World Politics Research Articles

Informal governance and transnational access in world politics

AbstractThe governance turn in political research has led to increased attention to informal institutions. For scholars of international relations this has contributed to recent scholarship that reveals a notable growth in the number of informal intergovernmental organizations (IIGOs). Many aspects of IIGOs remain unknown, including whether they involve transnational actors (TNAs). Yet, whether IIGOs are open to TNAs or not may affect their performance and legitimacy. Given the importance of TNA access to IIGOs, this article explores IIGOs openness to TNAs. We illustrate that IIGOs vary whether they are open or not and that arrangements for TNA access differ. Theoretically, we build on existing literature to posit that the political costs of involvement, TNA resources, and the institutional environment affect whether IIGO are open or closed to TNAs. Empirically, we present new data on TNA access to 94 IIGOs and examine the variation in IIGO openness to explore the validity of our theoretical expectations. We find that no single account can be offered to understand access across IIGOs, and our explanatory factors show variegated effects across different subgroups of the sample. Our findings have implications for debates on the rise of informal global governance and the openness of global governance.

The middle tier of states and the Russia–Ukraine war

Abstract This article examines the concept of the ‘middle tier of states’ proposed by Halford Mackinder in 1919, its failure to prevent German-Soviet Union rapprochement in the interwar years, its recent revival and its geopolitical implications. Mackinder's ‘heartland thesis’ comprises two interrelated parts: the geopolitical significance of the heartland, and the middle tier of states, which he suggested could counteract the pernicious impact of the heartland. Although the middle tier of states paralleled the 1919 Versailles settlement in east-central Europe, its failure to play the role that Mackinder suggested has never been properly investigated. Over the past decade, the middle tier of states has been revived by a range of regional cooperation projects in east-central Europe, while the Russia–Ukraine war attests to its necessity and viability in the current context. The Russia–Ukraine war has shown that a strengthened middle tier of NATO and European Union states will not just reshape the geopolitical landscape of Europe but will have significant implications for world politics.

A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS ON THE STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF INDO-PACIFIC REGION IN GLOBAL POLITICS

The Indo-pacific region is enfolding the vast areas and islands which surroundings either the Indian Ocean or the Pacific Ocean. In the geopolitical theme the term earliest used by the German geopolitician in 1920s in his numerous work on geopolitics. The region significance reinvigorate in the contemporary world politics. Australia, Japan and India popularized the term they conducted trilateral dialogues and sometimes discuss the region under the US umbrella. In the contemporary world the Indo-pacific region lay down implications on the global politics due to its huge importance. This research paper aim to examine the Indo-pacific region and to unfolding its different sides which are connected with the global politics. The paper thoroughly investigate currents ongoing geopolitical and geo-economics significance of the region. Major and Middle powers have been trying to acquire their respective national interest from the region. The United States trying to persist her hegemony in the region reactive the quadrilateral security dialogue which is the group of foursome Australia, India, Japan and US and leading by US to contain the broader engagements of China in the Indo-Pacific region and concentrating to mitigate the China geopolitical and geo-economics influences through different strategy. This paper assess the China Belt and Road Initiatives which mainly focusing on the geo-economics connectivity of multiple countries for the targeted purposes. China increasing leadership influences in the region is impelling United States and its partner countries such as India, Japan, US, Taiwan, South Korea and Philippines which have been confronting against China interest and the region is transferring into a new regional geopolitical tension and seeming to drag into new cold war between Sino-US. The free and open Indo-pacific concept reinvigorate 1906 by the Japanese prim minister Shinzo Abe with the American cooperation. In 2019, United States has formalized the concept and referred many Southeast Asia and European Union States to the Indo-Pacific. The concept has been criticized by the China official that it a closed and exclusive group structure and called for open and inclusive Asia-Pacific which does not target any third country.

Crisis in world politics. Corporate roles and responses in the Ukraine war and beyond

Crisis in world politics. Corporate roles and responses in the Ukraine war and beyond

The Function of International Law in Modern International Relations: A Constructivist Perspective

Following World War II, the ongoing process of globalisation led to a proliferation of international conflicts and disputes, prompting an increase in the application and regulation of international law. International law, as a legally binding framework for the rights and responsibilities of sovereign states and other entities with international status, has been crucial in reducing global strife, maintaining peace and promoting cooperation. The post-Cold War era coincided with the rise of constructivist theory, which offers a sociological perspective on world politics, emphasising social normative structures over economic material ones. This perspective underscores the influential role of ideas, norms, and culture in shaping state behaviour constructively. Theoretically, constructivist theories within international relations elucidate the legal function of international law while bolstering its authority and status; thereby further explaining its significance within global affairs. The research encompasses three main components: First, an exploration of the theoretical underpinnings of international law and an analysis of constructivism within the field of international relations will be presented. Secondly, a detailed examination of specific operational mechanisms in modern international relations and their contribution to establishing an orderly framework will be undertaken; and thirdly case analysis to examine how these mechanisms have influenced specific events thus revealing their practical impact. Ultimately concluding that as a normative institutional construct, international law has significantly contributed towards rule-making processes conflict resolution efforts as well as maintaining order within global relations while also highlighting that its construction is an ongoing evolutionary process necessitating continual adjustment within the broader context.

The Structural and Temporal Curb of Populism: A Cross-Country Analysis of Authoritarian Populist Influences on Journalism

ABSTRACT As right-wing authoritarian-populism becomes a defining feature of world politics, scholars increasingly acknowledge its challenging impacts on journalism. Focusing largely on the populist rhetoric, this interest leaves the structural influences of authoritarian-populism on the journalistic field across diverse contexts largely unexplored. By drawing on in-depth interviews (n = 83) with journalists in Austria, Slovenia, Hungary, and Turkey, and combining political-economic, institutional and temporal analysis of authoritarian-populism, we develop a structural approach towards authoritarian-populist influences on journalism. We discuss three structural forces that authoritarian-populists in power implement or instrumentalise to influence journalism in respective countries: the discriminatory use of institutional power to deepen the polarisation, the populist intervention into ownership structures of the news media, and the strategic use of digitalisation in journalism. We argue that authoritarian-populism is a process whereby the curb of populist structural forces increases over time as authoritarian-populist politics mature in power.

Practice of international relations: potential for transfer to other spheres

In today's world, there is a close intertwining of academic disciplines and spheres of practical interaction. To identify a potential for transfer of international practices, the authors of this study attempt to elicit cases of successful transfer of practical experience from International Relations and world politics to other fields, as well as provide illustrative examples of parallel development of similar practices. As one of the most extensive practices in the realm of International Relations, diplomacy appears to contain a large number of relevant cases. Transfer and parallel development of negotiation techniques and mediation technologies manifest themselves both in the related sphere of domestic politics and in corporate culture. Another example of business borrowing international practices is the institution of industrial espionage, which nowadays might be compared to the institution of political-military espionage in terms of its scale and organization. The study also focuses on the phenomena of parallel development of social practices, namely emancipation. While it is regarded as a process of gaining legal independence in the sphere of law, in International Relations it denotes a rejection of the idea of domination of a certain order or ideological stance. The final part of the study is dedicated to the consideration of typologies of behavior, as well as analogies and metaphors, in various social spheres. Metaphors and analogies unite such seemingly distant disciplines as International Relations and folklore studies. In addition to allusions to foreign policy events, which appear with a certain frequency in mass culture, the authors also present possible parallels between the structure of fairy tales and that of political conflict. On the grounds of the case studies, the paper highlights the diversity of areas of international engagement that have directly or indirectly contributed, or could contribute, to the emergence and/or development of other practice areas.

Cleavages and identities in the changing landscape of world politics

The article advocates updating the research concerning divided societies and complexly organized states. It addresses the genesis and advancement of complex identities of social actors and political agency. The discussion focuses on the correlation between the structuration and content saturation of identities. The use of operational interfaces from fundamental distinctions to various kinds of divides, demarcations and polarizations leaves still unresolved the problem of qualitative parameters of identities, and ways to represent and analyze them. Innovative approaches developed by Russian political scientists take into account the relationship between the processes of world development and the identity of its development drivers and agency from individual political actors to complex social movements. The article shows that the effective deployment of the respective research program requires not only external accounting of the temporal parameters, but full integration of modern evolutionary approaches into their methodology. It is necessary to overcome the usual interpretations of identity in the singular as an abstract universal idea. Equally it is necessary to move to the study of the complex interaction of the acting forces of development and the formation of a dynamic flow of individual and mutual identifications in the plural. To this end, it is suggested not only to update the Rokkanian paradigm of demarcations by expanding the set of distinctions and making the whole structure more dynamic, but also to use the possibilities of extended evolutionary synthesis.

Towards a sociolinguistics of deglobalization

Abstract This article advocates for a ‘sociolinguistics of deglobalization’ that focuses on the sociolinguistic impacts of major shifts in the world system that have taken place since 2008 and have become particularly salient amidst the covid pandemic. Drawing on case studies of China, Indonesia, Ethiopia, and Nigeria, we describe the period after 2008 as an emerging post-neoliberal epoch characterized by the intensifying of state power, constrained resistance, differential inclusion, and organized abandonment. Our article explores the theoretical, methodological, and ethical challenges of researching the sociolinguistic impacts of these developments. We also argue that our discipline's dominant approach to global-scale analysis—the sociolinguistics of globalization—has impeded our ability to perceive the emerging dynamics of deglobalization. Our call for a sociolinguistics of deglobalization is offered as both a provocation and invitation to our discipline to engage with the rapidly changing nature of world politics. (Deglobalization, sovereignty, neoliberalism, coloniality, securitization)*

Freedom of Speech di Ruang Virtual: Analisis Wacana Fairclough Pada Kanal Youtube Rocky Gerung Official

New media is a communication channel that brings about change by disseminating information through texts published by authors. Because text is a form of ideological practice, language, style, word choice, and grammatical structure, it is understood as a decision that has a certain ideological meaning in order to gain public support. This research aims to analyze Rocky Gerung's freedom of speech on the Rocky Gerung Official YouTube channel and how discourse practices take place on YouTube as a virtual space. This research was carried out to examine virtual media. Using a critical paradigm, this research is descriptive-qualitative using critical discourse analysis methods. Using Norman Fairclough's thinking, at the macro-level analysis, there are linguistic elements used that are philosophical, straightforward, and rich in meaning using metaphors. At the micro level, there is the use of special terminology in the world of politics, government, and philosophy. As well as using intertextual patterns, there is consistency between one sentence and another. At the meso level of analysis, researchers create relationships between characters or participants involved in the text in this research.

Religious Freedom in World Politics:

Religious Freedom in World Politics:

Russia’s Foreign Policy Priorities in the Arctic Region Development at Current Stage

The article reviews the features of the processes in the Arctic region in the context of its growing importance in world politics and economics. The Arctic has the richest resources in the world. In the depths of the Arctic there is about a third of all the world’s reserves of natural gas and up to 13% of oil, huge reserves of coal, gold, copper, nickel, tin, platinum, and manganese. The growing dependence of the world economy on energy resources is pushing foreign countries to develop their interests in this region. Russia occupies a unique geopolitical position in the Arctic. The Arctic zone of Russia is singled out as a special object of state policy on the basis of its special national interests in the areas of geopolitics, economics, ecology, science, defense and national security. The development of mutually beneficial international cooperation in the Arctic meets the interests of Russia and its socioeconomic development. International cooperation in the Arctic is greatly influenced by the contradictory trends in modern international relations. As a result of the confrontation unleashed by Western countries against Russia, there was a significant complication of relations within the Arctic community. The Western Arctic states have blocked the development of common approaches to solving the most important issues for the region in the modern Arctic. In these conditions, Russia is building a multi-vector policy in the Arctic, which has brought positive results in attracting friendly states to partner cooperation on the implementation of projects in the Russian Arctic zone.

Linguistic-discursive peculiarities of pronominal usage in political discourse (based on the material of the political talk show "60 Minutes")

This paper considers the specific features of the functioning of pronouns in political discourse. We analyse their role in the speech of the presenters and guests of the "60 Minutes" talk show. It belongs to the television discussion genre whose function is to form a collective political world picture by projecting and broadcasting certain images and meanings. The relevance of the research is due to the need not only for studying communication strategies and tactics in political actors’ speech, but also for analysing the impact of linguistic means on public opinion formation and transformation. Considering pronouns in the functional aspect enables us to identify the characteristic features that make pronouns one of the most effective means of speech influence (persuasion). Possessing manipulative potential, words of this morphological class can participate in the implementation of numerous communicative strategies and tactics, including the upward and downward strategies, the tactics of self-presentation, cooperation, impersonal accusation, discrediting, and the "us–them" opposition. The research uses discourse analysis, interpretation and contextual analysis techniques, and the communicative-pragmatic approach. As the obtained data show, pronouns can be employed to impose certain beliefs and opinions, to enhance the sense of unity and solidarity between the speaker and the audience, to shift the emphasis in the event under discussion. Moreover, they also prove to be a significant characteristic of politicians, reflecting their worldview.

The Evolution of Global Cleavages: A Historical Analysis of Territorial and Functional World Alignments Based on Automated Text Analysis, 1843–2020

This paper examines the global cleavages that structure world politics from the mid-19th century to the present. It develops the concept of cleavage applied at the global level and measures empirically how territorial divisions give way to the politicization of various types of inequality along functional lines cutting across world regions. Covering over 300,000 articles from The Economist between 1843 and 2020, the analysis applies semi-supervised computational text analysis based on word embeddings to capture the territoriality−functionality continuum in global discourse. This method allows testing the theoretical expectation that the territoriality in the politicization of global divisions has diminished historically. Results reveal a trend toward the de-territorialization since World War II, primarily for cleavages about social and economic inequality. Although spikes of territoriality re-appear during interstate wars throughout the entire period, surges of territoriality are temporary and do not reverse the historical trend towards prevailing cross-territorial divisions.

Medieval Syria and the Onset of the Crusades: The Political World of Bilad al-Sham, 1050–1128, by James Wilson

<i>Medieval Syria and the Onset of the Crusades: The Political World of Bilad al-Sham, 1050–1128</i>, by James Wilson

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ АКТОРЫ МИРОВОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ И МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ

Статья посвящена исследованию положения и состояния современных акторов мировой политики и международных отношений. Определяется, что акторы мировой политики – это субъекты мировой системы, которые занимают ведущую роль, оказывают существенное влияние на других субъектов политического пространства и задают новые ориентиры мировой политики. Современными акторами мировой политики и международных отношений стоит считать США (как и блок НАТО в целом), Индию, Китай, Россию и другие страны. Особая роль в работе отводится трудам И. Валлерстайна, выделяются основополагающие тезисы, которые обуславливают состояние мировой системы. Делается вывод о том, что в эпоху структурной трансформации политических процессов и сопряженных с ними социальных, идеологических, культурных и экономических, возникает стремление отдельных стран-акторов занять более благоприятное положение в назревающей системе, выйти из периферического или полупериферического положения в иерархии «мир-системы» – в центральное. The article is devoted to the study of the position and state of key actors of world politics and international relations. It is determined that key actors of world politics are subjects of the world system that occupy a leading role, have a significant influence on other actors of the political space and set new guidelines for world politics. The key actors of world politics and international relations should be considered the United States (as well as the NATO bloc as a whole), India, China, Russia and other countries. A special role in the work is given to the works of I. Wallerstein, the fundamental theses that determine the state of the world system are highlighted. It is concluded that in the era of structural transformation of political processes and associated social, ideological, cultural and economic ones, there is a desire of individual countries-actors to take a more favorable position in the maturing system, to leave the peripheral or semi-peripheral position in the hierarchy of the "world system" to the central one.

The Consequences of Humiliation: Anger and Status in World Politics, written by Joslyn Barnhart

The Consequences of Humiliation: Anger and Status in World Politics, written by Joslyn Barnhart

Persentuhan Kiai Lokal Dalam Kontestasi Politik Era Reformasi Di Madura: Tinjauan Sejarah

This study explores the role of local Kiai of Madura in the politics of the reform era, examining their contribution to practical political contestation and its impact on the Muslim-majority Madura community. Kiai, who was respected and had great influence, exercised the role of religious figure and public official. The local Kiai here refers to Kiai who are directly involved in the world of practical politics. The purpose of this study is to analyze the contribution of Kiai in Madura politics and its impact on the policy and application of the teachings of Ahlus Sunnah Wal-Jamaah. This research is a literature review using the historical method with four steps. First heuristic (collection of sources), primary and secondary sources used in the form of books, scientific articles, proceedings, the results of the data on votes obtained from the KPU and the writings that are relevant to this research obtained from the National Library of Indonesia, UIN Jakarta Library, Google Scholar, Sinta and observations in the field. Second, source criticism. Third, interpretation and finally historiography. As an analytical knife, the research uses the hegemonic theory of Gramsci. The findings show that Kiai plays an important role in legal and policy politics, fighting for people's rights and grounding religious teachings. This research provides insight into the integration of religious teachings with public interest in the context of reform.

Reluctance in world politics: why states fail to act decisively

Reluctance in world politics: why states fail to act decisively

Geopolitikai változások, modernizációs stratégiák és a szubimperializmus koncepció újragondolása: a brazil eset

The aim of this study is to analyze theoretical questions using examples from the main geopolitical changes occurring worldwide. In the 1980s and 1990s, in the three semi-peripheral regions of the world, namely Southern Europe, Latin America, and Eastern-Central Europe, authoritarian and bureaucratic dictatorships collapsed. Subsequently emerging countries, including members of the BRICS-group, began to play a significant part in world politics. In Latin America, the era of the so-called „Exceptional States,” followed by a transition to democracy, came to end, resulting in hybrid political systems. New regional integrative organizations such as Mercosur, UNASUR, the Sanghai Cooperation Organization, the Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation, and the Eurasian Economic Union were reorganized and established. During the years of transition, international relations underwent significant changes. The bipolar world system gradually gave way to a multipolar system. Concurrently, the notion of „sub-imperialism,” initially developed by Ruy Mauro Marini in the 1970s, began to be reconsidered and reevaluated. This shift prompted several questions: Is the concept for mulated by Ruy Mauro Marini fifty years still applicable today? Can it effectively describe phenomena unfolding during this period? Should we classify Brazil as a great power or as a sub-imperialistic state?