Material Worth Research Articles

Judging the worth of curriculum materials: A preview approach

Judging the worth of curriculum materials: A preview approach

The Effects of Intracell Adjoint Flux Heterogeneity on First-Order Perturbation Reactivity Calculations

An investigation of first-order perturbation (FOP) methods for computing sample worths has been performed. It is demonstrated that conventional cell homogenization methods introduce errors into FOP reactivity calculations because the intracell structure of adjoint fluxes is neglected. These errors are such that the conventional FOP reactivity expression is not accurate to first order, even in the limit of infinitesimal perturbations. A method for avoiding such approximations is introduced and applied to the calculation of small sample worths in plate-type fast reactor critical assemblies. It is demonstrated that errors introduced by real flux weighting of cross sections are such that homogenized FOP reactivity calculations overestimate fissile material worths in several critical assemblies by 5 to 10%. It is shown that these errors arise because of the heterogeneous nature of plate-type critical assemblies, and when appropriate reactivity calculations (which account for spatial heterogeneity of adjoint fluxes) are performed, a significant fraction of the long-standing central worth discrepancy is eliminated.

Controlling acid mine drainage from the Ficher Mining District, Oklahoma, United States

The Picher Mining District, located principally in north-eastern Oklahoma, was one of the world's largest lead-zinc mining areas during its 55 year life. The field covers an area of approximately 72 square miles (186 km2); an estimated 1.22×108 m3 of material worth in excess of one billion dollars, has been mined.

Philosophy for Children: An Example of Curriculum Review and Criticism

An embarrassing number of months ago, I was invited to review Philosophy in the Classroom (Lipman, Sharp, and Oscanyan 1977) for Curriculum Inquiry, a project that initially appeared straightforward enough.' A little reading of the book revealed it to be a part of a larger piece-a whole curriculum-Philosophy for Children. The idea of reviewing this whole grew in intrigue as I received about three inches worth of material from the developers, yet it is with trepidation that what follows is offered as a curriculum review for the following reasons. First, as will become evident later, there are many ways in which my understanding of the program is limited by the lack of firsthand knowledge (almost personal knowledge) that comes from working either with the curriculum or in training sessions designed for teachers of the curriculum. A curriculum of this sort probably depends somewhat for its success upon the particular interpretations of its intent and means that come from having direct access to the thinking of its designers. Second, despite the lineage of the curriculum field, it is

Spectral Fine-Structure Effects on Material and Doppler Reactivity Worths

Spectral Fine-Structure Effects on Material and Doppler Reactivity Worths

Genetics, Law, and Social Policy

Philip Reilly is a young, articulate law graduate from Columbia University who studied human genetics for several years under Margery Shaw. (Margery Shaw herself obtained a law degree after first achieving a national reputation as a human geneticist.) Reilly thus brings an unusual combination of talents to the writing of this book. No detailed preface is provided to indicate the intended audience, but it is easy to imagine that all those interested in the conjunction of fields included in the title will find the material worth reading. As might be expected from the author's beginnings, the treatment of the topics emphasizes the legal more than the medical and genetic aspects. In keeping with this, the first chapter includes some elementary explanations of genetics that will be more helpful to lawyers and legislators than to physicians. The remainder of the book examines in roughly equally parts genetic screening legislation and the

Jonathan Bennett and Mr Stoppard

Tom Stoppard's Yumpers1 is a play which contains an abundance of philosophical materials. Its main character, George Moore, is a professor of moral philosophy, a good deal of the play consists of long philosophical discourses, it is loaded with references to philosophers past and present, and the title itself refers to a group of philosopher-gymnasts. It is therefore to be expected that philosophers and indeed anyone giving thought to the play should raise questions concerning the worth of these philosophical materials and their relevance to an interpretation and evaluation of the play. These questions have been raised by Jonathan Bennett, in his article 'Philosophy and Mr Stoppard'.2 His conclusions are that Jumpers is a mildly surrealistic farce and not a significantly philosophical play, that its philosophical content is 'thin and uninteresting', serving the play 'only in a decorative and marginal way', and that the play, 'in short, lacks structure, and lacks seriousness'.3 Although I agree with Bennett that Jumpers is not a significantly philosophical play, I think he has seriously misinterpreted the play and that, as a result, his evaluation of it is supported by bad reasons. Because I agree with most of his appreciative and perceptive comments on Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, I shall not refer to the section of his article dealing with that play, a play which he does consider philosophically significant. In Bennett's opinion, the philosophical content of Jumpers is to be identified with the many pages devoted to the lecture Moore is preparing on the topic 'Man-Good, Bad or Indifferent', a lecture whose main theme concerns arguments for the existence of God and for the objectivity of moral judgments. Further, he identifies it with philosophical gossip or jokes and with the parodies of some contemporary styles. Bennett's evaluation of these materials as thin and uninteresting is incontrovertible. The arguments are bad, there are inaccuracies in reporting philosophical positions, the whole tone is farcical, and the philosophical content is marginal rather than central to the structure of the play.

The economics of recovery of materials from industrial waste — A case study

Millions of pounds worth of valuable materials are discarded every year in industrial wastes. While there are well established recycling patterns for some materials, most are lost because contamination, dilution, or scale of operation makes recovery uneconomical. The problems and possibilities of recovering valuable materials from liquid and liquid—solid industrial wastes are outlined by reference to evaluations made in several case studies. In particular, an examination is made of wastes removed by a West Midlands disposal contractor over a twelve month period. The ways in which these wastes are dealt with at present by surface and subsurface disposal are discussed along with the hazards and safety factors inherent in such operations. The examination shows that in the wastes disposed of the most potentially valuable materials to recover were hydrochloric acid and zinc. The relationship between recovery and dumping is discussed and future trends suggested. This shows that recovery of more materials should be undertaken, perhaps as a governmental service, and that the advantages of economy of scale must be utilised, by combining wastes from several sources.

An Inexpensive But Durable Thermal Conductivity Probe for Field Use

AbstractA thermal conductivity probe is described which is constructed from heat‐shrinkable tubing, stainless steel tubing, and thermocouple wire. The probe requires about $3 worth of material and 0.5 hours of labor for construction. An example of data used to calculate the thermal conductivity of dry quartz sand is given. The probe is currently being used to acquire data in the field.

Darwin, Teleology and Taxonomy

Darwinism is ‘much more than a theory’, said the German botanist Albert Wigand in 1875; ‘it is a frame of mind which dominates thought, a resuscitated “Naturphilosophie”, in which the terms “Polarity”, “Totality”, “Subject”, “Object” are replaced by terms such as “Struggle for Existence”, “Inheritance”, “Selection”, and so on.’ Subsequent events have indicated that Wigand had a point. But it is not clear to us yet whatexactlythe point is. Interest in Man's Place in Nature, and in his alleged biological uniqueness as a language-user and tool-maker, is as great now as it was in 1871 when Darwin'sDescent of Manwas first published. We now have access to well over a hundred years' worth of material sparked off byThe Origin of Species, linking Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection to almost every field under the sun. Yet the precise status of his theory is still the subject of vigorous controversy in philosophy of science.

Critical Experiments for the Brookhaven Pulsed Fast Reactor Study

Measurements using a fast critical assembly were performed in conjunction with the Brookhaven Fast Research Reactor Study. Cores made of highly enriched uranium, stainless steel, and aluminum, reflected mostly by stainless steel were used to obtain broad survey information, and, concurrently, to test the preliminary theoretical model. Quantities measured included critical mass, characteristics of movable reflector blocks, prompt neutron lifetime, worth of materials in potential control positions, neutron yield for a given power, and moderator block characteristics; the first three of these have been compared with calculations.

Possibility of Applying the Energy Modal Method to Analysis of Fast Critical Experiments

The possibility of analyzing the integral data obtained by fast critical experiments in the two-mode framework was investigated by numerical experiments. Nuclear model is 26-group zero-dimensional one, maintaining criticality by energy-independent geometrical buckling. Two energy modes used in this paper were chosen by observing the distribution of fundamental spectra of various assemblies on the reaction-rate space. By synthesizing these two modes, we can evaluate the eigenvalues of various dilute fast assemblies with the maximum error 0.7%. By the investigations, following conclusions were obtained. The modal combining coefficients can be estimated by measuring the spectral index, and the suitable combination of reactions for this purpose is the set va f of 238U/vσf; of 235U. The coefficients of importance spectra can be evaluated by measuring the material worth, on the basis of the first-order perturbation theory. Unknown mode-constants and adjoint-weighted mode-constants can be determined by measuring spectral indicies and material worths, respectively, in various assemblies where the modal combining coefficients were determined in advance. The errors in the spectral indicies and the material worths which are calculated by using these estimated mode-constants are less than a few percent and some 10%, respectively.

Possibility of Applying the Energy Modal Method to Analysis of Fast Critical Experiments

The possibility of analyzing the integral data obtained by fast critical experiments in the two-mode framework was investigated by numerical experiments. Nuclear model is 26-group zero-dimensional one, maintaining criticality by energy-independent geometrical buckling. Two energy modes used in this paper were chosen by observing the distribution of fundamental spectra of various assemblies on the reaction-rate space. By synthesizing these two modes, we can evaluate the eigenvalues of various dilute fast assemblies with the maximum error 0.7%.By the investigations, following conclusions were obtained. The modal combining coefficients can be estimated by measuring the spectral index, and the suitable combination of reactions for this purpose is the set υσf of 238U/υσf of 235U. The coefficients of importance spectra can be evaluated by measuring the material worth, on the basis of the first-order perturbation theory. Unknown mode-constants and adjoint-weighted mode-constants can be determined by measuring spectral indicies and material worths, respectively, in various assemblies where the modal combining coefficients were determined in advance. The errors in the spectral indicies and the material worths which are calculated by using these estimated mode-constants are less than a few percent and some 10%, respectively.

An Investigation of Teacher Expectancies of Instructional Materials

This study investigated the possibility that a teacher's preconceived notion of the worth of an instructional material would affect the academic achievement of the children with whom the material was used. Participating teachers were provided with materials accompanied by fictitious evaluative summaries deliberately prepared to bias their opinion in either a positive or negative direction. Analyses of students' pretest and posttest mean scores suggest that the impression a teacher holds of an instructional material may significantly influence subsequent academic achievement. Results also indicate that a teacher's impression of the material may be significantly influenced by the evaluative activities of Special Education Instructional Materials Centers.

Material worth measurements with a fuel-filled pile oscillator rod

A method to determine the reactivity worth of material samples within an undisturbed environment by a pile oscillator is described. In contrast to the usually performed pile oscillator measurements the oscillator rod consists of a tube filled with the material of the environmental core in which the sample is embedded. By this method, perturbations of the real and adjoint spectra, and of the angular neutron distribution are considerably reduced. A simple, theoretical model that describes the kinetic behaviour of the reactor during the oscillation is presented. The method and the theoretical model have been investigated on the Fast-Thermal Argonaut Reactor STARK. Results show the benefits of the proposed procedure and the applicability of the model.

Kinetic Evidence for a Nucleic Acid which regulates RNA Biosynthesis

THE rate of synthesis of nucleic acids in Escherichia coli strain Bu− has been examined in a variety of situations by measuring the incorporation into TCA insoluble material of 20-sec pulses of 14C-8-guanine. In most cases the 20-sec pulses are long enough to give useful amounts of incorporations. However, extensive washing of the ‘Millipore’ filters must be carried out and frequently long counting times must be used. There is a short lag in the utilization of 14C-8-guanine, but under most conditions 20 sec gives about half the radioactivity which would have been estimated from the rate of incorporation at later times, that is, there is about 10–13 sec worth of materials in pools already present in the cell, or made before feed-back inhibition becomes effective. Incorporation of radioactivity is the same at 0.1 the external concentration of 14C-8-guanine as that standardly employed (5 µM), implying that feed-back inhibition is under both conditions maximal and rapid.

Mass Education and International Understanding

THE discussion on the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation which took place at the British Association meeting at Dundee attracted a very small audience; no doubt this was due in part to the fact that the meeting clashed with other important and topical discussions; but a more important reason is the general lack of knowledge of the activities of the Organisation. Sir John Maud, it is true, headed members of the British co-operating body, and expounded most ably the aims of the Organisation; he believes it should attempt to instruct the peoples of the world on the realities of the situation, so that they can understand, better the causes of peace and war and thus make the politicians' task of direction easier. He sees its task as primarily that of helping people to learn that they need one another, and to deepen their sense of social responsibility, thus pursuing much the line of thought in more general terms that Mr. Henry Stimson follows in his article in Foreign Affairs on “The Challenge to Americans”. Prof. F. J. M. Stratton dealt with the relations of the Organisation with the international scientific unions, and other speakers in the discussion indicated the wide range of fascinating subjects with which it is already concerned. Its major activities have since been reviewed in a progress report by Dr. W. H. C. Laves, the deputy director, in the United Nations Weekly Bulletin. Already some 72 million dollars' worth of material has been collected by voluntary agencies, chiefly in the United States, under the Temporary International Council for Educational Reconstruction, and fifty sets of laboratory equipment have been collected for consignment to forty-one selected laboratories in five countries. Technical needs in the fields of the Press, radio and films have been surveyed in some eight or ten war-devastated countries. It is expected that a conference at Nanking will encourage a pilot project on fundamental education, for which the Organisation will provide an adviser; and consultant-advisers for pilot projects in the same field are also to be provided for the Governments of Haiti and Nyasaland. The Organisation is also vitally concerned with mobilizing social scientists throughout the world for an inquiry into the tensions affecting international understanding, and a preliminary outline on this study has been distributed to nearly five hundred workers in this field in twenty-nine countries. Preparations are under way for a conference on the social sciences in 1948.

The Coming World Order, Closed or Free

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Coming World Order, Closed or FreeD. F. FlemingD. F. Fleming Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Politics Volume 4, Number 2May, 1942 Sponsored by the Southern Political Science Association Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/2125773 Views: 3Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Differential Reproduction in China

T HE problem of differential reproduction, or differential fertility as it is termed by some and differential fecundity by others, has been studied by eugenics and by sociology for some time as it concerns the different social classes. A considerable body of literature in this field has accumulated, the results of which, for the most part, seem to show that the upper economic classes in Western society are not reproducing themselves as rapidly as are the lower. Since there are many data to show that it is from these upper economic classes that a larger proportion of men of superior ability is produced, the conclusion is reached that this situation is dysgenic. It is not the purpose of the writer to go into this matter for Western countries, but rather to bring forth evidence concerning this problem as it reveals itself in China. While at the outset it must be admitted that statistics for China are few and probably not as reliable as those in the West, yet there is material worth considering and which gives us a picture somewhat different from that found in the West. I shall try to show that in China the upper economic classes have more children per family than the lower economic classes; that modern education tends to increase rather than to decrease the number of offspring per family. SIZE OF FAMILIES FROM WHICH

The Development of a Chart for Attainments in Reading

In an address before the teachers of the Rochester public schools, Dr. William S. Gray of the University of Chicago declared that there was a lack of uniformity in our aims in reading. Re flecting on this statement, we concluded that this lack of uniform ity in aims in reading, if it really existed, would be likely to have a bearing on attainments in reading. Accordingly, we decided to ask each teacher in the elementary schools to state the three chief aims in reading. When these replies had been tabulated it was perfectly evident that Dr. Gray was right. The replies brought forth, grade by grade, a great many vague and indefinite statements. One teacher, for example, gave the following as a legitimate first-grade aim in reading: To lay the cornerstone o~ all education. On the whole, however, we received a body of material worth putting into definite shape for a report back to the teachers. This led us to ask the teachers for a restatement of their aims after they had made a careful study of the first tabulation. The second set of replies was a decided improvement over the first. After again sending back a tabulation, a third request brought a body of ma terial which was organized by a committee of teachers into grades and divisions. The result was a reading chart to which we have given the title Attainments in Reading. The material con tained in the chart is reproduced in connection with this article. The process by which this chart was built up covered practi cally two years. During this time the Gray tests in reading were given in different schools ; and the results were reported to teachers through institutes and conferences, and through printed articles in the State Teachers1 Journal. The measurement work showed beyond doubt that the teaching of silent reading was deficient. This led to a more serious study of the problem of reading on the part of the whole teaching force. Hitherto stress had been laid on oral reading attainment. The tests revealed that practically no special attention was being 180