Worm Growth Research Articles

The effect of thickness mangrove mud substrate media on growth and survival rate of sea worms (Nereis sp.)

Nereis sp. is a type of sediment-eating organism (deposit feeder) which harness organic materials provided by other organisms as food. Nereis sp. has slow growth, because thickness and the type of substrate in which it grows is less than optimal. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of mangrove mud substrate media thickness on the growth and survival rate of Nereis sp. Research animal in the form of Nereis sp. aged 2-3 months. Experimental media used in this study was mangrove mud substrate which has a high nutrient content with different thickness of substrate media. The experimental method used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) (4 treatments and 3 replications). Treatments A (thickness 3 cm), B (thickness 6 cm), C (thickness 9 cm) and D (thickness 12 cm). The results showed that treatment C has the highest absolute growth, SGR, FUE, FCR, PER and SR were 6.66 ± 1.18bc, 0.43 ± 0.01bc, 68.93 ± 12.67a, 1.35 ± 0.13b, 1.72 ± 0.34a, and 97.00 ± 3.61bc. In conclusion the thickness of the mangrove mud substrate media significantly different (P<0.05) on Nereis sp.

Glycolate combats massive oxidative stress by restoring redox potential in Caenorhabditis elegans

Upon exposure to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), organismal survival depends on the strength of the endogenous antioxidant defense barriers that prevent mitochondrial and cellular deterioration. Previously, we showed that glycolic acid can restore the mitochondrial membrane potential of C. elegans treated with paraquat, an oxidant that produces superoxide and other ROS species, including hydrogen peroxide. Here, we demonstrate that glycolate fully suppresses the deleterious effects of peroxide on mitochondrial activity and growth in worms. This endogenous compound acts by entering serine/glycine metabolism. In this way, conversion of glycolate into glycine and serine ameliorates the drastically decreased NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG ratios induced by H2O2 treatment. Our results reveal the central role of serine/glycine metabolism as a major provider of reducing equivalents to maintain cellular antioxidant systems and the fundamental function of glycolate as a natural antioxidant that improves cell fitness and survival.

The effect of giving corncob (Zea mays) on the growth of sludge worm (Tubifex sp.)

One of the best feed choices for aquaculture is sludge worms (Tubifex sp.). Sludge worms need enough protein for worm growth. Corncob is a waste that is not utilized in the environment. Corncob has protein content that can be used for sludge worm growth. Complex carbohydrates are broken down through fermentation. The purpose of this study was to optimize the development of sludge worm cultivation media based on corncobs. Sludge worms are cultured in a series of culture containers by recirculating watering. There are 3 variations of treatment, namely, treatment-I (10 %), treatment-II (20 %) and treatment-III (30 %). The parameters measured are water quality, dissolve oxygen, water flow rate, mass, number of individuals in the population, total organic matter. The results prove using corncob as a medium enrichment material prov idegood environmental results and is suitable for sludge worm. The range of temperature, pH and DO values are at the optimal conditions needed for the best fermentation process.

Effective concentration of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and Corncob (Zea mays) as a growth medium for the development of Sludge Worm (Tubifex spp.)

Feeds with high protein characteristics and relatively small size are needed to support the growth of fish seeds. One source of feed that meets these criteria is sludge worm. Water hyacinth and corncobs are waste in the community. The mixture of these two ingredients contains organic material that is able to provide nutrients for the growth of sludge worms. This study aims to optimize the development of sludge worm cultivation media based on water hyacinth and corncobs as raw material. Sludge worms are cultured with recirculation system with 3 design combination treatment variation of water hyacinth and fermented corncob. Those 3 design are 15 % water hyacinth and 5 % corncob (treatment I), 10 % for both of water hyacinth and corncob (treatment II), and the last is 5 % water hyacinth with 15 % corncob (treatment III). The parameters measured in this study were water quality and dissolved oxygen. Treatment I and treatment II present good results as potential sludge worms cultivation media.

Identification of earthworm for sustainable agriculture - a review

Earthworms are considered as a friend of farmers. These fretful worms improve the air and water content in the dirt. When a worm dies, it decomposes into nitrogen and benefits the farmers. Nowadays, they are common prey for chemical contamination. Also, the agricultural farming today uses high quantity of pesticides to protect the crops from pest and diseases. By spraying pesticides, the lifecycle of earthworm is affected. This paper focuses on detailed study of earthworm and its importance on farming. It also deals with impact of chemicals on earthworm and its side effects. This paper discusses about the identification of earthworm in farmland and various methods for enhancing the growth of worms. This paper also focuses on the detailed description of various extraction methodologies of earthworms from the farms and gives the detailed analysis of merits and demerits of each extraction methods.

Parasitemia Evaluation in Mice Infected with Schistosoma mansoni.

Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease. Its treatment relies on the use of a single drug, praziquantel. Due to treatment limitations, an alternative for schistosomiasis chemotherapy is required; thus, a better understanding of parasite biology and host-parasite interactions is valuable to aid the identification of new anti-Schistosoma drugs. The parasite has a complex life cycle, which results in challenges regarding the evaluation of Schistosoma mansoni development and mammalian infection establishment. Accordingly, this protocol describes methodologies to evaluate: (1) adult worm growth; (2) reproduction; and (3) granuloma formation; and consequently allows more comprehensive knowledge of S. mansoni development in a natural biological system.

Trichinella spiralis: RNAi-mediated silencing of serine protease results in reduction of intrusion, development and fecundity

In previous studies, a Trichinella spiralis serine protease (TsSP) was identified in excretion/secretion (ES) products from intestinal infective L1 larvae (IIL1) using immunoproteomics. The complete cDNA sequence of TsSP gene was 1372 bp, which encoded 429 amino acids with 47.55 kDa. The TsSP was transcribed and expressed at all T. spiralis life cycle phases, as well as mainly located at the cuticle and stichosome of the parasitic nematode. Recombinant TsSP bind to intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and promoted larva invasion, however, its exact function in invasion, development and reproduction are still unknown. The aim of this study was to confirm the biological function of TsSP during T. spiralis invasion and growth using RNA interference (RNAi) technology. The results showed that on 1 day after electroporation using 2.5 µM siRNA156, TsSP mRNA and protein expression of muscle larvae (ML) was suppressed by 48.35 and 59.98%, respectively. Meanwhile, silencing of TsSP gene by RNAi resulted in a 61.38% decrease of serine protease activity of ML ES proteins, and a significant reduction of the in vitro and in vivo invasive capacity of IIL1 to intrude into the IEC monolayer and intestinal mucosa. When mice were infected with siRNA 156-transfected larvae, adult worm and muscle larva burdens were decreased by 58.85 and 60.48%, respectively. Moreover, intestinal worm growth and female fecundity were evidently inhibited after TsSP gene was knockdown, it was demonstrated that intestinal adults became smaller and the in vitro newborn larval yield of females obviously declined compared with the control siRNA group. The results indicated that knockdown of TsSP gene by RNAi significantly reduced the TsSP expression and enzymatic activity, impaired larvae intrusion and growth, and lowered the female reproductive capacity, further verified that TsSP might participate in diverse processes of T. spiralis life cycle, it will be a new prospective candidate molecular target of anti-Trichinella vaccines.

Complex composts influence on the growth and dynamics of vermiculture number

The paper examines the influence of complex composts from waste water residues and brewers grains on the growth dynamics of Eisenia foetida vermiculture in greenhouse conditions as a regional aspect of sustainable development of the Ugra territory. The substrates were used: soil with a total humus content of 1,83 0,51%, waste water residues, brewers pellet, plants, food waste, paper, bird droppings, microbiological additive Tamir, as well as 50 immature worms Prospector. The experience lasted 30 days. Each compost variant contained 7 replications with microbiological additive Tamir and worms, as well as 2 controls without worms: with and without microbiological additive Tamir. Composite composts showed a positive trend in the increase in the number of earthworms and their total weight. A decrease in the mass of the substrate after vermicomposting using the microbiological preparation Tamir was observed in all variants. A statistically regular decrease in the mass of the substrate with time was established due to the growth of worms. The optimum temperature for the development of worms is +21C, and the pH values at which a high number of worms were observed are in the range from 7,8 to 8,2. Thus, all types of complex composts can be used. The process of decomposition and positive dynamics of growth of worms was observed everywhere at different rates. The use of brewers grains in a raw state is possible with the introduction of 1025% of the total mass of the compostable substrate with organic components having a sorption capacity.

Assessment of toxicity and persistence of Yersinia entomophaga and its Yen-Tc associated toxin.

The insect-pathogenic bacterium Yersinia entomophaga MH96 is currently under development as a microbial pesticide active against various pasture and crop pests such as the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella and the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigeria. To enable nonrestricted field trials of Y. entomophaga MH96, information on the persistence and nontarget effects of the bacterium and its Yen-Tc proteinaceous toxin are required. The Y. entomophaga Yen-Tc associated toxin was found to have limited persistence on foliage and is inactivated by UV light. The Yen-Tc was rapidly degraded in ovine or bovine rumen fluid or the intestinal fluid of H. armigera. In H. armigera an intestinal protein of >50 kDa was found to cleave the Yen-Tc bond. Assessment of Y. entomophaga persistence on foliage and in soil found that after 42 days the bacterium could not be detected in soil at 20% soil moisture content but persisted for 72 days at 30-40% soil moisture. Nontarget effects of Y. entomophaga towards earthworms found that the bacterium afforded no adverse effects on worm growth or behavior. A summary of historic Yen-Tc and Y. entomophaga persistence and toxicity data is presented. The bacterium Y. entomophaga and its Yen-Tc associated toxin have limited persistence in the environment, with the Yen-Tc being susceptible to UV inactivation and proteolytic degradation, and the bacterium persisting longer in soil of a high moisture content. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Invasive plants exert disproportionately negative allelopathic effects on the growth and physiology of the earthworm Eisenia fetida

Exotic invasive plants possess the capacity to disrupt and extirpate populations of native species. Native plants' increased sensitivity to invaders' allelochemicals is a mechanism by which this can occur. However, it is not clear whether and how the allelopathic effects of invasive plants affect members of the soil faunal community — particularly the important functional guild of earthworms. We used the model earthworm Eisenia fetida to investigate the responses to extracts from the widely invasive Asterids (Ageratina adenophora, Bidens pilosa, Erigeron annuus) and closely-related native species in a greenhouse experiment. We observed declines in body mass and respiration, and increases in oxidative and DNA damage biomarkers in the native earthworm E. fetida when grown under root and leaf extracts from these invasive plants. These effects were concentration-dependent, and worm growth and physiology was most negatively affected under the highest concentrations of leaf extracts. Most importantly, extracts from invasive plants caused significantly more negative effects on E. fetida than did extracts from native plant species, indicating allelopathy from invasive plants may inhibit earthworm physiological functioning. These results expand the domain of the novel weapons hypothesis to the earthworm guild and demonstrate the utility of E. fetida as a bioindicator for plant allelochemicals.

Effects of sediment-associated Cu on Tubifex tubifex – Insights gained by standard ecotoxicological and novel, but simple, bioturbation endpoints

Sediments serve as both source and sink of contaminants (e.g., Cu) and biologically important materials (e.g., metals, nutrients). Bioturbation by benthic organisms is ecologically relevant as bioturbation affects the physio-chemical characteristics of sediments, thus altering nutrient and contaminant distribution and bioavailability. We examined the effects of sediment-associated Cu on T. tubifex with conventional toxicity endpoints, such as mortality and growth, and less commonly used non-destructive endpoints, such as bioturbation and feeding. An experimental approach was developed to examine the applicability of simple methods to detect effects on bioturbation and feeding. Two experiments were conducted with 7-day exposures to uncontaminated or Cu-spiked natural sediment at six Cu concentrations to examine Cu bioaccumulation and effects. Endpoints included worm mortality, feeding rate and growth (experiment A) and worm bioturbation (particle diffusion and maximum penetration depth, experiment B). A microparticle tracer was placed on the sediment surface and vertical particle transport was followed over time. Adverse effects were detected for all endpoints (bioturbation, feeding rate, growth and survival): a slight positive effect at the lowest Cu concentrations followed by adverse effects at higher concentrations indicating hormesis. These simple, non-destructive endpoints, provided valuable information and demonstrated that sediment-associated contaminants, such as Cu, can influence bioturbation activity, which in turn may affect the distribution of sediment-bound or particulate pollutants, such as the plastic microparticles studied here. Thus, we suggest to use simple endpoints, such as bioturbation and feeding rate, in ecotoxicity testing since these endpoint account for the influence of interactions between pollutants and benthos and, thus, increase ecological relevance.

Prohibitin 1 (PHB1) controls growth and development and regulates proliferation and apoptosis in Schistosoma japonicum.

Schistosomiasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the trematode blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. The prodigious egg output of females is the main cause of the disease in definitive hosts, while the female worm relies on continuous pairing with the male worm to fuel the growth and maturation of the reproductive organs and egg production. Prohibitin, which contains the functionally interdependent PHB1 and PHB2 subunits in human and some other species, has been proposed to participate in the cell proliferation and apoptosis regulation in mammals. However, little is known about the function of PHB homolog in the growth and reproductive development of schistosomes. Here, we reported the Phb1 gene that was structurally and evolutionarily conserved in Schistosoma japonicum when compared with that of other species from Caenorhabditis elegans to human. Real-time PCR detected that SjPhb1 was highly transcribed in the vitellaria of female worms. SjPhb1 knockdown achieved through the dsRNA-mediated RNAi in vivo resulted in retarded growth, decreased pairing, and fecundity in adult worms, as well as attenuated pathogenicity or virulence of worms to their hosts. Cell proliferation and apoptosis examination found decreased cell proliferation and increased cell apoptosis in SjPhb1 dsRNA-treated worms. Therefore, our study provides the first characterization of S. japonicum PHB1 and reveals its fundamental role in the regulation of growth and development of S. japonicum by specific dsRNA-mediated RNAi in vivo. Our findings prompt for a promising molecular of schistosomes that can be targeted to effectively retard the growth and development of the schistosomes.

Effect of Various Farm Manures and Straw Containing Cattle Manure on Worm and Worm Manure Production

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of different combinations of farm manure and farm manure on earthworm proliferation and earthworm manure production quantity and property. Accordingly, 100% horse manure (H), 100% cattle manure (C), 100% straw cattle manure (SC), 90% horse manure + 10% hen manure (H/H), 90% cattle + 10% hen manure (C/H) and 90% straw cattle manure + 10% hen manure (SC/H ) six research groups were designed. The highest level of worm growth in the experimental period was in group H, followed by SC group. The lowest values were found in C/H group and C group. In the amount of worm manure produced, the highest value was found in H/H group and the lowest value was found in SC group. As a result, it was found that 100% H and 100% SC groups made a better contribution to the increase in worm growth.

Identification and functional study of the Schistosoma japonicum epidermal growth factor receptor gene

To characterize the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in Schistosoma japonicum (SjEGFR gene) and investigate the role of the EGFR gene in regulating the growth, reproductive system, maturation and fecundity of S. japonicum. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) was performed to obtain the full length of the SjEGFR gene, and the SjEGFR gene expression was quantified in different developmental stages of S. japonicum using a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay. The tissue localization of the SjEGFR gene was detected in 22-day parasite using whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH). Following RNA interference (RNAi)-induced knockdown of the SjEGFR gene, the worm length, pairing rate and worm burden of S. japonicum were measured, and the worm morphology was observed using optical microscopy and confocal microscopy. The SjEGFR gene was identified with a conserved tyrosine-kinase active site, and the SjEGFR gene expression was detected at various developmental stages in male and female parasites. WISH showed that the transcript of the SjEGFR gene was localized on the tegument and in the digestive organs of S. japonicum. RNAi-induced SjEGFR knockdown resulted in marked suppression of the worm growth, smaller size of male testicles that contained more immature spermatocytes, and apparent impairment of ovary and vitelline gland development. In addition, no eggs were found in the uterus of SjEGFR knocked-down female parasites, indicating the interruption of egg production. Inhibition of SjEGFR expression may remarkably suppress the growth and maturation of S. japonicum, and interrupt the egg production.

Salinity of the growth medium is important for production potential and nutritional value of white worms (Enchytraeus albidusHenle)

Enchytraeus albidus is a small euryhaline earthworm that is abundant in the supralittoral zone where it can be found in decaying seaweed. This species is readily mass-cultured, and due to its relatively high contents of protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), there has been a renewed interest in this species as an alternative source of valuable nutrients for fish feed. Here, we have investigated the influence of substrate salinity (0, 1, 2, 8, 15, 30 and 40 ppt) on reproduction, growth and nutrient content of worms. We found that intermediate salinities (8–15 ppt) of the substrate maximize biomass production as well as protein and PUFA contents of the worm tissue. In particular, we observed that the often used culturing of E. albidus in non-saline growth medium resulted in low reproduction and biomass production. Increasing the salinity from 0 to 15 ppt resulted in a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids both in storage lipid and in membrane phospholipid fractions.

Bacterially produced metabolites protect C. elegans neurons from degeneration.

Caenorhabditis elegans and its cognate bacterial diet comprise a reliable, widespread model to study diet and microbiota effects on host physiology. Nonetheless, how diet influences the rate at which neurons die remains largely unknown. A number of models have been used in C. elegans as surrogates for neurodegeneration. One of these is a C. elegans strain expressing a neurotoxic allele of the mechanosensory abnormality protein 4 (MEC-4d) degenerin/epithelial Na+ (DEG/ENaC) channel, which causes the progressive degeneration of the touch receptor neurons (TRNs). Using this model, our study evaluated the effect of various dietary bacteria on neurodegeneration dynamics. Although degeneration of TRNs was steady and completed at adulthood in the strain routinely used for C. elegans maintenance (Escherichia coli OP50), it was significantly reduced in environmental and other laboratory bacterial strains. Strikingly, neuroprotection reached more than 40% in the E. coli HT115 strain. HT115 protection was long lasting well into old age of animals and was not restricted to the TRNs. Small amounts of HT115 on OP50 bacteria as well as UV-killed HT115 were still sufficient to produce neuroprotection. Early growth of worms in HT115 protected neurons from degeneration during later growth in OP50. HT115 diet promoted the nuclear translocation of DAF-16 (ortholog of the FOXO family of transcription factors), a phenomenon previously reported to underlie neuroprotection caused by down-regulation of the insulin receptor in this system. Moreover, a daf-16 loss-of-function mutation abolishes HT115-driven neuroprotection. Comparative genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics approaches pinpointed the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and lactate as metabolites differentially produced between E. coli HT115 and OP50. HT115 mutant lacking glutamate decarboxylase enzyme genes (gad), which catalyze the conversion of GABA from glutamate, lost the ability to produce GABA and also to stop neurodegeneration. Moreover, in situ GABA supplementation or heterologous expression of glutamate decarboxylase in E. coli OP50 conferred neuroprotective activity to this strain. Specific C. elegans GABA transporters and receptors were required for full HT115-mediated neuroprotection. Additionally, lactate supplementation also increased anterior ventral microtubule (AVM) neuron survival in OP50. Together, these results demonstrate that bacterially produced GABA and other metabolites exert an effect of neuroprotection in the host, highlighting the role of neuroactive compounds of the diet in nervous system homeostasis.

Growth and Activity of Caenorhabditis elegans Exposed to Mechanical Vibration During the Embryonic Period

Mechanical vibration is a key external stimulus of living organisms. In previous studies, mechanical vibration has been found to affect the proliferation and differentiation of cells. However, there have been few reports of similar effects at the organismal scale. In this study, we demonstrated the effect of mechanical vibration on the growth and activity of Caenorhabditis elegans in the embryonic stage. The group of worms that were exposed to mechanical vibration during the embryonic period grew faster than the control group of worms. The growth of all groups was compared by measuring body length. Furthermore, we investigated the mechanical vibration effects in two types of mutants: body wall mechanosensory-abnormal mutants (mec-4(e1339)) and head mechanosensory-defective mutants (trp-4(sy695)). The mec-4(e1339) mutant was not affected by mechanical vibration during growth. On the other hand, the trp-4(sy695) mutant exposed to mechanical vibration showed a difference in growth compared with the control group, similar to wild-type worms. Therefore, mechanical vibration during the early developmental period of C. elegans affects the growth and activity of worms. Additionally, we observed a relationship between the gastrulation period and the mechanosensory system development of the worms. This study will serve as the basis for analyzing the effects of mechanical vibration on the developmental stages of C. elegans.

Identification of toxicity effects of Cu2O materials onC. elegansas a function of environmental ionic composition

Previous work has shown that spherical CuO nanomaterials show negative effects on cell and animal physiology. The biological effects of Cu2O materials, which posess unique chemical features compared to CuO nanomaterials and can be synthesized in a similarly large variety of shapes and sizes, are comparatively less studied. Here, we synthesized truncated octahedral Cu2O particles and characterized their structure, stability, and physiological effects in the nematode worm animal model, Caenorhabditis elegans. Cu2O particles were found to be generally stable in aqueous media, although the particles did show signs of oxidation and leaching of Cu2+ within hours in worm growth media. The particles were found to be especially sensitive to inorganic phosphate (PO4 3-) found in standard NGM nematode growth medium. Cu2O particles were observed being taken up into the nematode pharynx and detected in the lumen of the gut. Toxicity experiments revealed that treatment with Cu2O particles caused a significant reduction in animal size and lifespan. These toxic effects resembled treatment with Cu2+, but measurements of Cu leaching, worm size, and long-term behavior experiments show the particles are more toxic than expected from Cu ion leaching alone. These results suggest worm ingestion of intact Cu2O particles enhances their toxicity and behavior effects while particle exposure to environmental phosphate precipitates leached Cu2+ into biounavailable phosphate salts. Interestingly, the worms showed an acute avoidance of bacterial food with Cu2O particles, suggesting that animals can detect chemical features of the particles and/or their breakdown products and actively avoid areas with them. These results will help to understand how specific, chemically-defined particles proposed for use in polluted soil and wastewater remediation affect animal toxicity and behaviors in their natural environment.

Polysaccharide extracted from the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja enhanced stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans via skn-1 and hsf-1

Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharide (CPP) has many beneficial biological activities. Although the antioxidant activity of CPP is well-known, the stress tolerance and underlying mechanism of the activities of CPP have not been determined in vivo. In this study, we applied the emerging model of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) to observe that CPP imparted stronger resistance to stress than the positive control Astragalus polysaccharide (H2O2- and paraquat-induced oxidative stress, as well as heat stress) without threatening the growth and reproduction of worms. Further studies found that CPP-treated worms had a strong antioxidant defense system that downregulated peroxidation products (ROS, MDA, NEFAs and GSSG) and upregulated antioxidant enzymes and nonenzymatic activities (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and GSH). The CPP-treated worms also exhibited improved physiological functions, such as inhibition of age pigment and improvement of lifespan, mobility and neuroprotection. Further exploration of the mechanism of action of CPP treatment suggested that increased resistance to CPP might activate stress-inducible genes (sod-3, sod-5, ctl-1, ctl-2, hsp-16.1 and hsp-16.2) via skn-1 and hsf-1, rather than daf-16. These findings suggest that CPP may have health benefits for humans.

Vaccination of mice with a recombinant novel cathepsin B inhibits Trichinella spiralis development, reduces the fecundity and worm burden

BackgroundTrichinella spiralis is a major zoonotic tissue-dwelling nematode, which is a public health concern and a serious hazard to animal food safety. It is necessary to exploit an anti-Trichinella vaccine to interrupt the transmission of Trichinella infection among animals and from animals to humans. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the novel T. spiralis cathepsin B (TsCB) and to evaluate the immune protection elicited by immunization with recombinant TsCB (rTsCB).MethodsThe complete cDNA sequences of the TsCB gene were cloned, expressed and purified. The antigenicity of rTsCB was investigated by western blot analysis and ELISA. Transcription and expression of TsCB at various T. spiralis life-cycle stages were analyzed by RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescent assay (IIFA). The mice were subcutaneously immunized with rTsCB, and serum level of TsCB-specific IgG (IgG1 and IgG2a) and IgE antibodies were assayed by ELISA. Immune protection elicited by vaccination with rTsCB was investigated.ResultsThe TsCB was transcribed and expressed in four T. spiralis life-cycle stages (adult worm, AW; newborn larvae, NBL; muscle larvae, ML; and intestinal infective L1 larvae), it was primarily located in the cuticle and stichosome of the parasitic nematode. Vaccination of mice with rTsCB produced a prominent antibody response (high level of specific IgG and IgE) and immune protection, as demonstrated by a 52.81% AW burden reduction of intestines at six days post-infection (dpi) and a 50.90% ML burden reduction of muscles at 35 dpi after oral larva challenge. The TsCB-specific antibody response elicited by immunization with rTsCB also impeded intestinal worm growth and decreased the female fecundity.ConclusionsTsCB might be considered as a novel potential molecular target to develop vaccines against T. spiralis infection.