revealed that at Day 3 postwounding, CBD-treated lesions exhibited significantly lower inflammatory scores than those in the control group. However, this difference was not observed at Day 7. Collectively, these findings indicate that CBD exert an antiinflammatory effect in early phase of wound healing process although it was not sufficient promote clinical improvement of oral traumatic ulcerative lesions.