Countries Of World Research Articles

Alcohol Use Disorders and Suicidal Behaviour: A Narrative Review.

Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD), affective disorders, and personality disorders are among the most prevalent mental health conditions observed in individuals exhibiting suicidal behavior, encompassing both completed and attempted suicides. A robust association between AUD and suicidal behavior has been established through retrospective and prospective cohort studies. Research on the relationship between alcohol consumption and self-harm has predominantly focused on Western and high-income countries, whereas approximately one-third of the global population, including half of the world's countries, lacks accessible suicide data. This study aims to present an updated review of empirical evidence regarding the risk of suicide associated with AUD in both developed and developing nations. We identified published meta-analyses, reviews, systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, clinical studies, clinical trials, controlled clinical trials, observational studies, and case reports written in English and published between January 2004 and June 2024. Our search yielded a total of 312 papers. After reviewing titles and abstracts, 232 articles were excluded from the initial records. Following full-text review of the remaining 80 articles, a qualitative synthesis was conducted, highlighting the most representative 41 papers for inclusion in this overview. Our analysis indicates that alcohol abuse is a significant risk factor for all forms of suicidal behavior. Alcohol consumption functions as both a predisposing and precipitating factor, contributing to maladaptive behaviors in both developing and developed countries. The clinical condition is exacerbated by alcohol use, which in turn increases the risk of suicide. Further research is essential to develop targeted psychological and pharmacological interventions aimed at preventing and treating these conditions, with the goal of reducing the risk of suicidal behavior associated with AUD. In developing countries, integrating public health and clinical strategies is crucial for effectively addressing suicide prevention.

State Responsibility for Transboundary Pollution and Its Assumption: The Case of Japan's Discharge of Nuclear Sewage

In recent years, the unilateral decision and behavior of Japanese government in discharging Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water without any guarantee of safety and reliability, despite the international communitys skepticism , have aroused the concern and anger of the people of the world. The act of discharging the nuclear-contaminated water was carried out under the authorization and control of the Government of Japan, which is contrary to the obligations under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Convention on Nuclear Safety and other conventions to which Japan is a party, so it should be subject to the corresponding national responsibility. Regarding the assumption of responsibility, as the strength of the States themselves mainly promotes international legal obligations and responsibilities, Japan should withdraw its wrongful practice and assume its corresponding duties and responsibilities as soon as possible. The ocean makes the world's countries closely connected, and all countries' interests are closely intertwined, so it is necessary to build a national responsibility mechanism for transboundary pollution under the framework of international law. Based on the existing achievements, this paper discusses and analyzes the national responsibility for transboundary pollution and its assumption and the construction of the national responsibility mechanism, taking Japan's discharge of nuclear-contaminated water as an example in order to strive to provide helpful theoretical support for judicial practice.

Iron ore substitution and carbon emission reduction by scrap steel recycling under carbon neutrality goal

AbstractAs the world's largest steel production country, China annually produces more than 50% of global steel, which relies on around 70% of iron ore imports in the last decade. Promoting scrap steel recycling is essential to reduce the heavy dependence on imported iron ore and simultaneously mitigate CO2 emissions. This study used the GCAM model (Global Change Analysis Model) and the dynamic MFA model to quantify the amount of scrap steel that would be generated under the carbon neutrality goal (CNG). Furthermore, we provided different scrap steel recycling scenarios to explore the potential of iron ore savings and the reduction of CO2 emissions during 2020–2060. The results showed that the annual steel production would be reduced to 525.2 Mt in 2060 under CNG, but a total of 470.3 Mt of iron ore would still be required annually. The quantity of scrap steel generated is expected to increase annually, reaching a cumulative total of 16941.37 Mt between 2020 and 2060. With increasing the scrap steel recycling rate, under optimal conditions, savings in iron ore and mitigation of CO2 emissions could reach 6447.1 and 3132.4 Mt, respectively, cumulatively during the period from 2020 to 2060. Furthermore, iron ore demand could be met domestically by 2050, eliminating the need for imports. By extending the lifetime of construction, the overall reduction in steel production would be 1064.1 Mt from 2020 to 2060. Meanwhile, 1883.1 Mt of iron ore can be saved and 889.6 Mt of CO2 can be mitigated accumulatively.

Hydro-Oceanographic Conditions in the Development of Tinobu Port Lasolo Sub-district North Konawe Regency Southeast Sulawesi Province

Indonesia is one of the world's largest maritime countries, with many small islands scattered from Sabang to Merauke. Therefore, the presence of a port plays a crucial role in maritime transportation, which is highly essential for the Indonesian population. When planning a port, there are numerous aspects to consider, ranging from environmental to structural aspects of the port's development. In this context, researchers conducted a study to analyze the water conditions around Tinobu Port, specifically focusing on topography, bathymetry, and tides, often referred to as Hydro-Oceanography. These three aspects of Hydro-Oceanography play a vital role in port planning, as topography and bathymetry shape the land and water contours, and tidal analysis determines elevation bindings.

Retrospect of fishmeal substitution in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): a review.

With the growth of the population, the demand for aquatic products is increasing. Additionally, the development of the aquaculture industry has led to a heightened demand for fishmeal (FM). FM is a high-protein feed raw material made from one or more types of fish, which has been deoiled, dehydrated, and crushed. The world's major FM-producing countries include Peru, Chile, Japan, Denmark, etc., among which exports from Peru and Chile account for about 70% of the total trade volume. However, in recent years, global warming, environmental pollution, and overfishing have gradually declined marine fishery resources. The shortage of high-quality FM and its rising prices have become a significant constraint to the development of fisheries. Consequently, aquaculture nutritionists are actively seeking solutions to reduce the reliance on FM by either enhancing the utilization rate of existing FM or developing new protein sources as substitutes. The challenge of FM replacement has thus emerged as a significant global issue. Largemouth bass (LMB) is one of the more cultured freshwater fishes in the world and is popular among consumers for its delicious and delicate flesh and rich and diverse nutrition. The protein content in feed is an essential factor affecting LMB growth and feed cost. LMB protein requirement is about 40-50%, and the amount of FM added accounts for about 50% of the protein feed. This article reviews the current research status of alternative protein sources, including plant proteins, livestock and poultry by-product proteins, insect proteins, and single-cell proteins. This research is significant for exploring feed formulation and cost reduction for LMB.

Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Geopolitik Islam dan Kepemimpinan Islam pada Sejarah Muhammad Al-Fatih

The issue of leadership has become a significant polemic, burdening the functioning of all state affairs. Moreover, Indonesia, with its substantial geopolitical potential, aspires to become a major maritime power, in line with its status as the world's largest Muslim-majority country. This study aims to examine the values of Islamic geopolitical education and Islamic leadership as demonstrated in the history of Muhammad Al-Fatih. The research is conducted using a descriptive qualitative method, with data sources gathered from Islamic historical and geopolitical literature. The findings reveal that Muhammad Al-Fatih integrated Islamic geopolitical education into his transformational leadership. Al-Fatih not only had a clear vision of Islamic territorial expansion but also implemented innovative strategies based on a deep understanding of Islamic geopolitics. His leadership also balanced spiritual and worldly aspects, with Islamic creed principles incorporated into his leadership policies. These findings provide significant insights into how Islamic geopolitical education can be applied in modern leadership contexts to produce leaders of integrity and broad vision.

STATE REGULATION OF THE EXTRACTION OF CRITICAL MINERALS AS A DOMINANT COMPONENT OF ACHIEVING THE GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND STRENGTHENING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE STATE

The article states that the climate crisis and measures to mitigate it in recent years have significantly changed the energy landscape of the countries of the world and the configuration of the investment portfolio. Long-term investments in fossil fuels have been replaced by investments in environmentally friendly technologies, renewable sources of electricity, and smart systems for its distribution and storage. It is emphasized that even with full support of investments, plans for the decarburization of the electric power industry may remain unattainable, as the global reserves of «critical minerals», which are absolutely necessary for the transition to ecologically clean electric power, are noticeably decreasing and the demand continues to grow relentlessly. The scenarios developed by the International Energy Agency for the further transformation of the electric power sector to a low-carbon economy model were reviewed and briefly characterized: the scenario of declared policy (STEPS), the scenario of declared obligations (APS), and the scenario of net zero emissions by 2050 (NZE). The main aspects of each of the scenarios are outlined: the volume of demand for «critical minerals» their geographical concentration of extraction, and processing. It is emphasized that the world leader in the extraction and processing of «critical minerals» is the PRC, which dictates the «rules of the game» to the majority of the world's countries. Therefore, the issue of supplies of “critical minerals” is quite painful. It was emphasized that critical minerals market participants hope to reduce total dependence through new mining projects in different geographical regions, facilitating cross-investment opportunities between partner countries, and strengthening cooperation through initiatives such as the Mineral Security Partnership and the implementation of financial instruments. The potential of Ukraine's «critical minerals» and its ability to reduce the dependence of EU countries on the People's Republic of China are characterized. The main challenges of the development of the extractive industry in Ukraine are identified, and the main vectors of the Roadmap of the partnership between Ukraine and the EU regarding critical raw materials for 2023-2024 are outlined. It was emphasized that in order for Ukraine not to become only a supplier of raw materials, it is necessary to develop the processing of raw materials and the production of products with added value. It is emphasized that such localization requires much wider efforts of the government than the list of measures in the field of regulating the extraction of «critical minerals» defined by the latest legislative acts. The author emphasizes the need to develop a comprehensive system of incentives and introduce new opportunities for stabilization and sustainable development of Ukraine's economy in order to ensure sustainability and progress towards sustainable resource management and optimization of supply chains for critical raw materials. Proposals have been developed for climate-smart mining of «critical minerals» in Ukraine in the near future.

Environmental Diagnosis through a Flow Cytometric Approach.

In an era when ecological and environmental needs and responsibilities apply pressure on the world's countries and sustainability takes centre stage, ecologic/environmental (E/E) laboratories stand as beacons of scientific inquiry, innovating, optimising, and applying various tests for a better knowledge of our natural resources and the quality status of ecosystems. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the use of flow cytometry (FC) as a tool for assessing environmental quality, mainly using living organisms and their biological changes as bioindicators. Cytometric approaches applied to both marine and terrestrial ecosystems ensure the detection of biochemical and functional status of the cells composing either an organ thereof or the organism itself. In addition to cytometric evaluations of the biotic matrix, a brief overview of the techniques for the environmental assessment of biotic and abiotic matrices using mass spectrometry is given. The technique involving the continuous monitoring of the chemical and physical parameters of water, sediment, and soil is basically incapable of detecting any additive and synergetic effects of toxicants on living organisms. Therefore, techniques employing bioindicators provide valuable information for environmental diagnosis, and several studies have demonstrated the strong relationship between specific environmental data and cell/organ behaviour.

Comparative Analysis Between Japan's Real Estate Economy and China's Real Estate Status

Japan's real estate bubble economy in the 1990s caused a major blow to the Japanese economy, Japan entered the "disappearing 30 years". The causes of Japan's real estate bubble economy and the reasons why the bubble burst are worthy of the world's countries to learn from. 21st century since the rapid development of China's real estate economy, housing prices are growing rapidly. The real estate economy has been overheated in some areas, although the Chinese government has taken relevant measures to cool down, still can't relax the vigilance, people should always pay attention to the overheated areas of real estate prices, land prices. Through the comparison between China and Japan, although the economic structure and development trend are similar when the property overheating phenomenon occurs, the economic development background and international background between the two countries are different, and the governments of the two countries have adopted different strategies to deal with the property overheating phenomenon. So in conclusion, although there are some areas in China where real estate is overheating, China's real estate market will not burst the bubble. In order to prevent China's real estate bubble from bursting and its impact on economic development, China should pay attention to the reasons behind it and make targeted policy adjustments, while also drawing on the lessons learned from other countries to promote the healthy and stable development of the real estate economy.

Exposing illegal hunting and wildlife depletion in the world's largest tropical country through social media data.

Globally, illegal sport hunting can threaten prey populations when unregulated. Due to its covert nature, illegal sport hunting poses challenges for data collection, hindering efforts to understand the full extent of its impacts. We gathered social media data to analyze patterns of illegal sport hunting and wildlife depletion across Brazil. We collected data for 2years (2018-2020) across 5 Facebook groups containing posts depicting pictures of illegal sport hunting events of native fauna. We described and mapped these hunting events by detailing the number of hunters involved, the number of species, the mean body mass of individuals, and the number and biomass of individuals hunted per unit area, stratified by Brazilian biome. We also examined the effects of defaunation on hunting yield and composition via regression models, rank-abundance curves, and spatial interpolation. We detected 2046 illegal sport hunting posts portraying the hunting of 4658 animals (∼29t of undressed meat) across all 27 states and 6 natural biomes of Brazil. Of 157 native species targeted by hunters, 19 are currently threatened with extinction. We estimated that 1414 hunters extracted 3251kg/millionkm2. Some areas exhibited more pronounced wildlife depletion, in particular the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga biomes. In these areas, there was a shift from large mammals and reptiles to small birds as the main targeted taxa, and biomass extracted per hunting event and mean body mass across all taxonomic groups were lower than in other areas. Our results highlight that illegal sport hunting adds to the pressures of subsistence hunting and the wild meat trade on Brazil's wildlife populations. Enhanced surveillance efforts are needed to reduce illegal sport hunting levels and to develop well-managed sustainable sport hunting programs. These can support wildlife conservation and offer incentives for local communities to oversee designated sport hunting areas.

Copper and Lithium Industrialization by Major Producing Countries for Mining Sustainability

This research objective is to analyze the prospects of copper and lithium industrialization for the mining sustainability of the world's major producing countries. An expo-facto design was used based on a documentary analysis, considering the world ranking of the top copper-producing countries, where Chile, Peru, China, and the Democratic Republic of Congo stand out, and regarding lithium production, Australia, Chile, China, and Argentina stand out. On a global level, the presence of South American countries with mining resources in exploration and extraction is relevant; in contrast, China, a mining country, not only extracts natural resources but has advanced in the value chain with competitive advantages and consequent economic development; for its part, the DR of Congo (Africa), has ascended in the copper extraction ranking. The motors and electrical systems of electromobility vehicles are manufactured with copper and the batteries with lithium, which contributes to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and thereby to environmental sustainability. Furthermore, the correlation between copper and lithium demand for electric vehicles in a 2050 zero-emission scenario is strong. There are social conflicts, mainly over the use of water; therefore, it is necessary to implement mining policies that lead to sustainable development.

Immunoinformatic Analysis of Leishmania Major gp46 Protein and Potential Targets for Vaccination against Leishmaniasis.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease with a significant burden in the Old World countries. In the current study, some of the primary biochemical properties and IFN-γ inducing epitopes with specific binding capacity to human and mouse MHC alleles were predicted for Leishmania major gp46 antigenic protein. Several online servers were used to predict physico-chemical traits, allergenicity, antigenicity, transmembrane domain and signal peptide, subcellular localization, post-translational modifications (PTMs), secondary and tertiary structures, tertiary model refining with validations. Also, IEDB web server was used to predict mouse/human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and helper T-lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes. The 33.25 kDa protein was stable, hydrophilic, antigenic, while non-allergenic, with enhanced thermotolerance and 45 PTM sites. The secondary structure encompassed a random coil, followed by extended strands and helices. Ramachandran-based analysis of the refined model showed 73.1%, 21.6%, 3.4% and 1.9% of residues in the most favored, additional allowed, generously-allowed and disallowed regions, respectively. Epitope screening demonstrated 4 HTL epitopes against seemingly protective HLA alleles, 5 HTL epitopes against the HLA reference set, 3 human CTL epitopes and a number of mouse MHC-restricted epitopes. This paper provides insights into the bioinformatics characteristics of the L. major gp46 protein as a promising vaccine candidate.

Comparison of the Bulut Index-Beta method and Global Health Security Index: results from the world's countries.

The Global Health Security Index (GHSI), which is used to assess the global health security preparedness levels of countries, and the Bulut Index-Beta (BI-β) method, developed as a multicriteria decision-making method, were compared in terms of global health security in the context of the world's countries. It was aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of the BI-β method by testing it on GHSI datasets and contribute to the methodological development of the GHSI. The datasets used in this study were the publicly available GHSI datasets, which allow for comparative evaluations of countries. The BI-β method and GHSI were used to compare countries in terms of global health security. In 2021, the top three best-performing countries in terms of global health security were the United States (BI-β = 85.46), Australia (BI-β = 82.53), and the United Kingdom (BI-β = 82.29). For 2019, the United States (BI-β = 85.44) and Australia (BI-β = 81.69) had the same ranks as in 2021, but the United Kingdom (BI-β = 76.63) dropped to 9th place. There was a statistically significant positive weak monotonic relationship between BI-β and GHSI rankings. Since the GHSI scoring system is not consistent or questionable, the weighting process needs to be objectively reconsidered and the reasons for the weighting process need to be explained. The GHSI was conceptualized based on a narrow and technical framework. Therefore, it is recommended that the social and political determinants of public health be taken into account in the GHSI. On the other hand, the BI-β method can be easily used in solving other multicriteria decision-making problems, especially in public health areas such as global health security.

Mapping Asia Plants: Plant Diversity and a Checklist of Vascular Plants in Indonesia.

Indonesia, located in Southeast Asia, is the world's largest tropical island country. It is globally recognized as a unique center of biodiversity in the Asian-Australian transitional zone. To date, however, no national plant checklist of Indonesia has been published. Here, we collected botanical information on the flora of Indonesia and presented for the first time a checklist of known native species of vascular plants in the country. Our checklist included 30,466 species belonging to 2968 genera and 317 families, representing 8.7% of the 351,180 vascular plant species worldwide. Among the seven regions, Sumatra had the highest number of species at 10,902, followed by Indonesian New Guinea (9935), Java (9289), Kalimantan (9191), Sulawesi (7048), Maluku (5294), and Lesser Sunda Islands (4514). In contrast, Indonesian New Guinea had a much higher proportion of locally endemic species than other regions (59%). The seven regions were divided into three phytogeographical areas: the Sunda Shelf, the Sahul Shelf, and the Wallacea, based on similarities in floristic composition. Our checklist for Indonesia provides basic information for biodiversity conservation and associated research.

Phenotypic characterization and antibiotic resistance of enterobacteria strains isolated from samples of patients in the towns of Moundou and Sarh in Chad

Today, enterobacteria constitute one of the most predominant causes of nosocomial and acquired infections in our communities. The bactericidal action of antibiotics on bacteria is used therapeutically, unfortunately the latter have started to develop resistances. Antibiotic resistance remains a major global public health issue, a serious problem in some of the world's poorest countries such as Chad. The objective of this study is to identify the strains of enterobacteria coming from samples of patients admitted to the Moundou and Sarh health centers, and to report their resistance profiles. A total of 278 samples consisting of urine (133) and stools (145) were collected in the laboratories of the two provincial hospitals of Sarh and Moundou between September and December 2021. The samples were processed and analyzed according to standard microbiology methods. The study of the sensitivity of different strains of enterobacteria with 14 antibiotic disks was evaluated by the disk diffusion method in agar medium. A total of 278 samples (urine, stool) including 111 strains of Enterobacteria, including 55 strains of E. coli, Enterobacter spp (n=17), klebsiella (n=11), Salmonella (n=9), Serratia ( n=7), Citrobacter (n=6) and Shigella (n=2) were isolated in the laboratory in the towns of Moundou and Sarh in Chad. The antibiogram carried out on all isolated strains of enterobacteria expressed a resistance ranging between 33.3% and 83.3% to 3rd generation cephalosporins, 30.3% and 50.0% to aminoglycosides. On the other hand, a strain of Salmonella is resistant to imipenem in Sarh. This study shows a high level of resistance acquired to different families of antibiotics by our bacterial strains studied. This resistance highlights the need to adapt therapeutic regimens to local epidemiology. Keywords : Characterization, Phenotype, Antibiotic resistance, Enterobacteria, Cities, Chad

Analysis of GDP Between China and the United States

The GDP of China and the United States is one of the two largest economies in the world, and both countries play a crucial role in the global economy. The impact of their GDP growth on the global economy is also increasing. By analyzing the GDP of China and the United States, we can understand the development trends and characteristics of the two countries' economies, thereby providing reference and reference for the global economy. China and the United States are one of the world's largest trading countries, and their trade relations have a significant impact on the global economy. By analyzing the GDP of China and the United States, we can understand the trade exchanges and structure between the two countries, thereby providing reference for solving trade problems. China and the United States play an important role in global political stability. By analyzing the GDP of China and the United States, we can understand their status and influence in international politics, thereby providing support for maintaining global political stability. China's economic growth is getting faster and faster, gradually gaining a significant position globally. This article adopts a detrend approach to analyze GDP, discuss the economic conditions and possible future trends of China and the United States.

Current Status of Chronic Intestinal Failure Management in Adults.

Chronic intestinal failure (CIF) is a heterogeneous disease that affects pediatric and adult populations worldwide and requires complex multidisciplinary management. In recent years, many advances in intravenous supplementation support, surgical techniques, pharmacological management, and intestinal transplants have been published. Based on these advances, international societies have published multiple recommendations and guidelines for the management of these patients. The purpose of this paper is to show the differences that currently exist between the recommendations (ideal life) and the experiences published by different programs around the world. A review of the literature in PubMed from 1980 to 2024 was carried out using the following terms: intestinal failure, CIF, home parenteral nutrition, short bowel syndrome, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, intestinal transplant, enterohormones, and glucagon-like peptide-2. There is a difference between what is recommended in the guidelines and consensus and what is applied in real life. Most of the world's countries are not able to offer all of the steps needed to treat this pathology. The development of cooperative networks between countries is necessary to ensure access to comprehensive treatment for most patients on all continents, but especially in low-income countries.

Heterosis formation mechanism, prediction methods, and their application and prospect in pig production.

Heterosis is the phenomenon that the hybrid offspring outperform two-parent population. Hybridisation has been widely used in plant and animal production as it effectively improves the growth and developmental performance, reproductive performance and disease resistance of the offspring. Hybridization can effectively improve the growth and development performance, reproductive performance and disease resistance of offspring, so it is widely used in animal and plant production. Researchers have used cross-breeding techniques to cultivate excellent new agricultural and animal husbandry strains and supporting lines such as super-excellent Chaoyou 1000 hybrid rice, Xiaoyan No.6 hybrid wheat, Dumeng sheep, and Shanxia black pigs. However, there are still some urgent problems in the current hybrid dominance research: the existing hybrid dominance theory can only partially explain the phenomenon of plant and animal hybrid dominance, and the theory of animal hybrid dominance is less researched, and the accuracy of the existing hybrid dominance prediction methods is limited. China is the world's largest pork production and consumption country. Heterosis can effectively improve the production performance of pigs, and its application in the pig industry has important economic and research value. However, the existing research on pig hybrid production is in its infancy and needs to be further studied. In this review, we summarize the existing heterosis theory, heterosis prediction methods, and their application in pig production, to provide a reference for the application of heterosis in pig breeding.

Relevansi Agama Dalam Demokrasi Masa Ini

Democracy that was once considered the best political system created by humans, now its image is fading. The picture of democracy today is getting bleaker. Societal polarization, conflict, the politicization of religion, excessive fanaticism, violence, victims, and various other negative phenomena, seem to have integrated into today's democratic practices. The election that should be a Democratic Party, a people's sovereignty party, has become a frightening and worrying moment. Even though today's world really needs political policies that are able to overcome various complicated problems such as: environmental damage, injustice, pandemics, etc. And in fact, democracy is the political system used by the majority of the world's countries today. What will happen to the world if democracy loses its ability to produce the common good (bonum commune)? What if democracy only becomes a tool for elite groups? And it is detrimental to many people? And what is also important to study, what is the role of religion in this concern? Secularization, which separated religion from politics in the past, has limited religion in the private sphere and politics in the public sphere. This situation is slowly turning into a vicious circle. The grim picture of politics is increasingly driving religion away from him. Even though, religion is a moral agent that is needed as a guide for good politics. The distancing of religion makes politics even more bleak, and so on. Given the urgency of this situation, this research was conducted. The research is aimed at finding alternative solutions that can stop this vicious circle. The research was conducted through a literature study, by tracing the situation of democracy and religion at this time. The religious approach used in this study is a Christian religious approach. The thesis of this research is that religion, which is professed by the majority of the world's population today, is actually an antidote to the gloomy picture of today's democracy.

İnsani Gelişme Endeksinin Bir Bileşeni Olan Yaşam Beklentisinin Farklı Gelir Grupları Açısından Yakınsaması

The argument that health indicators, which are one of the three equally weighted elements of the Human Development Index, have ceased to be an indicator of development was examined for the period between 1972 and 2020. In the first stage of the study, the evolution of life expectancy was examined descriptively in the context of the classification of the world's countries as high-income, middle-income (upper and lower middle) and low-income. If the average life expectancy in each group is taken as 100 in 1972, it can be seen that life expectancy has increased most in low-income countries (140.9), followed by middle-income (128.6) and high-income countries (112.8). In addition, this situation was analyzed using unit root tests. The series obtained by relating the average life value of the high-, middle-, and low-income groups to Japan, which represents the highest life value, are stationary at the level. Therefore, it is noteworthy that the development gap between countries in the world in terms of income is gradually deepening, giving rise to a divergence mechanism, while the development gap in terms of average life is gradually narrowing, that is, the existence of convergence in terms of average life. In the convergence of health, both humanistic motives and individual motives (the realization that if all humanity is not saved, as in the last pandemic, no one's salvation will be possible) have been effective.