World Soybean Research Articles

Begomoviruses of soybean and their management

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a member of the family Fabaceae. About 85% of the world's soybeans are processed annually into soybean meal and oil. This oil seed crop has been reported to be infected by a number of plant viruses, which cause huge losses to the farmers all over the world. These viruses not only reduce the yield of the crop but also the oil content. More than 111 viruses or their strains have been reported worldwide infecting soybean. Of these viruses, begomoviruses are the important ones. They cause several types of symptoms in the plants and are transmitted by white flies (Bemisia tabaci) in nature. These viruses can be identified by polymerase chain reaction using the purified viral DNA or total DNA from the virus infected plants. Several strains of geminivirus have been confirmed using sequencing as a powerful tool to establish the homology of the gene sequences. The management of geminiviruses is a problem. Development of resistant varieties and vector control are the main strategies. Marketing of soybean is also one of the important fields of concern so that the farmers could get the good amount for their produce.

Global Impact of Soybean Production: A Review

Soybean is among the most significant crops in the world. Vegetable oil and protein meal both benefit from the use of soybean seeds. Soybean output has increased at the greatest percentage rate of any major crop during the 1970s. The crop is projected to be cultivated on 6% of the world's arable land. The recent surge in output is in line with the rising demand for oil and meal. Since soybeans are one of the most significant crops in the world, more study is being done to learn more about how they are produced under various circumstances, including stress. Information on the pace of soybean production throughout the globe may be utilized to enhance soybean production and mitigate variables like stressors that have a negative impact on soybean yield. The productivity of soybeans is significantly impacted by the action of soil bacteria. Only a few nations, including the United States, Brazil, Argentina, China, and India, account for the majority of the world's soybean output. For managerial and ecological reasons, it is crucial to have a deeper grasp of the vast range of farming techniques used in soybean crops. We will also talk about the potential relationship between improved management of microbial inocula and soil conditions. Gaining a deeper comprehension of the vast range of plant interactions is crucial for both managing and comprehending the ecology of this crop. Due to our direct and indirect reliance on the soybean crop for food goods, significant yield reductions in soybeans beyond present levels may have an impact on food security. Additionally, the crop provides resources to solve global food concerns via present and future use techniques due to its high nutritional value and versatility. Whether used as a vegetable crop or processed into a variety of soybean food products, soybean production is predicted to rise in the future in direct proportion to rising demand. With the application of newer genomic technologies, the crop has enormous potential to improve dietary quality for people worldwide.

How does climate change affect potential yields of four staple grain crops worldwide by 2030?

Global food security basically depends on potential yields of staple grain crops worldwide, especially under climate change. However, most scholars use various models of production function in which climatic factors are often considered to estimate crop yield mostly at local or regional level. Therefore, in this paper: Potential yields of rice, wheat, maize and soybean worldwide by 2030 are projected creatively using Auto-regressive Integrated Moving Average and Trend Regressed (ARIMA-TR) model in which actual yields in recent two years are used for testing the reliability of projection and Gray System (GS) model for validating the test; Especially individual impacts of climate change on the productions of rice, wheat, maize and soybean worldwide since 1961 are analyzed by using unary regression model in which global mean temperature and land precipitation are independent variable while the yield of crop being dependent one, respectively. Results show that: by 2030, the ratio between average and top yields of world rice is projected to be 50.6% increasing, while those of world wheat, world maize and world soybean are projected to be 38.0% increasing, 14.7% decreasing and 72.5% increasing, respectively. Since 1961 global warming has exerted a negative impact on average yield of world rice less than on its top, a positive effect on average yield of world wheat while a negative impact on its top, a positive effect on average yield of world maize less than on its top, and a positive influence on average yield of world soybean while a negative one on its top, which might be slightly mitigated by 'Carbon Peak' target. The fluctuation of global rainfall contributes to the productions of these crops much less than global warming during same period. Our findings indicate that: to improve global production of four staple grain crops by 2030, the priorities of input should be given to either rice or wheat in both high and low yield countries, whereas to maize in high yield countries and to soybean in low yield countries. These insights highlight some difference from previous studies, and provide academia with innovative comprehension and policy-decision makers with supportive information on sustainable production of these four staple grain crops for global food security under climate change in the future.

A dominant-duopoly competitive-fringe model of the world soybean export market

A dominant-duopoly competitive-fringe model of the world soybean export market

APPLICATION OF ARCH/GARCH MODELS IN ANALYSIS OF PRICE VOLATILITIES LOCAL, IMPORTS (USA), AND WORLD

Soybeans are one of Indonesia’s strategis agricultural commodities. Soybean prices fluctuation due to high demand and low stock of soybeans. This study was conducted to determine the behavior of local soybean prices in Indonesia, imported soybeans from the USA, and world soybeans. This study uses monthly soybean price time series data from January 2017 to March 2022 for local and world soybean price data and for imported soybean price data (USA) from January 2018 to March 2022. The data is obtained from the Kementrian Perdagangan, UN Comtrade, and the World Bank. The research method used is the ARCH/GARCH analysis method. The result of this study is the estimation of the GARCH model on the volatility of local soybean prices in Indonesia, imported soybeans (USA), and world soybeans obtained the GARCH (1,1) model. Based on the GARCH (1,1) model, the price of local soybeans in Indonesia is more volatile than the price of imported soybeans (USA) and the price of world soybeans is more volatile than the price of imported soybeans (USA). The prices of local soybeans in Indonesia, imported soybeans, and world soybeans are more volatile after the Covid-19 pandemic than before the Covid-19 pandemic. Future forecasts of local soybean prices in Indonesia, imported soybeans, and world soybeans are predicted to increase with the highest price in December 2024 of IDR 15,391.21 for local soybeans, IDR 11,303.92 for imported soybeans, and IDR 12,069.11 for world soybeans. This price forecast can be used as a reference by the government in planning soybean import policies.

RESEARCH OF SOYBEAN SEED QUALITY INDICATORS

The article provides a study of the current state of global soybean production, the dynamics of sown areas, yield and gross harvest of soybeans in Ukraine over the past five years. World soybean production is almost 352 million tons, and the leaders are always the USA, Brazil, and Argentina, which in 2017 collected a record 286 million tons of soybeans, which is 82% of world production. China (12.3 million tons), India (11.5 million tons) and Paraguay (10.3 million tons) are also among the leading producers. Ukraine was ranked 8th among the leading countries in soybean production. Also, soybeans have been in the leading positions in the domestic agricultural market for many years, along with grain crops, in export and processing for food and fodder purposes, and also have a strategically important role in ensuring the country's food and economic security. Soybean seeds contain 38–42% protein, 18–23% fat, 25–30% carbohydrates, as well as enzymes, vitamins, and minerals. Due to its rich and diverse chemical composition, soybean has no equal in terms of production growth rates, and it has long been widely used as a universal food, fodder and oil crop. The regions of the country with the largest sown areas of soybeans are given, and the place of Ukraine in the world market, both in terms of production and trade of soybeans, is clarified. Factors that should be taken into account when planning to increase the area under soybeans are given. Grain quality control is a complex process that includes a combination of various factors. However, this is a very important stage, as it makes it possible to make Ukrainian grain competitive on the world market. Studies of organoleptic and physicochemical quality indicators of soybean samples of the 2022 harvest are presented. It is shown that the test samples have the color and shape characteristic of normal soybean seeds, without musty, moldy and extraneous smell. The mass fraction of moisture, oil, the content of garbage and grain impurities do not exceed the normative values. Pest infestation was not detected in any of the studied samples. The mass fraction of protein in terms of dry matter in the experimental samples was 32.1–33.9, which does not correspond to DSTU 4964:2008. "Soy. Technical conditions" (the value should be at least 35%) and USDA requirements.

Soybeans in Mato Grosso: Production Analysis and Crop Estimation Model

The present article aims to clarify the transformations that have occurred since the 1970s in the soybean production chain, having as a spatial clipping the state of Mato Grosso, which has been receiving contributions of technological innovations in the modernization of the agricultural sector, and becoming the first producer of Brazil's soybean, with 10% of all world production. What will be questioned in this article is: what are the qualities and potentialities to be used by soybean crops in the state of Mato Grosso? World soybean production is 3.36 108 t, occupying 124 M ha in plantation. The United States and Brazil account for 70% of world production, Argentina produces around 15%. Mato Grosso has a productivity of 3,367 kg ha –1, 25% higher than the world average. The research was exploratory, using secondary data provided by different institutions, which were analyzed using linear regression. It was found that productivity grew continuously during the period studied, and that the 20 largest producers are hegemonic in production, but they are seeing a reduction in participation from 73% to 59%, and that the area expected for 2019 is close to 10 M ha.

Introduction to the Soybean Topical Issue and the upcoming World Soybean Research Conference 11

Introduction to the Soybean Topical Issue and the upcoming World Soybean Research Conference 11

ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ И КАЧЕСТВО СОРТОВ СОИ ИЗ МИРОВОЙ КОЛЛЕКЦИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ СЕВЕРНОГО КАЗАХСТАНА

The article summarizes the results of a long-term study of soybean varieties from the world collection in the North of Kazakhstan, in the Kostanay region on the experimental fields of LLP "SKOS "Zarechnoye". In the period from 2020 to 2022, about 250 varieties of various ripeness groups from the world soybean collection were screened. An assessment of their ability to form a crop in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan was carried out. Full filling of seeds during the years of research of the collection was achieved in most cases by cultivars created by breeders of the northern countries of the world, since they have low photoperiodic sensitivity, are not oppressed by low temperature, but at the same time are sensitive to excess precipitation. The protein content in the seeds of the studied soybean samples belonging to the precocious group varies from 37.8 to 41.1%. The highest indicator is in the Hay Hek variety 14 (41.1%). But among all the numbers of the collection, the leading indicators are: 126/1, 186/1, Zlata and Pitket K6298, respectively 44.2%, 44.3%, 44.5 and 45.4%. The high protein content in soybean seeds can be explained by their high ability to symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The studied gene pool has been characterized by a number of characteristics and can serve as a valuable source material for the creation of varieties recommended for cultivation in the North of Kazakhstan.

A dominant-duopoly competitive-fringe model of the world soybean export market

A dominant-duopoly competitive-fringe model of the world soybean export market

Yield Production for Soybean Varieties under Different Spacing on Maize Intercrop: Case Study of Nyamira County

Soybean is an important crop not only in African countries, but also in the entire world being one of the most protein containing legume from its seeds which is used as food among other uses of the crop such as Nitrogen fixation. However, in Africa, low production levels have been recorded over the years with Africa contributing to 1% of the entire world soybean production. This paper therefore sought to determine the yield production for soybean varieties under different spacing on maize intercrop. The paper adopted experimental research design. From the analysis results on the measure of the total yield production for soybean varieties on different spacings on maize intercrop, the study established that DPSB variety seeds had the highest average weight while Gazelle and Nyala variety had the least average weight of seeds. The researcher recommended DPSB19 variety at 30cm with an average of 14.10335g with only the research boundary factors maintained on the total yield production for soybean varieties on different spacing on maize intercrop. Keywords: Yield Production, Soybean Varieties, Maize Intercrop, Spacing

Natural Variation of Seed Tocopherol Composition in Diverse World Soybean Accessions from Maturity Group 0 to VI Grown in China.

Tocopherols are natural antioxidants that increase the stability of fat-containing foods and are well known for their health benefits. To investigate the variation in seed tocopherol composition of soybeans from different origins, 493 soybean accessions from different countries (China, USA, Japan, and Russia) belonging to 7 maturity groups (MG 0–VI) were grown in 2 locations (Beijing and Hainan Provinces of China) for 2 years (2017 and 2018). The results showed that significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed among the accessions and origins for individual and total tocopherol contents. The total tocopherol content ranged from 118.92 μg g−1 to 344.02 μg g−1. Accessions from the USA had the highest average concentration of γ- and total tocopherols (152.92 and 238.21 μg g−1, respectively), whereas a higher level of α-tocopherol (12.82 μg g−1) was observed in the Russian accessions. The maturity group of the accession significantly (p < 0.001) influenced all tocopherol components, and higher levels of α-, γ-, and total tocopherols were observed in early maturing accessions, while late-maturing accessions exhibited higher levels of δ-tocopherol. The inclination of tocopherol concentrations with various MGs provided further evidence of the significance of MG in soybean breeding for seed tocopherol components. Furthermore, the correlation between the seed tocopherol components and geographical factors revealed that α-, γ-, and total tocopherols had significant positive correlations with latitude, while δ-tocopherol showed an opposite trend. The elite accessions with high and stable tocopherol concentrations determined could be used to develop functional foods, industrial materials, and breeding lines to improve tocopherol composition in soybean seeds.

Isoflavones in Soybean as a Daily Nutrient: The Mechanisms of Action and How They Alter the Pharmacokinetics of Drugs.

Soybeans [Glycine max (L.)] are a good source of isoflavones. The main isoflavone components of soybean are daidzein, genistein, and glycitein. World soybean production is very high. Because of its pharmacological activity, soy isoflavone intake over a long period of time may result in interactions with the drugs. This review summarizes soy isoflavone-drug interactions based on the pharmacokinetic parameters. Soy isoflavones have pharmacokinetic interactions with celecoxib, theophylline, paclitaxel, midazolam, imatinib, carbamazepine, valproic acid, repaglinide, omeprazole and danofloxacin. This is due to the changes in the area under the curve, maximum serum concentration, time that a drug is present at the maximum concentration in serum, clearance and half-life of the drugs when delivered together with soy isoflavones. The mechanisms of pharmacokinetic interactions occurs through the inhibition/induction of drug metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes such as CYP3A4, CYP2A1, and CYP2C9 or through the inhibition of drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein. Thus, the consumption of soybean, soy isoflavones or soy products with drugs needs to be reconsidered.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ РЫНКА СОИ И ЕГО ЗНАЧИМОСТЬ ДЛЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ

In order to assess the capabilities of the soybean production industry as one of the factors in the development of the Russian economy, the article provides an overview of global trends and forecasts of the dynamics of supply and demand in the market for soybeans and products from it. The universality and multifunctionality of this group of products is noted, which, together with their useful consumer properties, gives grounds for directing efforts to further develop this segment of the Russian economy. At the same time, the features of the distribution and functioning of the Russian soybean market are highlighted. In addition, the article analyzes the retrospective dynamics of the production of this product in the post-Soviet countries - 15 states of the ex-members of the Soviet Union. Based on the results of the application of a set of statistical methods, a comparison was made of the nature of the development of soybean production in the two leading states among the CIS countries - Russia and Ukraine. The study made it possible to draw the following conclusions: the world soybean market is a steadily developing system, in which the leading positions in production are occupied by the United States, Brazil and Argentina, and in terms of consumption, by China. The share of Russia in world production today is only 1%, while in the post-Soviet space, Russia and Ukraine occupy leading positions as exporters. Pressure from global producers and rising prices for soybeans leads to a significant increase in domestic production in the Russian economy. The field of practical application of the research results is to use some of the findings to conduct a further in-depth study of the prospects for growing soybeans, taking into account the climatic characteristics of the post-Soviet countries, as well as to assess the possibility of Russia entering the world soybean market

Global warming and world soybean yields

The crop yield potential of world soybean from 2019 to 2028 has been projected using ARIMA model based on the yields from 1961 to 2018. Both annual global mean temperature and the yields of world soybean have been projected to rise during the ensuing decade 2019-2028. Projected average yields of world soybean varies from 2841 to 3276 kg ha-1 while 4324 to 4807 kg ha-1 in the case of top (national) yields of world soybean. Annual global mean temperatures may vary from 15.0 to 15.3oC and likely to exert positive impact on average yield (R squared = 0.80) while negative on top yield (R squared = 0.40) of world soybean. It may be concluded that for world soybean yields in 2019 to 2028, the opportunities for improving production should be dependent on both high and low-yielding countries as the yield remained between 30 and 70 per cent of potential limit i.e. in middle place around the turn-point of S-shaped curve in long-term trend partly affected by global warming.

The Use of Detached Leaf Inoculation for Selecting Cercospora kikuchii Resistance in Soybean Genotypes

Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) causes extensive losses in soybean production in worldwide, including major soybean-producing countries such as Argentina. Cercospora kikuchii, C. cf. sigesbeckiae, C. cf. flagellaris, and C. cf. nicotianae are identified as pathogens of CLB. Soybean resistance against CLB is still unknown. Also, chemical control for CLB is losing effectiveness because of fungicide resistance of pathogens such as C. kikuchii. We urgently need to breed a CLB-resistant cultivar. Unfortunately, efficient methods for the screening of a resistant soybean genotype have not yet been established. In this study, we designed a new, high-throughput inoculation method for identifying resistance against one of the CLB pathogens, C. kikuchii. We used liquid-cultured mycelia of the pathogen C. kikuchii on detached soybean leaves. Lesions on soybean leaflets appeared 9 days postinoculation by this method. We used this method to select four C. kikuchii-resistant genotypes from 80 genotypes in the World Soybean Core Collection. The high-throughput screening method developed in this study can contribute to the research about C. kikuchii resistance by facilitating identification of resistant varieties. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .

Estimating the market effect of a trade war: The case of soybean tariffs

In 2018, China retaliated to U.S. trade actions by levying a 25% retaliatory tariff on U.S. soybean exports. That tariff shifted market preferences so that Chinese buyers—who make up a substantial share of total world consumption—favored Brazilian soybeans. We use the relative price of a substitute (RPS) method to estimate that the resulting trade disruption effectively drove a wedge into the world soybean market, lowering U.S. prices at Gulf export locations by $0.74/bu on average for about five months, and increasing Brazilian prices by about $0.97/bu, compared to what would have been observed without the tariff in place. By the end of that period, world markets adjusted and the soybean prices in both countries returned to the ex-ante state of near parity, even if U.S. export volume did not recover until the end of the following marketing year. Our price impact estimate is substantially lower than subsequent U.S. government “trade aid” payments to American soybean producers: although actual payments to producers varied based on county-level differences, USDA’s nominal calculation of the commodity-specific payment rate for soybeans under MFP summed to $3.70 for two bushels produced over the course of two years. We project that USDA’s near-$8.5 billion in trade aid to U.S. soybean producers exceeded the tariff damage by about $5.4 billion. These difference could be attributed to USDA’s broader definition of “economic injury”, beyond the short-run price impacts we estimate.

Analysis of Factors Affecting Grain Futures Price in China and Implications for Korea

Purpose - This paper analyzes the factors influencing the grain futures price in China, and then tries to present the implications for Korea. Design/Methodology/Approach - This paper identifies the long-term equilibrium relationship between Chinese grain futures price and each influencing factor through Johansen’s cointegration test, and then analyzes the short-term relationship through Impulse Response function and variance decomposition of prediction errors by setting up a VECM model. The variables used were China Soybean futures price, China Interest Rate, China Soybean Speculative Factors, China Soybean Imports, World Soybean Spot Price, US Soybean Futures Price and World Ethanol Spot Price. Data used monthly statistical data from January 2009 to December 2019. Findings - As a result of the cointegration test, it was found that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between the Chinese soybean futures price and the influencing factors. As a result of a variance decomposition analysis of the impact response function and prediction error, the US soybean futures price had the greatest impact. The next greatest impacts are listed in order: Chinese soybean imports, world soybean spot prices, world ethanol spot prices, Chinese pork prices, Chinese soybean speculative factors, and Chinese interest rates. Research Implications - This paper systematically analyzed the factors affecting the Chinese grain futures price by introducing speculative factors and pork prices for the first time. If China’s grain futures market opens in the future, it can be expected to become an important investment market. As Korea is also a grain importer, we should keep a close eye on changes in China’s grain market.

Long juvenility trait: A vehicle for commercial utilization of soybean (Glycine max) in lower latitudes

AbstractSoybean, a short‐day plant, has its origin in higher latitudes of China, and its commercial cultivation remained confined to areas &gt;22°N till 1970s due to precocious flowering accompanied with reduced biomass in lower latitudes. This review summarizes the effect of short days on soybean phenology, discovery of a novel long juvenile (LJ) trait, its role in breaking the latitudinal boundary for soybean production, identification of genes and impact of LJ trait on world soybean production. E6, J and E9 major genes governing the trait have been characterized and cloned. LJ varieties are late in flowering and maturity and successful in long rainfall regime of Brazil. Availability of vast vacant fallows of Cerrado has been another factor for utilization of this trait in Brazil. Recent advances for developing short‐duration LJ varieties, for limited rainfall areas and its suitability to existing cropping systems by combining it with photoinsensitivity, have been reviewed. Based on the available data from lower latitudes of Brazil, the contribution of the LJ trait is estimated to 23.7% of the total world production.

Comparative effectiveness of Metarhizium rileyi, novaluron, and glyphosate on immune system, development, and redox metabolism of Anticarsia gemmatalis

Anticarsia gemmatalis is one of the most important pests in world soybean crop. The most common intervention is the application of agrochemicals, such as novaluron and glyphosate. Among biological control agents, much attention has been drawn to entomopathogenic fungi, as Metarhizium rileyi. Here, we examined the changes that occur in the immune system (total and differential hemocyte count), secondary effects (caterpillar morphology), and oxidative metabolism after the caterpillars were exposed to M. rileyi, novaluron or glyphosate. M. rileyi was able to induce changes in the width, length, and weight of A. gemmatalis pupae, along with an increased in the number of defense cells. Novaluron prompt changes the insect’s immunity, and glyphosate caused milder immunological effects. However, it caused significant secondary effects including malformations in pupae and adults, and an increase in nitric oxide (NO) levels. Mortality observed when treating insects with novaluron and malformations due to glyphosate treatments did not occur due to oxidative stress. However, when insects were exposed to M. rileyi, we verified significantly increased levels of NO and concluded that these insects died due to oxidative stress. Our data provide evidence that contributes to better understanding the mechanism of herbicide-fungus interaction in the management of Anticarsia gemmatalis.