Soldiers In World War Research Articles

The Italian Legacy in the Dominican Republic: History, Architecture, Economics, Society ed. by Andrea Canepari

Reviewed by: The Italian Legacy in the Dominican Republic: History, Architecture, Economics, Society ed. by Andrea Canepari Jeffery T. Morris Canepari, Andrea, ed. The Italian Legacy in the Dominican Republic: History, Architecture, Economics, Society. Saint Joseph's University Press, 2021. Humans depend on the strength of their connections and relationships with one another to ensure their health and resilience as individuals, communities, societies, nations, and, ultimately, a species. We are social beings who need one another to survive and to thrive. It was therefore both fortunate and gratifying to encounter a book that expansively covers the centuries-long relationship between the people of two nations, Italy and the Dominican Republic, which has enriched both countries. In The Italian Legacy in the Dominican Republic, Andrea Canepari, who served as Italy's ambassador to the Dominican Republic, brings together in one large volume an impressive number of contributions from individuals of wide-ranging backgrounds, expertise, and experience, who collectively tell a fascinating story of the long and multifaceted relationship between Italians and Dominicans. The English version of the book is published by Saint Joseph's University Press in Philadelphia. The work covers a wide range of topics, arranged into the following sections: history; architecture; literature and the arts; economics and science; and journalism, law, and society. Within each topical section are diverse contributions of varying length, depth of coverage, level of analysis, and point of view. It is this diversity that makes reading The Italian Legacy in the Dominican Republic such a delight. In the subsection on ecclesiastical history, for instance, the reader is treated to a historical sweep across Dominican time and space, beginning with a survey of the clash between Bishop Alessandro Geraldini and local officials over indigenous peoples' rights in the early 1500s, to an account of Archbishop Ricardo Pittini's mid-twentieth-century management of the Church's relationship with the Dominican government during the long [End Page 440] rule of Rafael Trujillo. Likewise, in the political history subsection, contributions cover a broad swath of time, from a comparison of Dominican hero Juan Pablo Duarte with celebrated Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini, to an intriguing account of an Italian soldier of the Second World War who ended his life fighting with Dominican insurgents in the 1965 uprising in Santo Domingo. The other sections—spanning a wide range of Italian-Dominican cultural, political, scientific, economic, and other social interactions and connections over the history of the Dominican Republic—are equally diverse and informative. The book is also filled with many interesting and evocative photographs and illustrations that enhance the reader's engagement with the work. The section on architecture, divided into colonial and modern parts, is particularly rich in photographs of early and modern Italian-Dominican architecture. One of the photographs of the interior of the National Palace serves as the book's cover photo and exemplifies the vivid and sometimes outright gorgeous photographs the reader will find in this section as well as throughout the book. Some readers may find puzzling the unevenness of the chapters, which range from half-page thumbnail sketches to full treatment of historical subjects, and from annotated lists of archival records to incisive academic analyses. However, this unusual diversity of compilation lends both a charm and an interest to the work that, once readers give themselves over to it, opens a unique, immersive, and rewarding reading experience that can be appreciated by scholars and lay persons alike. For those who are interested in Italian-Dominican relations, Italian and Dominican history, or in general how relationships between nations enrich not just national cultures but the human experience broadly, Andrea Canepari's The Italian Legacy in the Dominican Republic is a useful, edifying, and entertaining contribution to the literature on cross-national and global relations. The editor and all the many contributors are to be applauded for producing this informative and enjoyable book. [End Page 441] Jeffery T. Morris Independent Scholar Copyright © 2022 Association of Global South Studies, Inc.

Lost Lessons of the 1918 Influenza: The 1920s Working Hypothesis, the Public Health Paradigm, and the Prevention of Deadly Pandemics.

In standard historical accounts, the hyperlethal 1918 flu pandemic was inevitable once a novel influenza virus appeared. However, in the years following the pandemic, it was obvious to distinguished flu experts from around the world that social and environmental conditions interacted with infectious agents and could enhance the virulence of flu germs. On the basis of the timing and geographic pattern of the pandemic, they hypothesized that an "essential cause" of the pandemic's extraordinary lethality was the extreme, prolonged, and industrial-scale overcrowding of US soldiers in World War I, particularly on troopships. This literature synthesis considers research from history, public health, military medicine, veterinary science, molecular genetics, virology, immunology, and epidemiology. Arguments against the hypothesis do not provide disconfirming evidence. Overall, the findings are consistent with an immunologically similar virus varying in virulence in response to war-related conditions. The enhancement-of-virulence hypothesis deserves to be included in the history of the pandemic and the war. These lost lessons of 1918 point to possibilities for blocking the transformation of innocuous infections into deadly disasters and are relevant beyond influenza for diseases like COVID-19. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(10):1454-1464. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306976).

Dental evidence of human remains of a Slavic soldier population deported in concentration camps during World War II.

Aims: The aim of this paper was to analyse post-mortem dental records of a collection of 93 skeletal remains exhumed from the ossuary of Bari Municipal Cemetery, Apulia, Italy. These skeletal remains belonged to Slavic soldiers deported in 1941 during World War II in two Italian concentration camps and who died in 1946-1947. Methods: A total number of 1949 teeth were analysed according to the American Board of Forensic Odontology and the WHO methods. The majority of the victims were men (95%) between the age of 18 and 62. Results: The results showed the dental health situation of a population of soldiers of World War II, in particular the high rate of caries (35%), periodontal disease (61%), and dental wear (65%) according to the high stress level of the soldiers during the armed conflict and the subsequent deportation. Conclusions: This is the first study reported in literature that analyses the effects of war and deportation on soldiers' pathological conditions of the oral cavity. This analysis also confirmed the usefulness of teeth for anthropological and forensic research thanks to their high resistance and preservation even after post-mortem modifications and different environmental factors.

Indian Soldiers in World War I: Race and Representation in an Imperial War by Andrew T. Jarboe

<i>Indian Soldiers in World War I: Race and Representation in an Imperial War</i> by Andrew T. Jarboe

The Unremembered: Indian Soldiers of World War II

The Unremembered: Indian Soldiers of World War II

Seroprevalence of Bartonella quintana Infection: A Systematic Review.

Introduction:Bartonella quintana is an anaerobic bacillus whose main target is the erythrocyte. This bacterium transmitted by the body louse notably infected the soldiers of the First World War from where the name of this disease: fever of the trenches. The 90s marked the return of this bacterial infection. B. quintana infection in the homeless was reported in the literature with a high incidence in these populations worldwide. This upsurge of cases justified this study for a better understanding of B. quintana infections.Methods:We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the seroprevalence of B. quintana infection by using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to collect scientific papers from PubMed and Google Scholar based on combining keywords.Results:The review included 45 articles published from April 1996 to March 2020 with 84 subpopulations of 21 countries from 4 continents; among them, 61 subpopulations had a positive rate from 0.2% to 65%. These subpopulations were divided into four main groups: homeless people, healthy people, blood donors, and symptoms/diseases. Homeless people were the main target of this infection, and three factors related to susceptibility were homeless period, age, and alcoholism. 6/11, 12/20, and 32/41 subpopulations of healthy people, blood donors, symptoms/diseases, respectively, had a positive percentage. However, factors of exposure in these three groups were not mentioned. Other reservoirs, vectors, and transmitted routes were identified to partially explain the worldwide spread of the infection, and it is important to have more further investigations to identify potential risk factors. This will help to limit contamination and prevent effectively.Conclusions:This serological overview indicated the importance of B. quintana infection that has emerged in multiple regions, touched worldwide populations.

Shell-shock in death of a hero

This paper investigates the psychological trauma precipitated by war in Death of a Hero, a semi-autobiographical novel by Richard Aldington, the veteran who served as a soldier in World War I. So, the writer himself witnessed the appalling horrors of war and turned them into a novel. This reveals how the war horrors shatter the sensitive artist psychologically and drive him to commit suicide. Although this novel departs from historical details in the protagonist’s tragic end, it offers a pathetic description of the writer’s agonies which transgresses its setting; i.e., England World War I, and presents a Mankind’s dilemma everywhere. As a narrative, this novel pauses upon the hero’s psychological sufferings in the midst of a fragmented family which represents the British dissolute society at that time, and shows their effects in developing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder later on. That society was akin to another wasteland. The paper adopts a psychoanalytic approach as it attempts to penetrate into the hero’s traumatic experiences. Hence emerges the significance of such a psychoanalytic approach.

“They shall not grow old” and “Mimesis: African soldier”

This paper will examine and compare two recent visual explorations of the experience of soldiers in World War I. Director Peter Jackson’s documentary They Shall Not Grow Old has been called an immersive, haunting and often transcendent experience that’s unlike anything you’ve ever seen before. By using modern digital film technology, he has restored the visuals and added sounds and speech via Automatic Dialogue Replacement, colorized, changed the speed, and brought 3D depth to the old footage from the Imperial War Museum. Jackson has either, using the terminology of William Guynn (Unspeakable Histories: Film and the Experience of Catastrophe), employed this technology to trigger “moments of heightened awareness in which the reality of the past may be recovered in its material being”. Or, do these computer generated technological affects, “….stand in for the ‘truth’ and obscure just how constructed the ‘history’ Jackson is telling actually is?” John Akomfrah’s video/sound three screen performance/display installation Mimesis: African Soldier uses silent actors, archive film and photographs, ethnographic sound recordings, new filmed footage with and without actors, and a sound track by Trevor Mathison, to document the experience of those, among many, left out of Jackson’s film: colonial subjects as soldiers. Akomfrah “does not put colour back in the cheeks of the dead”, but rather warns the viewer that remembrance can come in many forms, some of them unrealiable. All of this leads to a conclusion, as Avishai Margalit put it in Ethics of Memory, that “memory…is knowledge from the past. It is not necessarily knowledge about the past.”

William March’s Company K: history, memory, and metafiction

ABSTRACT Despite enjoying a sustained readership, William March’s Company K remains a surprisingly understudied examination of American soldiers in World War I. To date, just a mere handful of critical articles or book chapters have examined the novel in detail. March’s relentlessly anti-heroic themes, which now seem overly familiar (even clichéd) thanks to the popularity of works like Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front (the bestselling war novel of all time) and Stanley Kubrick’s iconic film Paths of Glory, are perhaps part of the problem. But Company K is more than a war novel: on many levels, the book is about war writing. Indeed, March’s metafictional narrative plays with notions of representation and truth-telling in war literature in ways that anticipate Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried. This essay offers a new appraisal of Company K by focusing on its metafictonal features, which include the deployment of a novel-within-a-novel structure, and its iconoclastic form. To underscore the originality of March’s approach, as well as his implied scorn for the critical standards of his day, the essay first summarizes attempts by leading war-literature critics in the 1920s and 1930s to nail-down the relationship between war fiction and truth. This section of the essay spotlights the controversial French expert on literary testimony, Jean Norton Cru, as well as the English military historian Cyril Falls and two distinguished American men of letters, Archibald MacLeish and Malcolm Cowley, both of whom had strong opinions about what constituted a truthful depiction of the Great War. The essay then demonstrates how March’s novel rejects most of the assumptions put forward by these critics, both through its reflexive recognition of its own fictionality and through its subversive form, a transmedia blend of devices drawn from early cinema, modernist painting, and historical writing.

The Askari Monument in Mombasa

The Askari Monument, like similar versions in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, was built in the 1920s to acknowledge the role of African soldiers in the First World War. At the same time, the construction of bronze statues on plinths in colonial centres represented an imposing and domineering feature of colonial rule. Such tensions of empire in port cities form a key thread of some of the articles of this issue, especially that of Daniel Steinbach, whose article discusses the paradoxes of colonial social engineering and racial categorisation in Mombasa during the First World War. &#x0D; Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Askari_monument_Mombasa.jpg

Beyond bully beef: soldiers, food and transcultural interactions in World War I

ABSTRACT Important recent scholarship has highlighted the social, cultural, religious and emotional significance of food, drink and hunger in wartime. Much of this work has taken World War I as its focus. However, the particular effects of eating as an intercultural encounter is an area so far underexplored in the history of World War I. This article examines these aspects of daily life in war time through the records of diaries, memoirs, soldier newspapers and propaganda to provide greater insight into the strategic, symbolic and emotional role of food and drink for soldiers in diverse World War I armies. Our article shows that food and drink are frequently objects of intercultural exchange. This exchange is revealing not just of the material conditions of war time, but of the social, cultural and emotional contours of the intercultural encounters forced by this global conflagration.

Fort Peck’s Finest: The 163rd Infantry’s Assiniboine and Sioux Soldiers in World War II

Fort Peck’s Finest: The 163rd Infantry’s Assiniboine and Sioux Soldiers in World War II

Tommies, Food, and Drink: A Microhistory, 1914–18

This article uses a diary kept by a First World War soldier, Vince Schürhoff, to explore the British Army’s food culture. It examines his journey through seven food contexts, the evolution of his cooking and consumption, and interaction with French food culture. This microhistory of everyday life demonstrates the centrality of food in the men’s lives both emotionally and socially as well as physiologically. Additionally, it provides valuable insights into the relationships that formed around eating between the soldiers themselves and also with civilian providers. His rich account confirms the role of food as a key factor in the men’s expression of the sometimes-shocking differences between military and civilian worlds.

The participation of Polish female soldiers in World War I

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to outline a history of the participation of Polish female soldiers in the World War I. Its outlines their commitment, struggle, and efforts made to contribute to Poland's military effort during the war. The article describes the legal situation of the military participation of women in Poland, and also deals with their role and place in society. Design/methodology/approach: The aim of the article was to organize, systematize and describe the knowledge about the role and participation of female soldiers of the Polish armed forces during the World War I. The above theoretical goal has been achieved by applying the methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction and inference. Findings: In the course of the work were found results, which testify to historically underestimated contribution of women in war efforts. These, both in reinforcement and in other spheres of hostilities significantly contributed to the end of the war and its final result. Social implications: Publication of the article may contribute to increasing social awareness of the underestimated participation and involvement of female soldiers in military action during the war and of the social and cultural roles they fulfill. Originality/value: The article organizes and systematizes the knowledge about the military service of women in the described period. It is addressed both to people associated with all kinds of uniformed services, management and command, as well as people from the civilian environment

Intersectionality and Identity: Four Recent Women's Memoirs

Intersectionality and Identity:Four Recent Women's Memoirs Lisa Katz (bio) Memorial Drive: A Daughter's Memoir by Natasha Trethewey. Ecco Press, 2020, 224 pp., $16.99 (paper). Terroir: Love, Out of Place by Natasha Sajé. Trinity University Press, 2020, 207 pp., $18.95 (paper). Mouth Full of Seeds by Marcela Sulak. Black Lawrence Press, 2020, 113 pp., $17.95 (paper) Recollections of My Non-Existence by Rebecca Solnit, Granta, 2020, 244 pp., £16.99 (hardcover). However solitary, memoir reading, like memoir writing, participates in an important form of collective memorialization, providing building blocks to a more fully shared national narrative. —Nancy K. Miller In her iconic essay on the memoir genre, "But Enough about Me," scholar Nancy K. Miller makes an optimistic claim: that the form, often derided as belletristic, has an active social, even political function. It enables readers to enlarge the national picture in which their own story takes place. And so, she writes, memoir "may well be the most important narrative mode of our contemporary culture." In the books under consideration, the American narrative expands to include women writing from biracial, bisexual, and binational points of view. The authors come from the segregated South; from a combination of East Coast locations and theocratic Salt Lake City; from a winding [End Page 177] route that starts in rural Texas and ends in Israel; and from San Francisco as it gentrifies. Their stories reveal a highly variegated way to live as an American woman. Each writer has in common with the others a desire to understand her own provenance and development and, to a degree, to decipher the meaning of her narrative within the larger picture. Race figures in three of these works and religion in a fourth; gender inequality emerges in all of them. I have begun to consider just how many people live by crossing stereotyped boundaries. We do not exist wholly within single identities, and many of us have hyphens, not to mention contradictions, in our very genes. At one extreme, you could even be the grandchild of a German Jewish publisher as well as the child of a German soldier in World War II and somehow end up a privileged, "birthright" American, as Alexander Wolff discovered in writing his family history, Endpapers. It's a wonder that anyone thinks that they are pure anything. Beginning to notice memoirs in many places, I feel like a victim of the frequency-illusion phenomenon, where we suddenly feel that the object of a new interest appears everywhere. But in fact the memoir genre is huge. A recent search in Amazon books resulted in a list of sixty thousand titles ranked according to sales, with each book assigned to three themes. As of the writing of this review, in the spring of 2021, sixteen of the top-selling twenty memoirs were by women, including US poet laureate Natasha Trethewey's Memorial Drive. While Amazon's classification system represents an effort to place books in recognizable niches that will be attractive to buyers, its categories show the need for Miller's "more fully shared national narrative." With respect to the real lives in these books, Amazon's pigeonholes are too broad or too narrow for border-crossing human lives. For instance, English professor Trethewey, fifty-five, is the daughter of a Black woman and her first, white husband. The poet's memoir depicts her childhood in palpable, meticulous detail and revisits the murder of her mother when the author was nineteen. The effects of day-to-day racism and how she and other family members dealt with it are foregrounded. Nonetheless, the book is grouped by Amazon under three categories, none of which has anything to do with race: "Murder & Mayhem True Accounts," "Law Enforcement Biographies," and "Author Biographies." Natasha Sajé, sixty-six, is an American poet and English professor who was born to displaced central Europeans in Munich and brought to the United States at the age of two. She was happily married for thirty [End Page 178] years to a Jamaican man, a chef and caterer, until his death from cancer, and is now married to a woman. A nonpracticing Catholic from Maryland, she has lived in...

Justifying Murder: Performativity in the Letters of Sergeant Mathias Müller, Police Battalion 309, from 1941/42

Abstract In their private correspondence German soldiers were often silent about the atrocities they committed on the Eastern front during the Second World War. This article demonstrates that a ‘thick description’ of Holocaust perpetrators’ writing practices can reveal strategies of justification and legitimation for mass murder. Mathias Müller of Police Battalion 309 made use of the performative force of his words, using allusions to address topics he was unable or unwilling to address explicitly. These allusions form a strategy over several letters and peak in the construction of a personal ‘Lemberg experience’. Soviet atrocities and the crimes of Soviet functionaries were identified by Müller as ‘Jewish’ crimes. The analysis demonstrates that in form and content the description powerfully alleges revenge was rightful and necessary. This use of performative force is also demonstrated in the case of other soldiers’ correspondence. It is possible that this means of addressing topics without naming them directly was widely deployed by German soldiers in the Second World War.

Identity discs: The recovery and identification of First World War soldiers located during archaeological works on the former Western front

During the First World War, German, French, and British soldiers were provided with identity discs or bracelets containing personal information to ensure that they could be identified, were they to die in battle. Each combatant nation developed their system in response to the difficulties encountered in relation to the identification and burial of dead on the battlefield, in accordance with the requirements of the 1906 Geneva Convention. As a result, it is possible to encounter a variety of designs issued during the war, including historical patterns which had been re-issued. Though it is not unusual to discover the presence of skeletal remains from the First World War during archaeological works in France and Belgium, it is a rare occasion to also recover an identity disc. This paper will describe how soldiers located during archaeological works are identified, making recommendations for the improved recording of skeletal remains recovered during the excavation process to assist the investigative procedures. These recommendations may also be applied to the discovery of more recent military remains, e.g. soldiers who died during the Second World War, where evidence of war crimes may be present.

Klingender Zeuge – Bernd Alois Zimmermann, „Ekklesiastische Aktion“ – gruppenanalytisch gehört

Summary Sounding Witness – Bernd Alois Zimmermann „Ekklesiastische Aktion“ Group Analytically Listened The last work of the Cologne composer Bernd Alois Zimmermann („Ekklesiastische Aktion“, 1970) is interpreted in a group-analytical way as his musical announcement of suicide. Suicide can basically be understood in a group-analytical perspective as a group process personalized in the protagonist. In Zimmermann’s case, the repulsed response of post-fascist West German society to his traumatic experiences as a Wehrmacht soldier in World War II plays a decisive role. The „Ekklesiastische Aktion“ can be understood as a sounding Wehrmacht exhibition both in the presentational symbolism of its tonal language and in the discursive symbolism of the texts used in it. In retrospect, the work makes up performatively for exactly what its composer lacked and drove him to suicide: the emotional response to his war traumatizations by the audience.

David Jones: Engraver, Soldier, Painter, Poet, by Thomas Dilworth, David Jones: A Christian Modernist?, ed. by Jamie Callison, Paul S. Fiddes, Anna Johnson, and Erik Tonning

David Jones: Engraver, Soldier, Painter, Poet, by Thomas Dilworth, David Jones: A Christian Modernist?, ed. by Jamie Callison, Paul S. Fiddes, Anna Johnson, and Erik Tonning

Growing Academic Physiatry: The Comparative Impact of Baruch Grants to Harvard Medical School and Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons. Part I

Growing Academic Physiatry: The Comparative Impact of Baruch Grants to Harvard Medical School and Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons. Part I