Wound Fluid Research Articles

A Lower Working Potential and Real-Time H2S Sensor Based on Nano-CuFe2O4 and Lotus Leaf Derived Carbon Material Composite

The CuFe2O4 nanoparticles and the biomass carbon material (Bcn) were respectively synthesized by solid phase reaction method and pyrolysis method. Based on the good electrocatalytic performance of the composite of CuFe2O4 and Bcn for the oxidation of H2S, a sensor for continuous determination of H2S in real-time at lower working potential was constructed. The sensor can response to H2S in the concentration range of 5.0 nM–10.0 μM with high sensitivity, and it has good retention rate to H2S in simulated wound fluid. The use of the composite materials can avoid the deposition of sulfur as a by-product on the electrode surface, as well as avoid the interference of electroactive substances in the biological environment because the working potential of −0.2 V is lower than that used in other H2S sensors.

Functionalization of sterculia gum for making platform hydrogels via network formation for use in drug delivery

Recently, various advancements have been made in the development of functional polymeric materials for innovative applications. Herein this work, functionalization of sterculia gum (SG) was carried out via grafting of poly(2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyltrimethylammonium chloride) (METAC)-polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) to develop hydrogel dressings as a platform for use in drug delivery (DD). The innovation of the present work is the exploration of inherent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the SG along with antimicrobial characteristic of poly(METAC) and PVP, to design the doxycycline encapsulated hydrogel dressings for better wound healing. FESEM, EDS and AFM analyzed the surface morphology of hydrogels. FTIR, 13C NMR and XRD inferred inclusion of poly(METAC)-PVP into polymers. 13C NMR confirmed the incorporation of poly(METAC) and PVP onto gum by the presence of a peak at 54.74 ppm because of methyl carbon attached to quaternary nitrogen of poly(METAC) and at 45.48 ppm due to the ring carbon of PVP along with FTIR peak at 949 cm−1 because of CN bending of quaternary nitrogen of poy (METAC). Thermal characterization of copolymers has been performed using TGA analysis. One gram of copolymeric hydrogel dressing absorbed 6.51 ± 0.03 g simulated salivary fluid (SSF) and 7.65 ± 0.03 g simulated wound fluid (SWF). Release of doxycycline drug occurred in a sustained manner and followed the Non-Fickian diffusion mechanism from hydrogels. The release profile was most effectively described by Hixon-Crowell kinetic model. Hydrogel demonstrated biocompatibility and expressed thrombogenicity 79.7 ± 4.9 % during its polymer-blood interactions. Copolymer revealed mucoadhesive property, requiring a force of 77.00 ± 0.01 mN to detach from bio-membrane. Additionally, it exhibited antioxidant features, showing 43.81 ± 0.286 % free radical scavenging. Hydrogel dressings were mechanically stable and revealed 0.76 ± 0.09 N mm−2 tensile strength and 9.18 ± 0.01 N burst strength. Polymer films were permeable to oxygen and water vapor and were impermeable to microorganisms. Hydrogel dressings exhibited antimicrobial properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Overall, these properties displayed the suitability of hydrogels for wound dressing (WD) applications which may actively enhance wound healing.

The essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia incorporated into hydrogel induces antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects on infected wounds by Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common bacterial isolates found in wounds. Thus, innovative dressings, such as hydrogels, are interesting vehicles for incorporating bioactive compounds like those from Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (MaEO). In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potential of MaEO incorporated into an alginate and chitosan hydrogel for treating wounds infected by S. aureus. The hydrogel incorporated with MaEO 1% (HMa 1%) was homogeneous with a bright pale-yellow color and the characteristic smell of Melaleuca. The incorporation of MaEO 1% does not affect the stability of the hydrogel, which was stable up to 90 days of storage. The Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that hydrogels showed irregular surfaces and interconnected porous structures with accumulations of oil crystals distributed throughout the formulation. HMa 1% has a high moisture content (95.1%) and can absorb simulated wound fluid. Regarding the antimicrobial effects, HMa 1% reduced the growth of S. aureus ATCC 6538 in both in vitro conditions and in an ex vivo model of wounds using porcine skin. In addition, the dairy topical treatment of murine skin lesions with HMa 1% induced a significant reduction of the wound area, inflammation score, and bacterial load, as well as tissue re-epithelialization and modulation of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, hydrogel incorporated with MaEO 1% has excellent potential to be used in the pharmacotherapy of infected wounds.

Agar aerogel powder particles for future life science applications: fabrication and investigations on swelling behavior and cell compatibility

The use of bio-based raw materials in the manufacture of customized aerogels has increased significantly over the last decade. Combining the advantages of biopolymer sustainability and lower costs when producing aerogels in particulate form, agar aerogel particles were fabricated in this study. They were prepared by successive thermal gelation, ethanol solvent exchange, wet milling and supercritical CO2 assisted drying. The particles still maintain high porosity (~ 1.0 cm3 g−1) and high specific surface areas (210–270 m2 g−1). The stability in wound fluid substitutes, liquid holding capacity, and cytocompatibility of these agar-based aerogel particles may make them an advantageous wound-dressing matrix that can be further customized for particular applications by adding wound-active/reactive substances, such as antibiotics, antioxidants, immunoreactive drugs or growth factors.Graphical abstract

The Biologically Active Biopolymer Silk: The Antibacterial Effects of Solubilized Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin with Common Wound Pathogens.

Antibacterial properties are desirable in wound dressings. Silks, among many material formats, have been investigated for use in wound care. However, the antibacterial properties of liquid silk are poorly understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the inherent antibacterial properties of a Bombyx mori silk fibroin solution. Silk fibroin solutions containing ≥ 4% w/v silk fibroin do not support the growth of two common wound pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When liquid silk is added to a wound pad and placed on inoculated culture plates mimicking wound fluid, silk is bacteriostatic. Viability tests of the bacterial cells in the presence of liquid silk show that cells remain intact within the silk but could not be cultured. Liquid silk appears to provide a hostile environment for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa and inhibits growth without disrupting the cell membrane. This effect can be beneficial for wound healing and supports future healthcare applications for silk. This observation also indicates that liquid silk stored prior to processing is unlikely to experience microbial spoilage.

Strong Activity and No Resistance Induction Exerted by Cell-Free Supernatants from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus against Mono-Species and Dual-Species Biofilms of Wound Pathogens in In Vivo-like Conditions.

It is widely agreed that microbial biofilms play a major role in promoting infection and delaying healing of chronic wounds. In the era of microbial resistance, probiotic strains or their metabolic products are emerging as an innovative approach for the treatment of hard-to-heal (chronic) wounds due to their antimicrobial, healing, and host immune-modulatory effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential of cell-free supernatants (CFS) from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG against mono- and dual-species biofilms of wound pathogens in a 3D in vitro infection model. Mature biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were obtained on collagen scaffolds in the presence of a simulant wound fluid (SWF) and treated with CFS at different doses and time intervals. At 1:4 dilution in SWF, CFS caused a marked reduction in the colony forming-unit (CFU) numbers of bacteria embedded in mono-species biofilms as well as bacteria released by the biofilms in the supernatant. CFU count and electron microscopy imaging also demonstrated a marked antibiofilm effect against dual-species biofilms starting from 8 h of incubation. Furthermore, CFS exhibited acceptable levels of cytotoxicity at 24 h of incubation against HaCaT cells and, differently from ciprofloxacin, failed to induce resistance after 15 passages at sub-inhibitory concentrations. Overall, the results obtained point to L. rhamnosus GG postbiotics as a promising strategy for the treatment of wound biofilms.

Role of Post-Intraoperative Radiation Therapy Wound Fluids in Interaction with White Blood Cells on Cancer Cell Growth

Background: Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT), is a motivating method which has been widely applied in breast cancer lumpectomy to exclude or reduce the requirement of external beam radiotherapy. Although its effect on destructing remaining vital cancer cells in tumor bed was approved, maintaining or draining post intraoperative radiation therapy wound fluids (PIWFs) is challenging. Moreover, the roles of immune cells in interaction with PIWFs (either in favor or against of therapeutic approaches) haven’t been studied before which is the main investigation of this paper. Methods: Surgical wound fluids were collected from 24 IDC patients one day after lumpectomy. Patients were divided to control and IORT groups. The IORT group patients were subjected to an IORT boost while the control group patients did not receive radiotherapy. Collected wound fluids were centrifuged for 20 minutes at 2000 rpm. Subsequential imaging in time evolution was applied to monitor immune cells and cancer cells interactions with each other. The concentration of tumor-associated cytokines and inflammasomes were recorded using the immunoassays. Also we interacted the PIWFs, wound fluids (WFs) and serum of breast cancer patients undergoing BCS (in one group) and BCS + IORT (in another group) with White blood cells (WBCs) and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells to investigate the co=effect of the fluids on both cancer and immune cells. Results: Surgical wound fluids were collected from 24 IDC patients one day after lumpectomy. Patients were divided to control and IORT groups. The IORT group patients were subjected to an IORT boost while the control group patients did not receive radiotherapy. Collected wound fluids were centrifuged for 20 minutes at 2000 rpm. Subsequential imaging in time evolution was applied to monitor immune cells and cancer cells interactions with each other. The concentration of tumor-associated cytokines and inflammasomes were recorded using the immunoassays. Also we interacted the PIWFs, wound fluids (WFs) and serum of breast cancer patients undergoing BCS (in one group) and BCS + IORT (in another group) with White blood cells (WBCs) and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells to investigate the co=effect of the fluids on both cancer and immune cells. Conclusion: In summary, post IORT wound fluids (PIWFs) not only stimulate the residue of cancer cells in cavity sides in favor of disease progression but also can not stimulate the immuno cells against cancer cells. We recently showed the effect of PIWFs in increasing the growth and mitosis of tumor cell residues in breast cancer patients. Here we have focused on the effect of PIWFs on the proactivation or deactivation of white blood cells (WBCs) in the tumor bed environment. By sequential imaging in time-transient intervals from the interaction between WBCs and cancer cells, we showed that PIWFs have no additive proactivating effect on immune cells of tumor bed while they stimulated the aggressive functions of cancer cells. Also, cytokine profiling of patients' PIWFs showed no significant immune cell-activating trend with respect to non-IORT cases. In contrast, tumor-associated cytokines were overexpressed in IORT-treated cases. Due to the over-expression of tumor-associated cytokines inside the PIWF of the IORT-treated cases, drainage of PIWFs may be mandatory.

Time-course of interleukin-10 in dogs with cutaneous wounds

Aim: The study explores the time-course of serum and wound fluids, interleukin (IL)-10 in dogs with cutaneous wounds and their relationship with some haematologic parameters. Methods: The study comprised two groups of adult apparently healthy male and female dogs. The control (n = 6) dogs were intact (wound free) while the experimental (n = 6) dogs had surgically induced cutaneous wounds on the mid-lateral aspect of the right antebrachium. Whole blood, harvested serum and wound fluids samples, pre- and sequentially over 324 hours post-surgery, were utilised for Leucogram evaluation and Interleukin (IL)-10 assay. Results: Levels ofIL-10 in the experimental groups was higher than the corresponding control levels. The Circulatory level of IL-10 (1.67 ± 0.33 ng/mL) was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than those in wound fluid (0.87 ± 0.03 ng/mL) and control serum (0.94 ± 0.17 ng/mL) at 156 h. Haematocrit and total Leucocyte counts remained within normal reference limits, with minimal changes in differential cellular activities of the experimental and control groups. Significant correlations of serum IL-10 with lymphocytes (r = 0.946; P < 0.05) was observed in injured dogs. Conclusion: These findings indicate that IL-10positively modulated the inflammatory processes following cutaneous wounds with variable but significant impacts on circulatory lymphocytes count. It provided evidence that further investigations into the expression patterns of IL-10 in cutaneous wound may improve the quality of wound management.

Recent developments and future perspectives of microfluidics and smart technologies in wearable devices.

Wearable devices are gaining popularity in the fields of health monitoring, diagnosis, and drug delivery. Recent advances in wearable technology have enabled real-time analysis of biofluids such as sweat, interstitial fluid, tears, saliva, wound fluid, and urine. The integration of microfluidics and emerging smart technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and Internet of Things (IoT), into wearable devices offers great potential for accurate and non-invasive monitoring and diagnosis. This paper provides an overview of current trends and developments in microfluidics and smart technologies in wearable devices for analyzing body fluids. The paper discusses common microfluidic technologies in wearable devices and the challenges associated with analyzing each type of biofluid. The paper emphasizes the importance of combining smart technologies with microfluidics in wearable devices, and how they can aid diagnosis and therapy. Finally, the paper covers recent applications, trends, and future developments in the context of intelligent microfluidic wearable devices.

Nickel coating on plasmonic copper nanoparticles lowers cytotoxicity and enables colorimetric pH readout for antibacterial wound dressing application.

Wound infection poses a significant challenge to the natural healing process. It can impede various stages of wound healing, thereby hindering tissue regeneration and increasing the risk of systemic complications. Wound dressings emerged as a crucial option in the management of infections. Herein, we investigate fabrics coated with copper-based nanoparticles for potential wound dressing application. We synthesized copper and copper-nickel (Cu-Ni) core-shell nanoparticles via a polyol synthesis and investigated their particle growth dynamics and chemical stability. The nickel coating stabilized the nanoparticles against oxidation and dissolution, while dampening the localized surface plasmon resonance of copper. When coated on the fabrics, we found that Cu-Ni NPs were slightly less effective as an antibacterial agent than Cu NPs, however the cytotoxicity of Cu-Ni NPs was significantly reduced compared to pure Cu. Additionally, we show that the discoloration of nanoparticle-coated fabrics depended on pH, thus enabling the visualization of pH levels of simulated wound fluids which can provide information on the inflammatory state of the wound. Our work contributes to the understanding of copper-based nanoparticles and their potential applications in healthcare.

Utilization of Herbal Medicine and Boiled Water (Areca Catechu, Piper Betle and Garcinia Xanthochymus) To Accelerate Recovery During Early Puerperium

Postnatal herbal medicine and boiled water are herbs are usually given to postpartum mothers to strengthen the body and speed up the recovery period of the uterus, speed up the cessation blood and healing perineal wounds. Method: Quasi Experimental research type Pretest-Posttest Nonequivalent Control Group Design. Held at PMB Nuripah Kubu Raya on 21-27 November 2023. Total sample was 34 respondents, the respondents were divided randomly into 2 groups, postpartum mothers in intervention group were given 1x1 multivitamin and postnatal healthy herbal medicine test ingredients at a dose of 1x1 suchet (25 grams) and Postpartum mothers in control group were given 1x1 multivitamin as a comparison, the research was carried out for 7 days. Results: The intervention group had an effect on changes in uterine involution based on anteroposterior diameter (p. 0.005), changes in uterine involution based on longitudinal length (p. 0.002), the amount of locheal discharge (p. 0.003), the smell of locheal discharge (p. 0.002), reducing the pain scale (p. 0.000) and perineal wound healing (0.003). Conclusion: Healthy postpartum herbal medicine and perineal wound fluid effective accelerating early puerperium period (uterine involution, lochea and perineal wounds) with the fastest start of action compared to the control group (multivitamin).

In Situ Hydrogel Formulation for Advanced Wound Dressing: Influence of Co-Solvents and Functional Excipient on Tailored Alginate-Pectin-Chitosan Blend Gelation Kinetics, Adhesiveness, and Performance.

Chronic skin wounds affect more than 40 million patients worldwide, representing a huge problem for healthcare systems. This study elucidates the optimization of an in situ gelling polymer blend powder for biomedical applications through the use of co-solvents and functional excipients, underlining the possibility of tailoring microparticulate powder properties to generate, in situ, hydrogels with advanced properties that are able to improve wound management and patient well-being. The blend was composed of alginate, pectin, and chitosan (APC). Various co-solvents (ethanol, isopropanol, and acetone), and salt excipients (sodium bicarbonate and ammonium carbonate) were used to modulate the gelation kinetics, rheology, adhesiveness, and water vapor transmission rate of the gels. The use of co-solvents significantly influenced particle size (mean diameter ranging from 2.91 to 5.05 µm), depending on the solvent removal rate. Hydrogels obtained using ethanol were able to absorb over 15 times their weight in simulated wound fluid within just 5 min, whereas when sodium bicarbonate was used, complete gelation was achieved in less than 30 s. Such improvement was related to the internal microporous network typical of the particle matrix obtained with the use of co-solvents, whereas sodium bicarbonate was able to promote the formation of allowed particles. Specific formulations demonstrated an optimal water vapor transmission rate, enhanced viscoelastic properties, gel stiffness, and adhesiveness (7.7 to 9.9 kPa), facilitating an atraumatic removal post-use with minimized risk of unintended removal. Microscopic analysis unveiled that porous inner structures were influencing fluid uptake, gel formation, and transpiration. In summary, this study provided valuable insights for optimizing tailored APC hydrogels as advanced wound dressings for chronic wounds, including vascular ulcers, pressure ulcers, and partial and full-thickness wounds, characterized by a high production of exudate.

Wound healing of experimental equine skin wounds and concurrent microbiota in wound dressings following topical propylene glycol gel treatment.

Topical wound treatments rely on carrier formulations with little to no biological impact. The potential for a common vehicle, a propylene glycol (PG) gel, to affect wound healing measures including microbiota is not known. Microbiome characterization, based on next generation sequencing methods is typically performed on tissue or directly obtained wound fluid samples. The utility for primary wound dressings to characterize equine wound microbiota in the context of topical treatments is currently unknown. This investigation reports the topical effect of an 80% PG based gel on wound healing and microbiota in wound dressings. Experiments were performed in six mature horses utilizing a surgical, distal limb wound model, histology of sequential wound biopsies, photographic wound measurements and microbiota profiling via 16s rRNA sequencing of wound dressing samples. Experimental wounds were surveyed for 42 days and either treated (Day 7, 14, 21 and 28; at 0.03 ml/cm2) or unexposed to the PG gel. Wound surface area, relative and absolute microbial abundances, diversity indices and histologic parameters were analyzed in the context of the experimental group (treatment; control) using qualitative or quantitative methods depending on data characteristics. Compared to controls, treatment slowed the wound healing rate (17.17 ± 4.27 vs. 18.56 ± 6.3 mm2/day), delayed the temporal decline of polymorphonucleated cells in wound beds and operational taxonomic units (OTU) in wound dressings and lowered alpha-diversity indices for microbiota in primary wound dressing. Relative abundances of OTUs were in line with those previously reported for equine wounds. Clinical outcomes 42 days post wounding were considered similar irrespective of PG gel exposure. Results highlight the potential for vehicle exposure to alter relevant wound outcome measures, imposing the need for stringent experimental control measures. Primary wound dressings may represent an alternate sample source for characterization of the wound microbiome alleviating the need for additional interventions. Further studies are warranted to contrast the microbiome in wound dressings against that present on wound surfaces to conclude on the validity of this approach.

Efficacy and safety of three - dimensional laparoscopic adrenalectomy: a single - center experience

Background: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has emerged as the standard treatment for adrenal tumors. Although the application of high - resolution cameras has enhanced visualization in conventional two - dimensional laparoscopy, it has not fully overcome the limitations of depth perception and spatial recognition. However, thanks to significant advancements in three - dimensional technology in laparoscopic surgery, these issues have been totally solved. This study aims to evaluate the outcome of three - dimensional laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Methods: A prospective study included 38 patients with adrenal tumors who underwent three - dimensional laparoscopic adrenalectomy from April 2020 to December 2022 at the Department of Urology, Hue Central Hospital. Results: The mean age was 42.5 ± 5.1 years old. The most common reason for hospitalization was back pain, accounting for 39.5%. Adrenal incidentalomas were detected in 23.7% of patients. The proportion of patients with functional adrenal tumors was 55.3%; nonfunctioning adrenal lesion with progressive growth 13.1% and pheochromocytoma was 7.9%. Computed tomography showed a mean tumor size of 30.5 ± 9.2 mm. The mean operative time was 108.8 ± 12.3 minutes. There were no cases of intraoperative complications or conversion to open surgery. Early postoperative complications include wound infection (5.3%) and fluid accumulation (2.6%). The mean postoperative hospital stay was 5.5 ± 1.9 days. Postoperative pathological reports showed adrenocortical tumors in 81.6%. At follow - up, 35 of 38 (92.1%) cases were asymptomatic and had normal follow - up results in laboratory tests. Conclusions: Three - dimensional laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a minimally invasive, safe, and effective method.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns Among a Large, Nationwide Cohort of Chryseobacterium Species Clinical Isolates

Abstract Background Chryseobacterium species are ubiquitous in nature that can be found in soil, water, sinks, and medical devices. They have been implicated in various infections including ventilator-associated pneumonia, catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI), skin and soft tissue infections, and meningitis. C. indologenes has been shown to possess an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) that render it resistant to most antibiotics. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) data are required to help clinicians choose effective empiric antibiotics and to investigate potential resistance mechanisms. Methods Chryseobacterium spp. identification was determined prior to submission by client laboratories or performed in our laboratory by MALDI-TOF (Bruker Biotyper) or 16S rRNA gene sequencing. AST was performed on Chryseobacterium species isolates received from across the United States between April 2004 and December 2018. AST was performed using custom-made broth microdilution panels, and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were interpreted using CLSI M100 MIC breakpoints for non-Enterobacterales organisms. Isolates from a range of clinical specimens including blood, respiratory, wound, tissue, bone, and body fluids were included. Quality control was performed using Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Results were included only if the QC values were within range. The MIC50, MIC90, and MIC ranges for antimicrobials for frequently tested Chryseobacterium species were determined. Results AST was completed for 245 Chryseobacterium species clinical isolates, and the most frequently tested species were C. gleum/ indologenes (n = 78), C. hominis (n = 25), C. taklimakanense (n = 14), C. anthropi/ haifense (n = 12), C. arthrospharae (n = 12), C. bernardetii/jejuense (n = 3), C. pallidum (n = 3), and C. solincola/treverense (n = 3). 84 isolates were unable to be identified to species level, and were grouped as “Chryseobacterium spp.” Regarding susceptibility, across all Chryseobacterium species, the antibiotics with the most activity included minocycline (97.8%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX; 95.5%), levofloxacin (92.3%), and ciprofloxacin (82.8%). Comparing the β-lactams, piperacillin-tazobactam had the most activity (59.7%), whereas ceftazidime (42.2%), cefepime (44.3%), meropenem (41.2%), and imipenem (46.3%) had similar low activity. The highest resistance rates were found for tobramycin (96%), aztreonam (94.6%), and gentamicin (62.7%). Among the Chryseobacterium isolates, certain species were found to be largely pan-susceptible, including C. anthropic/haifense, C. hominis, and C. taklimakanense. Conclusions Chryseobacterium species display significant resistance against β-lactam antibiotics, which are often used for empiric therapy. Minocycline, TMP-SMX, and fluoroquinolones have the most activity against Chryseobacterium species clinical isolates.

Exploring bioactive tragacanth gum for developing nerve regenerating agent imprinted hydrogels for brain drug delivery

Brain injury is almost irreparable due to poor regenerative capability of neural tissue and drug delivery (DD) to brain is a unique challenge. Herein, bioactive tragacanth gum (TG) polysaccharide has been explored for developing hydrogel wound dressings encapsulated with citicoline (a nerve regenerating agent) as brain DD system for better nerve healing. The copolymeric structure was characterized by AFM, FTIR, XRD, and TGA & DSC. Design of copolymers was confirmed by FTIR with their characteristics peaks. Amorphous region analyzed by XRD which found to be useful for absorption of simulated wound fluid (SWF) and artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF). Haemolysis caused by copolymer was found less than 5% indicated blood compatibility of copolymers. Release of drug occurred in sustained manner from dressings without burst release with Fickian mechanism & first order model. These hydrogels dressings exhibited biocompatible and mucoadhesive character and were found permeable to oxygen as well as to water vapor. These results make them suitable candidate for nerve injury dressing applications.

Intraoperative radiotherapy in breast cancer: Alterations to the tumor microenvironment and subsequent biological outcomes (Review).

Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) is a precise, single high‑dose irradiation directly targeting the tumor bed during surgery. In comparison with traditional external beam RT, it minimizes damage to other normal tissues, ensures an adequate dose to the tumor bed and results in improved cosmetic outcomes and quality of life. Furthermore, IORT offers a shorter treatment duration, lower economic costs and therapeutic efficacy comparable with traditional RT. However, its relatively higher local recurrence rate limits its further clinical applications. Identifying effective radiosensitizing drugs and rational RT protocols will improve its advantages. Furthermore, IORT may not only damage DNA to directly kill breast tumor cells but also alter the tumor microenvironment (TME) to exert a sustained antitumor effect. Specific doses of IORT may exert anti‑angiogenic effects, and consequently antitumor effects, by impacting post‑radiation peripheral blood levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and delta‑like 4. IORT may also modify the postoperative wound fluid composition to continuously inhibit tumor growth, e.g. by reducing components such as microRNA (miR)‑21, miR‑221, miR‑115, oncostatin M, TNF‑β, IL‑6 and IL‑8, and by elevating levels of components such as miR‑223, to inhibit the ability of postoperative wound fluid to induce proliferation, invasion and migration of residual cancer cells. IORT can also modify cancer cell glucose metabolism to inhibit the proliferation of residual tumor cells. In addition, IORT can induce a bystander effect, eliminating the postoperative wound fluid‑induced epithelial‑mesenchymal transition and tumor stem cell phenotype. Insights gained at the molecular level may provide new directions for identifying novel therapeutic targets and approaches. A more comprehensive understanding of the effects of IORT on the breast cancer (BC) TME may further its clinical application. Hence, the present article reviews the primary effects of IORT on BC and its impact on the TME, aiming to offer fresh research perspectives for relevant professionals.

Advanced Management of the Burn Patient

Burn injuries are a significant public health concern, with a substantial global burden. These injuries can result in complex, life-threatening situations that require advanced management strategies. This review explores the epidemiology, significance, and advanced management of burn patients. We delve into the theoretical framework, covering definitions, risk factors, complications, and various management approaches. The discussion highlights the latest advances in burn care, including early burn wound excision, fluid resuscitation, infection control, and rehabilitation. The evolving landscape of burn care research and its implications for improved patient outcomes are emphasized. In conclusion, this article underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to burn patient care and the need for continued research to enhance the quality of life for survivors.

Based on Clinical Research Matrix Metalloprotease (MMP) Inhibitors to Promote Diabetic Wound Healing.

Chronic inflammation is a common factor in obesity, diabetes mellitus, and the complications of diabetes, including diabetic wounds. These ulcers are characterized by persistent lesions that are challenging to heal, significantly decreasing patients' quality of life and imposing a substantial financial burden on society. MMP are zinc endopeptidases that play a role in wound healing in response to various stimuli, including diabetes mellitus. MMP levels fluctuate throughout the wound healing process in diabetic patients' serum, skin tissues, and wound fluid, indicating their potential as biomarkers for diabetic foot ulcers. Targeting MMP has emerged as a promising strategy for treating diabetic wounds, as these enzymes are involved in critical biological processes related to wound healing, including extracellular matrix secretion, angiogenesis, granulation tissue formation, collagen growth, re-epithelization, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress.

Smartphone-enabled 3D origami-fluidic paper-based electrochemical detection of myeloperoxidase activity for assessing wound infection

Early diagnosis of wound infections that aid in the assessment of the stage of wound infection is gaining interest for development of a new biomarker. In present research, a simple and portable 3D origami-fluidic paper-based electrochemical sensor is proposed for the detection of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in wound exudate samples. The flow can be manipulated by an origami pattern of the paper allowing the electrochemical reaction to occur on the electrode surface. Glucose oxidase (GOx) was used for producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and MPO antibodies were immobilized to capture the MPO to enhance the specificity. Prussian blue/MXene composite modified on the electrode act as a nanozyme for catalyzing H2O2. Then, data is wirelessly transferred to a smartphone using near-field communication (NFC) technology. Under the optimal conditions, our proposed device can detect MPO activity in ranges 0.5–5 U/ml (R2 =0.9697), demonstrating a strong correlation with a colorimetric MPO activity kit when tested with real wound fluid samples (n = 6, R2 = 0.9198). Notably, our method can differentiate between non-infected and infected wounds (p-value < 0.05) by analyzing MPO activity extracted from used wound-dressing gauzes (n = 10). Therefore, our device offers a rapid portable device for MPO activity that is promising for resource-limited settings.