World Palm Oil Research Articles

Odour Intensity Assessment at Different Area of a Palm Oil Mill Using Olfactometry Method

Malaysia is one of the world’s largest palm oil exporters, amounting to 39 % of world palm oil production and 44 % of world exports [1]. Palm oil mill usually engaged with odour problem that came from the wastewater treatment pond that released odourous compounds such as ammonia, volatile organic acids, and sulfides. This study was done to investigate odour nuisance from palm oil mill operations and odour emission rate at United Oil Palm (UOP) Mill, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. Odour assessment was done on-site at four points and odour sample was taken from four anaerobic treatment ponds. Flux hood method was used and the samples were analysed by using the olfactometry method with six panels. It was found that in the UOP mill, the highest odour emission is from the anaerobic pond 2 with the average specific odour emission rate of 10.88 OUE/sm2, follow by cooling pond, acid pond and anaerobic pond 1. Besides knowing the main source of the odour, this study was run to find the intensity and offensiveness of the palm oil mill odour. A simple questionnaire was asked to the six panels about the odour intensity and odour offensiveness, and the average for both was at 5 (very strong odour) and 3 (definitely offensive odour). Higher level of offensiveness and intensity will increase the odour complaints, but by knowing those levels, it will help in deciding the limit of odour concentration that can be released and the threshold of odour that can be accepted by humans.

Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) in the new solvent Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)/Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride (TBAF)

The surplus of Oil Palm is the most galore wastes in Malaysia because it produced about half of the world palm oil production, which contributes a major disposal problem Synthesis from an empty fruit bunch produced products such as Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC), could apply in diverse application such as for paper coating, food packaging and most recently, the potential as biomaterials has been revealed. In this study, CMC was prepared by firstly dissolved the bleached pulp from OPEFB in mixture solution of dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)/tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) without any prior chemical modification. It took only 30 minutes to fully dissolve at temperature 60°C before sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were added for activation and monochloroacetateas terrifying agent. The final product is appeared in white powder, which is then will be analyzedby FTIR analysis. FTIR results show peaks appeared at wavenumber between 1609 cm-1 to 1614 cm-1 proved the existence of carboxymethyl groups which substitute OH groups at anhydroglucose(AGU) unit. As a conclusion, mixture solution of DMSO/TBAF is the suitable solvent used for dissolved cellulose before modifying it into CMC with higher Degree of Substitution (DS). Furthermore, the dissolution of the OPEFB bleached pulp was easy, simple and at a faster rate without prior chemical modification at temperature as low as 60°C.

The Development and Prospect of Indonesian Palm Oil Industry and Its Derivative Products

In 2013, the world palm oil production reached 55.7 million tons. Indonesia and Malaysia shared 85% of it with their production of 26.70 and 21.70 million tons, respectively. The aims of this study were to identify and analyze the development and prospect of Indonesian palm oil industry and its derivative products. Data were analyzed by using a descriptive approach. The area of oil palm plantation increased to 9,074,621 ha in 2012. Indonesia’s palm oil production in 2012 was 23.5 million tons. There was also an increased Indonesia’s palm oil export to 18.15 million tons in 2012. In 2010, the installed capacity of cooking oil industry in Indonesia was 15.4 million tons. For fatty alcohol industry, the installed capacity was 320,000 tons/year. In 2007, with real production of 300,000 tons, the 100% real capacity was almost reached. The installed capacities of biodiesel and glycerin industries in 2011 were 3.4 million kiloliters/year and 142,700 ton/year, respectively. In 2010, glycerin production was about 204,394 tons. Glycerin production was 121,640 kiloliters from fatty acid and fatty alcohol industries and 61,694 kiloliters from biodiesel industry.

Utilization of Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Rice Husks in Unfired Bricks for Sustainable Construction Materials Development

The production of sustainable construction component could prevent and control the pollution and environmental degradation in Malaysia. This is a key area in Malaysia’s Green Strategies (Ministry of Science, Technology and the environment, 2002). This paper reports on the laboratory investigation to establish the potential of utilizing Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) and Rice Husk (RH) in developing green construction components. Malaysian Palm Oil Council (MPOC) reported that currently Malaysia’s contribution to world palm oil production is 39% and has taken 44% of world exports. Consequently it will increase the POFA production in palm oil manufacturing and this waste sometimes dispose in open area near the factory. On the other hand Malaysia also producing more 300k hectares of paddy production, thus rice husk is also a concern as an agricultural waste. The research objective is to study on the potential of utilizing of agricultural waste in developing of green bricks. This research involved laboratory investigations. In this research 2% - 10% of POFA and 1% - 5% RH were used in the mix composition of the brick’s weight. Addition of POFA was aimed to reduce the cement usage and RH was added to reduce sand in the bricks. The bricks were manually pressed in Materials Laboratory in Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, UiTM Shah Alam. The result showed that the addition of POFA and RH are able to reduce the density but in contrast the compressive strength were decrease compare to the control unit.

Harmonizing a Thriving World Palm Oil İndustry and Economy through Genuine Collaboration between Producers – Malaysia, Indonesia, and West Africa, and Consumers – India and China

Objective This article probes the state of Africa's palm oil industry and economy today. Methodology/Technique Today, Malaysia, Indonesia, and West Africa are the world's major producers of palm oil; and India and China, the world's most densely populated countries, are the major consumers. However, why is it that West Africa that is naturally endowed with palm oil is the one that lags behind others in the global production of palm oil? Should this kind of natural endowment and the presence of the major world producers and the biggest consumers of palm oil not spell colossal success for global palm oil industry and economy? Findings Without an adequate demand for a commodity, supply will be limited, thus resulting in a downward supply curve. On the other hand, if there is a high demand for a commodity like palm oil, then it will be produced in abundance. Novelty Where and why it has fallen short, and what does need to be done via-a-vis the state of Malaysia's and Indonesia's palm oil sector and the presence of emerging economies like China and India against the backdrop of globalization. Type of Paper: Review Keywords: Palm oil; economy; consumption, globalization

Evaluating Global Barriers to the Use of Red Palm Oil as an Intervention Food to Prevent Vitamin A Deficiency

Abstract: Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is an important cause of blindness and premature death. Red palm oil (RPO) is the richest food source of VA‐forming carotenoids. RPO carotenoid concentration and bioavailability were evaluated and this data used to estimate the amount of RPO needed to meet VA requirements. Amounts ranged from 6.7 to 29.2 g/d (1.5 to 6.5 tsp/d), which are easily consumed. The amount of RPO needed to supply recommended dietary intakes of VA for all 208100000 individuals most in danger for VAD worldwide for 1 y is 0.80 million metric tons, a fraction of annual world palm oil production. Despite its abundance, RPO has seldom been used for VAD prevention on a national level. Pareto charts were constructed to highlight the variables that influence the ability of RPO to prevent VAD on the national level. The most important variable by far was refining method. Most refining methods are designed to remove color and flavor from RPO, resulting in a bland product that lacks carotenoids. Thus, the important barriers to the use of RPO as a food‐based intervention to prevent VAD appear to be that: (1) RPO requires refining, limiting its profitability and availability for small farmers. (2) The goal of most refining methods is to create a low‐cost bland, odorless, and colorless fat which requires removal of carotenoids. (3) Cost, since RPO use competes with high‐dose VA supplements, which are heavily subsidized. It appears that RPO could prevent VAD in many food‐deficit countries if carotenoids were conserved during oil refining, and costs were low enough to make it an attractive alternative to nutritional supplements.

An Econometric Analysis of the Link between Biodiesel Demand and Malaysian Palm Oil Market

The objective of this study is to describe the important factors affecting Malaysian palm oil industry especiallybiodiesel demand. To that end a market model representing palm oil production, import, world excess demand,domestic consumption, export demand, rest of the world excess supply and palm oil prices is formulated. Asystem of equations of eight structural equations and four identities is estimated by two stage least squaresmethod using annual data for the period 1976-2008. The domestic price equation is formed to investigate the linkbetween biodiesel demand and the Malaysian palm oil market. The domestic price is significantly affected byMalaysian ending stock, world palm oil price, biodiesel demand and lagged domestic price. The elasticity ofMalaysian palm oil domestic price with respect to biodiesel demand is then obtained. Results suggest thatbiodiesel demand has a positive impact on the Malaysian palm oil domestic price. Thus, significant growth inbiodiesel demand is important in explaining Malaysian palm oil price determination.

L’huile de palme dans le marché mondial : productions et échanges

World palm oil market had a huge development during the last 30 years. The most spectacular phenomenon is the very quick growth of areas, productions and exports of Malaysia and Indonesia. At the world level, this oil has supplanted soybean oil in the supply of many developed and developing countries to satisfy their needs of fats and oils for food and industrial uses. In many countries, specifically in Africa, this crop showed an important progression with the aim of supplying local needs. Being the crop that provides more oil by hectare that any other seed, in spite of remaining low yields, this production is in the logic of sustainable development, contributing to economic development of rural areas and limiting dependence on imports and price fluctuations of fats and oils world markets.

What explains price volatility changes in commodity markets? Answers from the world palm-oil market

What are the sources of commodity price volatility changes? Based on observation of the palm-oil market (1818–1999). our hypothesis is that the superimposition of short-distance operators located near the export supply, whose expectation horizon is limited to a few weeks, and long-distance operators further from the export supply, whose expectation horizon exceeds six months to one year, is responsible for volatility changes and market instability. Because of the superimposition of expectations horizons, volatility grows along with the development of short-distance trade. We support this hypothesis using a trader-behavior model derived from Day and Huang [J. Econ. Behavior Org. 14 (1990) 299] and Day [Complex Economic Dynamics, Vol. I. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA]. Our simulation results challenge the argument that trade liberalization and market enlargement necessarily reduce commodity prices volatility.

World Palm Oil Market under Freer Trade: Implications for Malaysia

The establishment of the WTO in 1995 moves the world economy into a new unprecedented era of comprehensive freer world trade, including agricultural trade. A host of vegetable oils are traded in the world market. These oils are highly interchangeable in many uses, as they exhibit minor differences in their physical and chemical characteristics. Massive govern ment intervention over the years has influenced the existing patterns of trade in vegetable oils. This article discusses potential adjustments that would occur in world palm oil market when countries liberalized domestic protectionism and trade enhancement measures in vegetable oils under WTO rules. It is expected that trade liberalization in vegetable oils would benefit most the low cost producers of vegetable oils ? Malaysia and Indonesia. For Malaysia, however, the combined factors of rising cost of farm production associated with increased labour wages as well as increasingly inelastic land supply for ex-situ oil palm expansion potentially neutralize the benefits of trade liberalization in vegetable oils. Policy implications for Malaysia include the dire need to restructure the oil palm industry from its present focus on upstream activities towards high technology oleo-chemical industry.

Utilization of Malaysian palm oil and palm kernel oil for fatty acids and derivatives

AbstractMalaysia produces ca. 65% of the world's palm oil, or (in 1982) ca. 3,500,000 metric tons. By 1985, this will increase to 80% of world production, or ca. 4,800,000 metric tons. Palm oil products are refined, bleached and deodorized oil for edible purposes, palm olein for edible use, palm stearin for edible or industrial use, and the acid oil or fatty acid distillate for industrial uses. The Malaysian processors naturally want to upgrade the products as much as possible.

Nigeria--Largest Remaining British Colony

C HANGING political and economic conditions during the past decade have brought about a revolution in the role and status of the British colonies in Tropical Africa. With the attainment of Dominion status by Indian, Pakistan, and Ceylon, and with the secession of Burma, the hitherto largely neglected African dependencies became, almost overnight, the most important colonial territories remaining in the Empire, territories whose agricultural and mineral exports are playing a vital role in the economy of the sterling area and whose strategic significance has been underlined by recent developments in the Middle East. The old fable of the Ugly Duckling comes inevitably to mind. Outstanding in this new colonial pattern is the territory of Nigeria. Its 372,000 square miles represent one quarter of the area of British Tropical Africa, its population of 25 million almost one-half of the population. Its economic potential is sufficiently indicated by the fact that alone it accounts for one-half of the world's palm oil exports, two-fifths of the groundnuts (peanuts), one-sixth of the cacao, and one-eight of the tin. It is the aim of this paper to sketch in broad outline the essential features in the human and economic geography of this largest remaining colonial dependency of Britain. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS'