World State Research Articles

Development of entrepreneurship culture in secondary school students as a problem of pedagogical science and educational practice

In the modern world, the concepts of a successful state and a successful person are very close to the notion of economic success. Despite the fact that economic success is not yet a guarantee of a successful state or a person, the reverse one is also true: without economic prosperity, a successful state cannot exist. The economic prosperity of states in the modern world is inextricably linked with the development of a free market economy based on entrepreneurship and innovations. Computers, cars, delicious coffee, supermarkets, and even the Internet are all the result of a cultural phenomenon that the author proposes to call "entrepreneurial culture". The article examines the significance of the concept “entrepreneurial culture” as a fundamental basis for developing modern views of the world and the prerequisites for the development of society. For this purpose, the concepts such as culture and entrepreneurship are analyzed, a definition of "entrepreneurial culture" is introduced. The author concludes that the development of entrepreneurial culture is important from the viewpoint of state development, the development of science, and the development of young people acquiring school education. The author examines the history of perceptions of entrepreneurial culture in Ukrainian society and analyzes contemporary views on entrepreneurial activity. The article also raises the questions: “What the teaching of entrepreneurship courses in the new Ukrainian school should be like?” and “Who should be involved in this?” As it is known, in 2017, the reform of Ukrainian school education began, which was named the New Ukrainian School. Among the competencies that learners will acquire, in addition to others, there is entrepreneurship and financial literacy. Therefore, the author asks whether the image of an entrepreneur in Ukrainian culture coincides with the image of a person that the learner dreams of becoming and whether they have an internal motivation to become entrepreneurs. Will they become future entrepreneurs due to acquired competencies if the attitude towards entrepreneurs that exists in our culture does not change?

Revisiting Jessup and the imperial origins of transnational law

AbstractPhilip Jessup’s 1956 Storrs Lectures, Transnational Law, developed a case for theorizing law beyond the state which continues to shape understandings of transnational law. Yet while transnational law has assumed increasing importance with globalization, it remains beset by conceptual difficulties. This article suggests that such difficulties are at least partly attributable to misreadings of Transnational Law primarily as proposing a more pragmatic concept to drive law’s progression. Contextualizing the Lectures within Jessup’s involvement in the US’s postwar worldmaking project and the contrasting project pursued by Third World states, and through close textual study, it contends that Transnational Law is better understood as geared to undermining the legal foundations of key efforts to counter Western dominance. It further shows how this reading can aid in clarifying misunderstandings of Jessup’s Lectures that still inform transnational law scholarship and in considering how law’s capacity to sustain inequality and exploitation may be challenged.

Artificial Consciousness: Misconception(s) of a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Nobody Wants

The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has produced prophets and prophecies announcing that the age of artificial consciousness is near. Not only does the mere idea that any machine could ever possess the full potential of human consciousness suggest that AI could replace the role of God in the future, it also puts into question the fundamental human right to freedom and dignity. This position paper takes the stand that, in the light of all we currently know about brain evolution and the never-stopping formation of adaptive neural circuitry for learning, memory, decision making and, ultimately, fully conscious reasoning and creativity in the human species, the idea of an artificial consciousness appears misconceived. The paper highlights some of the major reasons why. While awareness to external stimuli for processes such as perception, recognition, and operational problem solving is under the direct control of functionally specific brain networks associated with sensory and cognitive functions across animal species, consciousness is a unique property of the human mind. Potentiated by brain evolution, consciousness has come to be when humans became able to represent, and reflect on, the Self in relation to past, present and future, and to project these representations into possible worlds by drawing and other forms of conceptual and creative expression. Epigenetically determined, shaped by experience, capable of representing real and non-real world states, consciousness is enabled by context-dependent adaptive brain circuits that have evolved on the grounds of self-organizing functional interactions at different levels of integration in a from-local-to global functional brain design. The evolution of the latter being continuous, the limits of consciousness are unpredictable. If cracking the computational code to human consciousness were possible, the resulting algorithms would have to be able to generate temporal activity patterns simulating long-distance signal reverberation across the brain and the de-correlation of spatial signal contents from their temporal signatures. In the light of scientific evidence for complex interactions between implicit (non-conscious) and explicit (conscious) representations in learning, memory, and the construction of conscious representation, the code would have to be capable of making all implicit processing explicit. Algorithms would have to be capable of a progressive, less and less arbitrary selection of temporal activity patterns in a continuously developing neural network structure akin to that of the human brain, from synapses to higher cognitive functional integration. The code would have to possess the self-organizing capacities that generate the brain signatures of phenomenal consciousness. In the biological brain, consolidation or extinction of these temporal brain signatures is driven by external event probabilities according to the principles of Hebbian learning. Consciousness is constantly fed by such learning, capable of generating stable representations despite an incommensurable amount of variability in input data, across time and across individuals, for life-long integration of experience data. Artificial consciousness would require probabilistic adaptive computations capable of emulating all the dynamics of human learning and memory that enable human intelligence and creativity. No AI is likely to ever have such potential.

The European Union’s Engagement With Questions of Strategic Autonomy and Security: Do EU Courts Have a Role to Play?

The EU started as a peace project to avoid armed conflicts between its Member States. It rapidly became a success story attracting new members. Its internal market and common policies, especially its trade and common agricultural policies, yielded a power of its own protecting the EU and its Member States in a turbulent world. This unique project relies on the rule of law and innovating legal concepts that both the EU and national courts protect. In the meantime the EU and the international context have changed. Gradually but surely, the EU is becoming more assertive to protect its interests by engaging in new policy areas, including security and defence. This article concerns the question as to whether this development affects the nature of judicial protection that EU courts are supposed to grant to states, legal and natural persons. Strategic autonomy – European security – EU defence policy – EU external competences – Court of Justice of the European Union

Geo-economic determinants of sustainable development of the state in the modern world: foreign analytics

Geo-economic determinants of sustainable development of the state in the modern world: foreign analytics

From Entheogens to Evangelicalism: Spiritual Practices Among Hispanic/Latin Americans

Hispanic and Latinx people practice spirituality in a wide array of forms. Whereas Catholicism has been the dominant religion for centuries, a re-birth of Native American and African spirituality has taken place over the last few decades. In parallel, the influence of the United States in the Latin world is reflected in the rapidly growing popularity of Evangelical Christianity. In order to better understand and study spiritual practices in Latin America, one must understand the historical vicissitudes that led to the formation of these religions and the context in which they became ingrained in these territories. [ Psychiatr Ann . 2023;53(12):545–549.]

Introduction – Towards Third Worlding

In a well-known formulation, Vijay Prashad wrote that, “The Third World was not a place. It was a project.” This forum feels out ways to understand and remember the Third World project as a collective horizon of freedom enacted by ordinary people in their daily lives. Beyond the political leadership of the iconic leadership of Third World state leaders and the foundational conferences they convened, we seek to explore how the Third World was lived and imagined. We do so as an invitation to fellow teachers and students to deepen collective imagining through a twin process of learning and unlearning. Formulated as a practice of Third Worlding, this invitation is a proposal to make historical precedents familiar and make progressive visions of intersectional, anti-racist, decolonial struggle strange. It seeks out other ways of calling comrades into political practices by exploring the ways in which Third World subjects imagined and related to each other. In this introduction, we lay out what Third Worlding might offer as a tool for reorientation in the political present.

Does phasic dopamine release cause policy updates?

Phasic dopamine activity is believed to both encode reward-prediction errors (RPEs) and to cause the adaptations that these errors engender. If so, a rat working for optogenetic stimulation of dopamine neurons will repeatedly update its policy and/or action values, thus iteratively increasing its work rate. Here, we challenge this view by demonstrating stable, non-maximal work rates in the face of repeated optogenetic stimulation of midbrain dopamine neurons. Furthermore, we show that rats learn to discriminate between world states distinguished only by their history of dopamine activation. Comparison of these results to reinforcement learning simulations suggests that the induced dopamine transients acted more as rewards than RPEs. However, pursuit of dopaminergic stimulation drifted upwards over a time scale of days and weeks, despite its stability within trials. To reconcile the results with prior findings, we consider multiple roles for dopamine signalling.

Contemporary Media Art Performance under the Visual Threshold of Interpretation

Purpose - Introduce contemporary media art, study the virtual representation forms of contemporary media art, and deeply explore the artistic meanings expressed by their forms of expression.
 Design/Methodology/Approach - Based on the characteristics of artistic expression such as innovation and interactivity, this article applies the three elements of understanding, interpretation, and application in hermeneutics theory to interpret multimedia art works.
 Findings - This article analyzes contemporary media art works from three dimensions of hermeneutics: understanding, interpretation, and application. The conclusion is that artists express their desire for balance and wisdom, their perception of the world's spiritual state through multimedia forms, and also enable readers to associate and make independent judgments about the works, thereby exploring their own spiritual world and perceptual experience. At the same time, participants themselves are also creating meaning, interpreting value, completing perception, determining intention, and jointly explaining the humanistic value and responsibility of the work with the artist.
 Research Implications - The study of cultural communication at the visual level plays an important role in the development of social information. Multimedia image visual art has been integrated into daily aesthetic life in the form of popular culture, becoming the most important carrier for exploring artistic life. This article combines theory and practice, using typical art cases for specific analysis, in order to better apply contemporary multimedia art theory to artistic creation, and provide fresh materials and beneficial attempts for the research of digital media art application theory.

Artificial Consciousness: Misconception(s) of a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Nobody Wants

The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has produced prophets and prophecies announcing that the age of artificial consciousness is near. Not only does the mere idea that any machine could ever possess the full potential of human consciousness suggest that AI could replace the role of God in the future, it also puts into question the fundamental human right to freedom and dignity. Yet, in the light of all we currently know about brain evolution and the adaptive neural dynamics underlying human consciousness, the idea of an artificial consciousness appears misconceived. This article highlights some of the major reasons why the prophecy of a successful emulation of human consciousness by AI ignores most of the data about adaptive processes of learning and memory as the developmental origins of consciousness. The analysis provided leads to conclude that human consciousness is epigenetically determined as a unique property of the mind, shaped by experience, capable of representing real and non-real world states and creatively projecting these representations into the future. The development of the adaptive brain circuitry that enables this expression of consciousness is highly context-dependent, shaped by multiple self-organizing functional interactions at different levels of integration displaying a from-local-to global functional organization. Human consciousness is subject to changes in time that are essentially unpredictable. If cracking the computational code to human consciousness were possible, the resulting algorithms would have to be able to generate temporal activity patterns simulating long-distance signal reverberation in the brain, and the de-correlation of spatial signal contents from their temporal signatures in the brain. In the light of scientific evidence for complex interactions between implicit (non-conscious) and explicit (conscious) representations in learning, memory, and the construction of conscious representations such a code would have to be capable of making all implicit processing explicit. Algorithms would have to be capable of a progressive and less and less arbitrary selection of temporal activity patterns in a continuously developing neural network structure that is functionally identical to that of the human brain, from synapses to higher cognitive functional integration. The code would have to possess the self-organizing capacities of the brain that generate the temporal signatures of a conscious experience. The consolidation or extinction of these temporal brain signatures are driven by external event probabilities according to the principles of Hebbian learning. Human consciousness is constantly fed by such learning, capable of generating stable representations despite an incommensurable amount of variability in input data, across time and across individuals, for a life-long integration of experience data. Artificial consciousness would require probabilistic adaptive computations capable of emulating all the dynamics of individual human learning, memory and experience. No AI is likely to ever have such potential.

Intelligent Complementary Multi-Modal Fusion for Anomaly Surveillance and Security System.

Recently, security monitoring facilities have mainly adopted artificial intelligence (AI) technology to provide both increased security and improved performance. However, there are technical challenges in the pursuit of elevating system performance, automation, and security efficiency. In this paper, we proposed intelligent anomaly detection and classification based on deep learning (DL) using multi-modal fusion. To verify the method, we combined two DL-based schemes, such as (i) the 3D Convolutional AutoEncoder (3D-AE) for anomaly detection and (ii) the SlowFast neural network for anomaly classification. The 3D-AE can detect occurrence points of abnormal events and generate regions of interest (ROI) by the points. The SlowFast model can classify abnormal events using the ROI. These multi-modal approaches can complement weaknesses and leverage strengths in the existing security system. To enhance anomaly learning effectiveness, we also attempted to create a new dataset using the virtual environment in Grand Theft Auto 5 (GTA5). The dataset consists of 400 abnormal-state data and 78 normal-state data with clip sizes in the 8-20 s range. Virtual data collection can also supplement the original dataset, as replicating abnormal states in the real world is challenging. Consequently, the proposed method can achieve a classification accuracy of 85%, which is higher compared to the 77.5% accuracy achieved when only employing the single classification model. Furthermore, we validated the trained model with the GTA dataset by using a real-world assault class dataset, consisting of 1300 instances that we reproduced. As a result, 1100 data as the assault were classified and achieved 83.5% accuracy. This also shows that the proposed method can provide high performance in real-world environments.

Corrective feedback guides human perceptual decision-making by informing about the world state rather than rewarding its choice.

Corrective feedback received on perceptual decisions is crucial for adjusting decision-making strategies to improve future choices. However, its complex interaction with other decision components, such as previous stimuli and choices, challenges a principled account of how it shapes subsequent decisions. One popular approach, based on animal behavior and extended to human perceptual decision-making, employs "reinforcement learning," a principle proven successful in reward-based decision-making. The core idea behind this approach is that decision-makers, although engaged in a perceptual task, treat corrective feedback as rewards from which they learn choice values. Here, we explore an alternative idea, which is that humans consider corrective feedback on perceptual decisions as evidence of the actual state of the world rather than as rewards for their choices. By implementing these "feedback-as-reward" and "feedback-as-evidence" hypotheses on a shared learning platform, we show that the latter outperforms the former in explaining how corrective feedback adjusts the decision-making strategy along with past stimuli and choices. Our work suggests that humans learn about what has happened in their environment rather than the values of their own choices through corrective feedback during perceptual decision-making.

Extended producer responsibility – tool for sustainable development of tourism in the Republic of Moldova

The purpose of the study is to reveal the importance of the use of sustainable development tools by economic agents in the tourism industry. The object of the study is the extended responsibility of producers for the packaging placed on the market, which is used in the Republic of Moldova as a tool that contributes to sustainable economic development. The author used such research methods as: documentation, analysis, comparison, synthesis, deduction. Concerned by the high degree of pollution that is generated by human activity, in particular, economic activity, most of the world's states have agreed on the need to maintain adequate conditions for life on earth, by establishing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). In order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, various methods and tools are used, both of a punitive and stimulating nature. One of these tools is "extended producer responsibility". Analyzing the requirements of the legislation regarding the responsibilities of producers for the packaging placed on the market, it is found more efficient and less expensive, respectively, economic agents in the tourism industry are recommended to comply with the requirements of the legislation regarding the prevention, collection and processing of waste by using a collective system, applying the approach "extended producer responsibility".

Drivers and challenges of large-scale conversion policies to organic and agro-chemical free agriculture in South Asia

ABSTRACTAddressing global environmental and food challenges necessitates holistic approaches that consider environmental, societal, and economic dimensions. This study examines three large-scale organic farming conversion programs and their associated policies in Sikkim, India, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. Sikkim stands as the world's first state to fully transition to organic agriculture, while Bhutan is embarking on a similar path, and Sri Lanka is implementing a toxin-free program. A qualitative analysis reveals key drivers and barriers in these large-scale conversions. Five crucial factors for successful transitions to large-scale organic farming emerge: effective institutional leadership, affordable third-party certification, phased reduction of agrochemicals through clear political pathways, development of extension networks, market access with price premiums, and the provision of organic inputs. Key drivers include improving rural livelihoods, upscaling traditional farming practices, addressing health concerns related to agrochemicals, and preserving natural resources. Significant challenges include shortages of organic inputs, limited market access, inadequate food supply, a lack of knowledge about alternative practices and inputs, and high certification costs. In addressing these factors and challenges, policymakers and scientists can better navigate the complex landscape of large-scale organic farming conversion.

To the problems of the development of sports legal relations in Ukraine

Sports legal relations in Ukraine are at the stage of formation. Their development is accompanied by a number of factors that complicate, and sometimes make impossible, the formation of a modern, stable system, the reproduction of models of sports legal relations based on the example of the leading world and European states.
 Such factors include the imperfect system of legislation in the field of sports, the lack of a coordinated and productive mechanism for the cooperation of the parties to sports legal relations, insufficient material and technical support, the low development of the sports industry, the lack of a mechanism for involving the population in regular physical education, an insufficient number of highly qualified staff, outdated and ineffective sports infrastructure for sports or its absence at all, in particular, sports facilities that would meet international standards, etc.
 The article emphasizes that the Ukrainian state should take care of the development of physical culture and sports, create and establish mechanisms for regulating sports legal relations, raise the country’s prestige in the international sports arena.
 Considering this, a number of trends in the development and improvement of sports legal relations in Ukraine have been suggested. In particular, regarding the distribution of powers in the management of sports organizations and federations, the effective and transparent distribution of budget funds with the involvement of other sources of sports financing, the construction of new, as well as the reconstruction and repair of existing sports infrastructure in accordance with international standards, the development of mechanisms for the development of a network of children and youth sports schools and sports clubs of various forms of ownership, provision of conditions for professional training and professional development of competitive sports managers, establishment of close cooperation with the mass media for the purpose of popularizing sports, etc.

Risk Factors Associated with Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Among Women Who Were Attending Postnatal Services at Thika Level Five Hospital Kiambu County, Kenya

Stillbirths, preterm deliveries and neonatal deaths are examples of adverse pregnancy and infant outcomes that continue to be a global public health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO), States, and non-governmental organizations (NGO) have invested a lot of time, money, and resources into promoting the benefits of safe pregnancy and delivery. Despite efforts to promote healthy pregnancy, delivery, and maternal mortality, these numbers continue to be high. Pregnant mothers and their fetus are put in danger due to several risk issues. Despite the limited data from Thika level five hospitals, concern about poor pregnancy outcomes have been growing. The study’s goal is to pinpoint the risk factors connected to pregnancy outcomes at Thika level five hospitals. An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out on women between the age of 15 and 49 who were attending postnatal services at Thika level 5. The study used qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. 80 samples were chosen out of 100 population. A Convenience sampling and purposive sampling were used. structured questionnaires were used at the health care facility. The mean age was 15 to 19. Most of them were married almost both living in urban and rural areas. According to education, most have reached college education but unfortunately, 55% of them are unemployed and 51% of them are living in temporally house, most generating income below 5000. Most of them live 5km away from the nearest health facility. 55% of them attended antenatal and its essential services in public facilities, motivated by self-motives. 47% of the respondents delivered via spontaneous vertex delivery followed by 37% of caesarean sections. Most complications were obstructed labor and most adverse outcomes were preterm labor. The most common pre-existing medical conditions were anemia and HIV/AIDS. The most common adverse pregnancy outcome found in this study included PPH, Obstructed labor, APH, neonatal mortality, preterm babies, and stillbirth and low birth weight babies. Inferential statistics including correlation and bivariate analysis were used. The regression coefficients results portrays that socio-demographics characteristics score 0.983 with standard error of 0.361. Pre-existing medical conditions scored 0.897 with a standard error of 0.323. Intrapartum care scored 0.920 with a standard error of 0.240. Chi-square analysis for all the variables was calculated at 47.633 and the p value less than 0.05 (p< 0.05). Correlation study indicates a positive significance between pregnancy risk and socio-demographics, pre-existing medical conditions with a value of 0.934. The researcher concludes that numerous pregnancy problems arise from lack of medical knowledge and financial structure coming from the women who are pregnant. Concluding to the fact that when it comes to risk in pregnancy there are a number of factors that come into play. This ranges from ages of the women to pre-existing medical conditions when it comes to childbirth. Overall it is highly important for women who are prone to have complications in child labor to have medical checkups constantly so that any complications cane be dealt within a reasonable timeframe and with little consequences to the women or their unborn babies.

КОНЦЕПЦІЯ ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ АРХІТЕКТУРНОЇ СПАДЩИНИ НА ПРИКЛАДІ МІСТА ОДЕСА

The article briefly discusses the concept of preservation of architectural monuments in the country and the current state and development trends in the modern world of historical hotels, namely located in architectural monuments and historical buildings, which form the historical record and attractiveness of the city. The effectiveness of the functioning of the Association of Historic Hotels is based on a combination of two factors - the unconditional appeal of living directly in a historical place (building), getting to know its unique color as if from the inside and, at the same time, having the opportunity to experience all the advantages of staying in a high-class hotel. The project of creating a national hotel association on the basis of historical and cultural monuments has the main goal - the revival and preservation of the national cultural tradition by means of its adaptation to modern socio-economic conditions and is possible according to European examples. The planning possibilities of the historical quarters of Odessa with perimeter buildings allow for renewal and reconstruction with the tactful inclusion of new elements, re-planning and increasing the technical and economic indicators of the side wings and inner quarter space, while preserving the highly artistic facade of the central wing along the red line of the building. A historical hotel is an active vital part of the city, as an element of the urban planning system and under the condition of appropriate operation and functional content, the presence of a modern level of comfort, it can have an important socio-cultural and economic significance in the structure of modern development, preserving its historical architectural forms, the general compositional the spatial value of the historical buildings of the city.

Çevresel Etki ve Değerlendirme Bağlamında Kalkınma ve Çevresel Değerler Çatışması: Malatya İli Örneği

In the world, where the economic system has been constantly developing and changing from the İndustrial Revolution to today, the volume of production and consumption has increased with the increasing world population, and this has brought new burdens to the ecological system. The increase in the use of fossil fuels for energy needs with the Industrial Revolution, the increase in production on a global scale with the development of international trade, while increasing wealth on the one hand, resulted in an increase in environmental problems on the other. As a result of the thesis that the world states will develop with the motto of capitalism, "more production, more consumption", the ecological system has faced a burden that it cannot bear. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), which was first introduced to the world within the scope of the National Environmental Policy Act, which came into force in the USA in 1970, on the necessity of ensuring development without damaging environmental values, is a process in which the significant effects of a certain project or development on the environment are determined. It was implemented as a process. This study aims to reveal how EIA applications are used as an effective mechanism in protecting environmental values in Turkey and in Malatya in particular, and to reveal their deficiencies. In the study, a qualitative method based on literature review and observation was used.

Studying the neural representations of uncertainty.

The study of the brain's representations of uncertainty is a central topic in neuroscience. Unlike most quantities of which the neural representation is studied, uncertainty is a property of an observer's beliefs about the world, which poses specific methodological challenges. We analyze how the literature on the neural representations of uncertainty addresses those challenges and distinguish between 'code-driven' and 'correlational' approaches. Code-driven approaches make assumptions about the neural code for representing world states and the associated uncertainty. By contrast, correlational approaches search for relationships between uncertainty and neural activity without constraints on the neural representation of the world state that this uncertainty accompanies. To compare these two approaches, we apply several criteria for neural representations: sensitivity, specificity, invariance and functionality. Our analysis reveals that the two approaches lead to different but complementary findings, shaping new research questions and guiding future experiments.

Story Shaping: Teaching Agents Human-Like Behavior with Stories

Reward design for reinforcement learning agents can be difficult in situations where one not only wants the agent to achieve some effect in the world but where one also cares about how that effect is achieved. For example, we might wish for an agent to adhere to a tacit understanding of commonsense, align itself to a preference for how to behave for purposes of safety, or taking on a particular role in an interactive game. Storytelling is a mode for communicating tacit procedural knowledge. We introduce a technique, Story Shaping, in which a reinforcement learning agent infers tacit knowledge from an exemplar story of how to accomplish a task and intrinsically rewards itself for performing actions that make its current environment adhere to that of the inferred story world. Specifically, Story Shaping infers a knowledge graph representation of the world state from observations, and also infers a knowledge graph from the exemplar story. An intrinsic reward is generated based on the similarity between the agent's inferred world state graph and the inferred story world graph. We conducted experiments in text-based games requiring commonsense reasoning and shaping the behaviors of agents as virtual game characters.