World Summit Research Articles

Defence sector and military cooperation between Turkey and the Central Asian Republics: limitations and prospects amidst intensified regional and global rivalry

ABSTRACT Recent Turkey-Central Asian Republic integration attempts are notable. Regular visits, Turkic World summits, economic steps to build a cooperative development bank, defense procurement, and regional policy collaboration have driven this trend. China's Bridge and Road Initiative, NATO's exit from Afghanistan, the Taliban's ascent, and the Russian elite's use of the “Russkiy Mir” after the Russo-Ukrainian War make the “Turkic world” geopolitically vital. Global and regional power struggles will make the region's natural resources and strategic location more important in coming decades. Turkey-Central Asia defense cooperation may also shape the region. This study aims to determine if Turkey-region defense cooperation improves Turkic integration. The states utilize regional military ties and diverse tools for regional and global objectives. The probe will begin with “Turkic integration” and recent Turkish defense industry achievements, then regional defense ties. Finally, a comparative analysis will reveal regional integration constraints and potential, focusing on defense cooperation.

Pro-Ecological Consumer Behavior versus Energy Reduction and Sustainable Consumption: A Case from Poland

The concepts of sustainable consumption and production increased in popularity after the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002. Moreover, the focus of attention was turned to the consumer and their key importance in achieving the goals of more sustainable practices. Hence, the main aim of this article is to present the influence of factors related to pro-ecological consumer behaviors on sustainable consumption including energy-use reduction. Epsilon regression was implemented as the research method. This statistical tool enabled the authors to carry out research on such complex phenomena and make the analysis immune to the high correlation among explanatory variables. Moreover, it allowed the authors to consider interactions in the set of diagnostic variables. The research presented in this paper is based on data drawn from the Barometer of Consumer Social Responsibility in Poland for 2022. As the final result of this research, a ranking of pro-ecological consumer behavior factors was constructed. On the one hand, not buying products using excessive packaging can be considered the most important factor of Polish pro-ecological consumer behaviors. On the other hand, trying to choose more ecological products with comparable prices can be regarded as the factor which has the smallest impact. Furthermore, the presented method also allowed for determining the contribution of individual factors to the pro-ecological behavior of consumers.

Discursive Representation of Social Actors in Selected Speeches of the Former Zimbabwean President, Robert Mugabe

This study investigates the discursive devices deployed by the late former Zimbabwean President, Robert Mugabe, to represent social actors in his speeches, in order to unveil how these devices and the ideologies in them are mobilized to maintain political power and garner popular support. The data for the study comprise his: 2002 world summit on sustainable development speech in South Africa, 2005 party manifesto speech in Zimbabwe, 2003 Non-aligned speech in Malaysia, and 2007 UN speech in New York. These were subjected to qualitative analysis with insights from Teun A. van Dijk’s socio-cognitive model of Critical Discourse Analysis. The study reveals that Mugabe uses discursive polarization strategies to emphasize positive things/de-emphasize negative things about his in-group (himself, Zanu-PF, the majority black, majority Zimbabwean supporters, and the third-world country allies), but emphasizes negative things/de-emphasizes positive things about the out-group (the minority white Zimbabwean land grabbers, the USA, the UK, Tony Blair, George Bush, etc.). The discursive strategies identified were used to pursue land ownership, anti-imperialist, revolutionary, and Marxist ideologies. The study concludes that these strategies were employed by Mugabe as linguistic, rhetorical and political strategies to maintain power and mobilize the support of majority black Zimbabweans for years.

Climate Policy in Global and Local Aspects

A review article summarising the current state of knowledge and suggesting directions for further research. It is part of a wider review aimed at assessing the effectiveness of climate change policies. The main difficulties considered in the article include the problems of environmental management and strategies for building resilience to climate change induced stress. The issues analysed in the article concern selected problems in the implementation of climate policy at global, regional and local levels. It was found that, under certain conditions, the effects of the measures taken can be counterproductive. The effectiveness and rationality of climate policy was also analysed from an economic perspective. The aim of the article was achieved on the basis of a review of domestic and foreign literature and documents on the subject, as well as a comparative analysis. The study covered selected issues that, in the author's opinion, should be taken into account when adapting the climate policy formulated at world summits to local conditions. This adaptation should include not only solutions but also targets. In conclusion, the author points out that the evaluation of the effectiveness of climate policy should be carried out at the local level and should include social and economic issues in addition to environmental ones, and should be accompanied by a balance of losses and benefits.

Internalization of Responsibility to Protect (R2P): Responsibility to Invoke ‘Peace from Within’ Afghanistan by the Taliban Regime (2021)

Internalization of Responsibility to Protect (R2P): Responsibility to Invoke ‘Peace from Within’ Afghanistan by the Taliban Regime (2021)

Agricultural literacy in artificial insemination and agribusiness management for social innovation in rural populations affected by armed conflict in Colombia

The achievement of education in rural populations was one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), outlined by the United Nations. During the last World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), it was concluded that the majority of the world’s poor, illiterate and undernourished population lives in rural areas; therefore, access to education is considered one of the greatest challenges for governments in countries with developing economies. The purpose of this study was to determine how a theoretical-practical training program in rural management and leadership (D-ML), artificial insemination (D-AI), and bovine genetic improvement (D-GI) affected the perception and level of knowledge in a rural population affected by Colombia’s armed conflict. Phase 1 included the theoretical and practical training of undergraduate animal sciences students in three dimensions (D-ML, D-AI, D-GI). After training, students were evaluated according to their level of theoretical-practical knowledge and their behavioral performance. There were 13 students selected to be a part of what we went on to call “the group of student leaders.” Phase 2 included the socioeconomic characterization and training of rural residents by the group of student leaders and field experts in the same three dimensions (D-ML, D-AI, D-GI). We evaluated the perception and level of knowledge before and after training in 63 rural residents using an evaluative instrument. The perception of knowledge in rural residents was low for general knowledge (GTD) (2.48 ± 0.76, p < 0.05), D-ML (2.89 ± 1.18, p < 0.05) and D-AI/D-GI (2.17 ± 0.83, p < 0.05), in accordance with the 5-point Likert-type ordinal scale. When level of knowledge was measured before the theorical-practical training, the level of GTD was 45.9%, however, after the training it increased to 77.6% (p < 0.01), while the level of knowledge for D-AI increased from 38.5% pre-training to 80.6% (p <0.05) post-training, and level of knowledge for D-GI pre-training was 50.8% and increased to 73.0% (p < 0.01) post-training. Finally, the level of knowledge for D-ML increased (p < 0.01) from 54.8% pre-training to 75% post-training. Altogether, rural extension programs contribute to closing knowledge gaps in relation to the use of reproductive biotechnologies and bovine management in rural areas affected by armed conflict.

Переосмысление “ответственности по защите” со странами БРИКС: нормативная оценка (на англ. языке)

At a time when the “Responsibility to Protect” (R2P) concept continues to be an object of widespread controversy, particularly with BRICS countries openly condemning the way it has been implemented by Western states, the question of the future evolution of the norm remains uncertain. While the constructivist literature initially pointed to the consolidation of the norm which was widely accepted by heads of states during the 2005 World Summit, the application has been criticized by Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) for being Western-led and biased, oriented toward regime-change and reminding the world of a new type of colonial enterprise. BRICS members embraced this perspective, and condemned in unison the Libyan intervention for going beyond the scope of its mandate and occasioning greater harm than it prevented. The authors of this article analyse BRICS perspectives on the “Responsibility to Protect” and seek to understand whether the geopolitical formation could, by unifying and building up on contestation mechanisms, contribute to the renewal and rebuilding of this doctrine, thus ensuring its greater credibility. The qualitative investigation is based on the study of interviews conducted with experts from BRICS and some western countries. The findings indicate that if BRICS member states succeed in adopting a common conceptual perspective, the global acceptance of the “Responsibility to Protect” could increase but that all the new checks and balances advocated by them could lead to delays in interventions to prevent human rights abuses moving forward.

Relevance of e-Health Needs and Usage in Indonesia

The eHealth application can be used for healthcare, supervision, literature, education, and research. It is a cost-efficient and secure application based on information and communication technology for the health and medical fields. The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as an infrastructure or medium that connects hospitals and health centers using the eHealth electronic health application is the key problem facing the implementation of eHealth on a worldwide scale. eHealth is an ICT-based application for the healthcare industry and one of the Action Plans of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Geneva 2003. The goal of using the eHealth app is to increase patient access, medical process efficiency, effectiveness, and process quality. This covers the administration of medical services provided by hospitals, clinics, health centers, medical professionals (including therapists and doctors), laboratories, pharmacies, and insurance

Religion and development in Samoa: Time to draw on the strength of local culture?

AbstractMotivationAs in much of the Pacific, Samoans understand their culture through Western religious lenses. Christianity and fa'a‐Samoa (culture and practices) are entangled; they determine Samoa's daily reality of governance, society, and economic development. To discuss Samoa's development over the past two centuries without addressing Samoan agency in maintaining the Christian mantle to navigate their worldviews would be to misrepresent modern Samoa. Policy and investment for economic development, especially foreign aid, is largely determined at national level. Samoa's most vital communities to effect change, however, are local: church congregations and their leaders.PurposeI examine the intersections of religiosity and Samoa's development. Should foreign aid donors consider Samoa's religious communities to implement effective education, poverty, and development programmes if religion is regarded as a cultural entity?Methods and approachI used talanoa to collect data from discussions with directors of two leading aid donors in Samoa, the United Nations (UN) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the Aid Coordinator for the Government of Samoa. Talanoa is a face‐to‐face dialogue often used in Pacific communities.FindingsReligion plays a significant role in Samoan society. Samoans view economic development, the improvement of the lives of ordinary citizens, job stability, and education as part of the manuia (blessings) of Samoa's religious and political status and community tapuaiga (prayers). That said, religion is not considered in formal discussions of aid and development. The interviewees agree that aid donors should understand the role of religion in daily society.Policy implicationsPerhaps it is time for aid donors and Christian Pacific Island countries to use these unorthodox methods for positive economic and social changes. As stated in Samoa's World Summit on Sustainable Development Assessment Report, “the potential influential standing and the extensive outreach of the church within the community makes it a valuable vehicle to drive pro‐harmony strategies” (Government of Samoa, 2000).

Lessons and Insights From the First Microphysiological World Summit

Lessons and Insights From the First Microphysiological World Summit

Evaluation of the Total Aflatoxin Level in Certain Cereals and Legumes Highly Consumed in Mali

The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) reaffirmed lofty and ambitious goals on seven main issues. Similarly, the Consolidated Action Plan for Africa (CAAP) has set priority science and technology projects. The achievement of an essential objective; common to both, namely: "Agriculture and food security", will strongly depend on the good knowledge and sustainable use of biological diversity, particularly microbial. Mali depends largely on agriculture and needs an annual growth of 6% or more in this sector to achieve sustainable development in general. However, the contamination of cereals and legumes essential to reduce food insecurity in Africa, aggravated by the proliferation of toxigenic fungi, constitutes a main constraint to the supply of healthy foods. However, in order to optimally target and implement these options, it is imperative that mycotoxin contamination is quantified and mapped. Three hundred and eighty-four (384) representative samples (1-2 kg per sample) were collected from different markets in Koutiala, S?gou, Bamako and Koulikoro in 2018 and 2020 to determine their fungal flora, the natural incidence of mycotoxins. All samples analyzed were contaminated with fungi, in the range of 1.2.105 to 33.5.105 CFU/g. SAS software was used for all analyzes and differences were considered significant when p<0.05. All cereals analyzed contain aflatoxins. Because of the high consumption and high levels of aflatoxins in beans and maize in the samples analyzed, we suggest periodic monitoring and the application of Hazard Analysis and Control (HACCP) prevention and control of mycotoxins in the production and industry of human food in Mali.

A Review on CO2 Sequestration: The Indian Scenario

Abstract To address the carbon dioxide (CO2) and other green-house gas (GHG) emission issues and combat climate change, various world summits have taken place starting with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at Rio in 1992 to the COP26 at Glasgow in 2021. Although the Paris Agreement of 2015, a legally binding international treaty intended to keep global average temperature rise below 2°C (preferably 1.5°C), it appears too tough a target considering the present day scenarios of insincerity by the advanced and rich nations. On the other hand, adaptation of CCS (carbon capture and storage) technologies in industrial scale have not yet been possible because of economic unviability. Although the western countries such as the USA and the EU have invested considerable amount of funds for R&D to make the CCS technologies successful, the developed technologies are only up to the pilot scale. More funding and focused R&D are needed to make the proven CCS technologies economic in industrial scales. The R&D efforts by other countries are still insignificant. India being the fourth largest emitter of GHGs in the world, is a signatory to most of the global treaties and is trying to adopt various CCS technologies. However, no significant progress has been made so far although some initiations have been observed after the recent pledge made by the Hon. Prime Minister of India in COP26 at Glasgow for a ‘net zero’ carbon by 2070. Industrial utilization of CO2 is negligible in the country except that Tata Steel Ltd. recently installed a demonstration carbon capture plant (5 TPD CO2) at its Jamshedpur works. There are no visible efforts from the power sectors who are one of the major contributors of CO2. Future availability of CCS technologies to Indian industries shall primarily be determined by the investments they make in R&D to develop the technologies on their own or in collaboration with research laboratories. Substituting carbon with green hydrogen and using renewable energy to run the steel plants would be desirable. Implementation of costly CCS technologies in India would need incentives from government as well as involvement and financial commitment from private industries which has been very low over the years. In this article we have taken a fresh stock of the situation with respect to the global targets set, efforts being made, technological interventions and their adaptability, R&D efforts required, funding opportunities, promises made, the gaps in available technologies, and target accomplishments. Indian status has been reviewed with respect to CCS: where does it stand, what are the challenges and what is the way forward for this fast-growing developing country to address the climate change keeping a balance with its fast growth rate.

THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN INDONESIA IN THE CONTEXT OF ‘RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT’

The concept of ‘responsibility to protect’ (RtoP) was adopted at the United Nations World Summit by the Member States in 2005. The first pillar of this principle laid down in paragraph 138 of the World Summit Outcome Document of the UN General Assembly obliges states to protect their population from genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing. This paper aims to prove that Indonesia not only endorsed this idea at the diplomatic level but also implemented a mechanism which protects the indigenous community in the event of serious human rights violations. The Indonesian system is based on the state’s obligations arising from ratified international human rights treaties and the national institutions, such as the Indonesian National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) and Human Rights Courts that respond to the first pillar of the responsibility to protect. This paper presents the international and national legislation as well as the mechanism set up by the Indonesian authorities to protect indigenous people in cases of serious human rights violations. It focuses on examples of the actions undertaken by Komnas HAM and the ad hoc tribunal established at the permanent Human Rights Court in connection with situations where the rights of the Papuan people were violated. Despite the imperfection of the system, the conclusion is that the Indonesian state has the instruments necessary to protect the rights of the indigenous communities according to the RtoP principle embodied in paragraph 138 of the UN World Summit Outcome Document.

How can information be ‘barrier-free’? A critical reading of china’s web accessibility policies in the 21st century

After the World Summit on the Information Society and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, states translated the global vision of digital inclusion into local policies at the national and regional levels. This article examines how state agencies in China, a technologically advanced country with a large disabled population, have leveraged the agenda of web accessibility over the course of the last two decades. By carrying out an analysis of 93 national policies and 21 technical guidelines issued between 2001 and 2021, this article critically examines how and why the Chinese state’s embrace of the term ‘barrier-free information’ (信息无障碍) does not result in a coherent policy paradigm but might instead engender new barriers which in fact have the potential to disorient disabled people.

Efficiency of reactors composed of plant based absorbents in combination with sand and gravel for physicochemical parameters of different category water

According to the world Summit of sustainable Development, the major reason for lack of safe water is either scarcity of water or contamination of water sources. Therefore this study eye on developing nations, seeks to find sustainable, yet economically and socially practical solution to the problems associated with polluted water. To fulfil the objectives of the present study, two medicinal value plants Dhav (Anogeissuslatifolia wall.) and Aragvadha (Cassia fistula Linn.) were selected and absorbents were prepared from the bark of both the plants. Then the reactors were prepared using the different compositions of sand, gravel, absorbents of Dhavand Aragvadha and cotton.In this way four filter reactors were prepared. The feeding rate of raw water is maintained at 0.5 litre per hour. The results revealed that Dhav plant absorbent was found more effective thanAragvadha. All reactors shows different efficiencies for different parameters suggesting that reactors should be prepared based on need or targeted parameters. Over all reactor 4 shows better efficiency for all the parameters. The main exclusivity of the present reactor is low cost with no electricity demand. The prepared reactors are environment friendly and easily implementable but further study is required to prove it on large scale.

Expert Teachers’ Perceptions of Their Students’ Environmental Literacy and the Practice of Environmental Education

Abstract Effective environmental education (EE) is urgent as climate change and environmental degradation are proceeding. More theoretical models to enhance the effectiveness of environmental education are constantly presented, but a comprehensive view from teachers’ perspectives is absent. This paper presents unique results from expert ENO Schoolnet Association’s (ENO) expert EE teacher group interviews from the World Summit of Students for Climate Event (WSSC). These educators represent over 40 nations. The group interviews explore the teachers’ perceptions of their students’ environmental literacy and teaching of EE. The data were analyzed with content analysis. The results point out that these expert EE teachers feel that most students fail to achieve operational environmental literacy. This paper examines the potential school-related and student-related barriers preventing this operational literacy. Furthermore, the EE provided by the teachers usually lacks behavioral literacy methods. At the same time, the teachers feel that these methods should be emphasized to ensure the effectiveness of EE. In the future, it would be useful to study environmental clubs’ potential to overcome some of the barriers and promote pro-environmental actions.

신흥 강대국의 규범적 저항 전술들

How do emerging powers attempt normative resistance to influence normative changes in the international order? By viewing emerging powers as agents of productive normative change, this study aims to examine how China as an emerging power influences the normative change of the responsibility to protect through an in-depth case study of its normative resistance tactics to the norm. For this analysis, this article first reviews related theoretical discussions and presents a theoretical framework for analysis. Then, focusing on the three important periods in the process of normative development of the responsibility to protect (the process of introducing and institutionalizing the norm from 2000 to 2005, the process of implementing the norm after the 2005 World Summit (2005-2011), and the process of implementing the norm in the 2011 Libyan crisis and thereafter), it analyzes which normative resistance tactics China has used to influence the process of change and implementation of the norm. For this analysis, an empirical case study is conducted, including text analysis of China's statements and speeches as well as meeting records and resolutions related to the responsibility to protect at the UN Security Council and the UN General Assembly. Based on the analysis results, this article discusses the implications for the debate on the role and influence of emerging powers in the normative change of international order.

UN Convention to Combat Desertification as an International Environmental Regulatory Framework for Protecting and Restoring the World’s Land towards a Safer, More Just and Sustainable Future

There are ongoing international initiatives on how to protect the environment towards sustainable development (SD). These initiatives range from those of the United Nations (UN) to those of other international organizations and institutions. At the level of the UN, these initiatives are mainly its conferences and summits, which may be considered as the UN SRJRS Process. The UN SRJRS Process refers to the cities in which various UN conferences and summits on the environment and development towards SD have so far been convened, namely Stockholm, Rio de Janeiro, Johannesburg, Rio de Janeiro and Stockholm. So, these UN conferences and summits are the (i) UN Conference on the Human Environment, held at Stockholm, in 1972; (ii) UN Conference on Environment and Development, held at Rio de Janeiro, in 1992; (iii) World Summit on SD, held at Johannesburg, in 2002; (iv) UN Conference on SD (Rio+20), held again at Rio de Janeiro, in 2012; and (v) the Stockholm+50, which was held again in Stockholm, Sweden, in June 2022. The UN SRJRS Process and their outcome documents and progressively ongoing strategies are aimed at protecting the environment in the course of development, so as to achieve SD in UN’s member states and territories around the globe, in the interest of humans and society at large. Desertification, which may arise from deforestation, is an environmental problem associated with forests. Internationally, forests are regulated by the UN Statement of Forest Principles, 1992, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992, the Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, the Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD), 1994, and other relevant multilateral conventions, as well as international agreements and efforts associated with forests. This study thus examines the UNCCD, 1994, as a worldwide shared vision and a comprehensive multilateral environmental regulatory mechanism, designed to combat desertification, through relevant implementation measures, such as policies, laws, institutional regulatory frameworks and practices in sovereign states and territories around the globe, so as to protect and restore the world’s land, towards a safer, more just and better sustainable future, especially towards achieving relevant goals of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

UKRAINE IN INTERNATIONAL INDEXES OF INFORMATION SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT

The article studies the main ranks and indexes of information society development in Ukraine. Program documents, adopted during The World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), became the basis for determining key components of information society: Information and communication infrastructure, capacity building, access to public domain information, security in the use of ICT, ICT applications, independence and plurality of media, research and innovations. For each component, several international indices were selected and Ukraine's position in these rankings was analyzed. Normalized indicators of ranking values of Ukraine were presented in the diagram, where Ukraine has the best position in the EU Open Data Maturity Report (ODM), and the worst result - Press Freedom Index (PFI). However, the overall score of more than 0.5 indicates a significant success of Ukraine on the way to information society.

Animal rights and veganism philosophy were discussed

Üsküdar University Molecular Biology and Genetics Club organized a program called "Green Transformation in the Science World, Animal Rights and Veganism Summit" under the leadership of the Department of Health, Culture and Sports.