World Political Processes Research Articles

К вопросу освещения СМИ Азербайджана и Армении подписания Бишкекского протокола (1994-2021 гг.)

The article analyzes the information confrontation and the influence of the media of the South Caucasus states on the evolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and its settlement on the example of the Bishkek Protocol of May 5-12, 1994. The activity of regional media in the conditions of the formation of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Armenia as independent subjects of the world political process in the post-bipolar period is considered. The peculiarities of the functioning of mass media in the conditions of the active phase of the conflict and in the post-conflict period are revealed. The information concepts, strategies and ideological features of the media of the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Armenia, which were used by the conflicting parties when covering the signing of the Bishkek Protocol and subsequently, are studied in detail. The role and significance of the media, their influence on the dynamics of the ethnopolitical conflict and the formation of geopolitical stability in the South Caucasus are investigated. Based on the analysis of publications in the main state print media of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Armenia, regional electronic mass media, the author comes to the conclusion about the urgency of the problem – the negative influence of the media on the peaceful settlement and post–conflict situation in the region. The characteristic principles, approaches, ideological concepts and information strategies that were used by the Azerbaijani and Armenian media when covering the signing of the Bishkek Protocol are identified. A differentiated approach is noted in the process of covering the peace treaty. The main trends in the information policy of the parties in the period under review – from 1994 to 2021 are identified. The destructive role of the media, which acted as a tool of manipulation within the framework of long-term information and propaganda campaigns to discredit the Bishkek Protocol, is pointed out. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that on the basis of the studied publications, trends have been identified to belittle the historical significance of the Bishkek Protocol in order to resume the armed conflict and its “unfreezing” already in the first quarter of the XXI century.

Rethinking Approaches to Negotiation Training in Russia and other Countries

The article is devoted to the problems of negotiation training and research of modern negotiation practices in Russia and abroad in the context of expanding traditional diplomatic tools through the active involvement of non-state actors in world political processes, as well as the use of “expert diplomacy” resources in international negotiations.Aim . To identify current trends in the teaching of negotiations in Russia and the world, to show the features of modern negotiation practices in the context of new geopolitical realities.Tasks. To analyze the role of negotiations in modern social, political and international processes. To review the latest research in the field of negotiations in the context of Western and non-Western scientific schools on negotiations.Methods. The methods of empirical analysis, consistency, scientific discussion, informational and historical approaches are applied.Results . The key features of modern scientific schools on negotiations are revealed. The specificity of non-Western research on negotiations is shown. The importance of taking into account national, religious, and cultural peculiarities of business communication in building successful negotiation processes is evaluated.Conclusions . Along with the universalization of negotiation practice and the formation of a unified negotiation culture, there is a pronounced trend towards combining negotiation skills based on classical strategies in the educational process, as well as mastering the knowledge and skills of intercultural communication, business etiquette and communication with representatives of various countries of the world.

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The article analyses the role and place of information wars in the modern world political process. The peculiarities of the russian-Ukrainian information warfare are studied. The algorithm of actions during special information operations is considered, where propaganda and psychological work is carried out to directly influence the consciousness and behaviour of any audience in order to achieve political or military goals.

South Caucasus in the Phase of Russian-Ukrainian War: New Security Challenges and Possible Scenarios for Development

The paper mainly examines the economic, political and military situation in the South Caucasus after the start of Russian-Ukrainian war. In the paper we are focused on the question of what kind of consequences does the Russian-Ukrainian war has on the countries of the South Caucasus. Relying on the analytical-forecasting approach, we also are trying to forecast what developments can be expected in this region. On this regard we especially look onto the facts from Armenia’s perspective. Of course, the discussion of the situation in Georgia and Azerbaijan was also under our great attention, because we also had set a task to compare the processes that took place in the three countries of the region.
 The modernity of the topic can be measured, first of all, by its global political significance: Russian-Ukrainian conflict continues to be on the top of world political processes. On the other hand, it is actual when studying political and economic processes in the post-Soviet territory. By and large, as a result, the South Caucasus is a part of the European and Middle Eastern security sphere, or at least has an important role in them. Therefore, the ongoing developments in this region are not local and may also affect the European, Middle Eastern and the processes also in other regions.
 Russian-Ukrainian conflict has affected on foreign policy behavior of the Southern Caucasus countries. The region is now under the turbulence zone, so we are not aware from being faced by new challenges and security issues. Since we have highly evaluated the impact of the conflict on the countries of the region, we have also tried to make certain predictions regarding possible future development scenarios, which could be as recommendations for foreign policy decision making structures of Armenia.

Challenges for NATO in the First Third of the 21st Century: China and Ukraine

The article is dedicated to the analysis of China’s and Ukraine policies as challenges at the beginning of the XXI century. External and internal factors which influence the NATO’s definition of its role and place in the contemporary system of international relations are considered. To this purpose, the content of certain definitions, specifics of internal development of Western society of the second half of the XXth century which form subsequent perception of security environment as well as the impact of China and Ukraine on the NANO’s choice of the ways of adaptation to the contemporary security processes. The author notes that China and Ukraine are substantially different challenges for NATO and initial analysis shows that the Alliance rather quick and promptly takes into account their meaning for the creation of adaptive mechanisms and instruments to the contemporary world political processes. China’s challenge makes NATO to activate the process of its “globalizing” through the creation and participation in supplementary security mechanisms and institutions beyond the Statute’s defined Euro-Atlantic region. At the same time, Ukraine acts as an outpost of Western word covering the Alliance’s members from Russian aggression and giving them possibility to make rearmament necessary for efficient rebuff in case of attack. Ukraine’s challenge lies in that NATO support of Kyiv increases the risk of direct military collision between NATO and the Russian Federation.

КОНЦЕПЦИЯ СУВЕРЕННОГО ГОСУДАРСТВА В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ

The article analyzes the actual problems of the political processes of the modern state, understanding its role and place in world political processes in the context of globalization. The article examines in detail the problems of conceptualizing a sovereign state in the context of globalization, challenges and increased conflict in world political processes. The article assesses the risks and challenges to a sovereign state in the context of neoliberalism, highlights the role of global economic and political institutions in the implementation of neoliberal approaches and principles of global regulation.

Russia’s humanitarian policy abroad: a conceptual reload

On September 5, 2022 President V.V. Putin approved the Concept of Humanitarian Policy Abroad (hereinafter KGP-22). It reflects, on the one hand, macrosystemic transformations in the world, the dynamics of increasingly complex world political processes, a severe aggravation of ideological, informational and military-political confrontation, and, on the other hand, the creation of a stable basis for further building up economic, political, military and spiritual potentials of Russia and strengthening its role in the global humanitarian space. KGP22 is a long-awaited conceptual innovation, which in an updated form covers all components of the economy, social sphere, foreign policy and national security of the country. So far, humanitarian issues have not had such a pronounced centering form in Russia. KGP-22 became the first holistic profile document of strategic planning. It is characterized by the structural and problematic unification of the main conceptual blocks, with a specific highlighting of generalized provisions and positions that were previously divided in much shortened versions into various fundamental foreign policy documents.

Отношение сибирских студентов к контенту зарубежных радиостанций в конце советского периода в русле политической культуры

The modern development of the world political process demonstrates an already halfforgotten state of acute and uncompromising ideological confrontation. The current ideological discourse is neither a continuation nor a repetition of the ideological confrontation of the 20th century. Today, at the epicenter of the struggle are civilizational paradigms that give rise to mental wars. Based on the fact that current events are the result of yesterday's processes, the study of the forms and methods of the ideological struggle between the USSR and the collective West can be useful in solving today's problems. The article is a modern interpretation of the results of a large-scale sociological study of the mentality of Irkutsk students, carried out in 1985 by the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences as part of the project “Young Intelligentsia of Russia”. In Irkutsk, the survey covered 1145 respondents, the general population consisted of students from seven universities, and the data collection method was a questionnaire survey at the place of study. From the totality of the data obtained, the article considers one aspect – the attitude of students to foreign radio stations in comparison with domestic media, i.e. pre-communication installation. Of course, the Internet and social networks are a fundamentally different channel for the formation of opinions than radio broadcasting, but the perception of information by a person, especially young people, is similar. Channels of communication in the process of development of civilization are constantly being improved, but the principles of perception of information by the human body have remained unchanged.

THE GENESIS OF THE US NUCLEAR WEAPONS PROGRAMS

The article examines the main stages in the development of nuclear missile programs of the United States of America from the moment of their development to the modern period. In the course of the research, general scientific research methods were used, as well as logical methods and empirical methods. In particular, historical methods of scientific knowledge, comparative methods, methods of deduction and induction were used, historical reconstruction and analytical interpretation of the development of US nuclear missile programs were carried out. The main factors that influenced the features of various stages of the formation and development of nuclear missile programs in different periods of the Republican and Democratic rule are presented. The main characteristics of the stages of development of nuclear missile programs in North American military doctrines are shown during the periods of domination of various political ideologies. Particular attention is focused on the periods of the presidency of the presidents of the Democratic and Republican parties, the differences in the development of these programs. The article substantiates that the development of American nuclear missile programs is a complex and important scientific problem, given the presence in the United States of the status of the most powerful state in world politics. It has been substantiated that this factor is one of the main reasons for its influence in world political processes in the conditions of post-bipolar development of international relations. It has been proved that the dynamics of the development of US nuclear missile programs was influenced by security factors that were formed in the process of aggravating international relations with states with nuclear potential, trying to influence world politics, as well as in the context of strengthening the fight against international terrorism. It is shown that at the present stage, in comparison with the initial period, the deterrence criterion is fundamental in the US nuclear missile political doctrine, due to the fundamental transformation of the American military doctrine.

САНКЦИОННЫЕ «РОЗГИ» ЭКОНОМИКИ РОССИИ: ВЫЗОВЫ И ОТРАЖЕНИЕ

The article examines the historical experience of economic pressure from the United West on the national economy in the period of pre-revolutionary Russia to the present. Today, economic sanctions are a very attractive foreign policy mechanism, because, un- like armed pressure, they allow conflicts and disagreements to be resolved with much lower time and human costs. At the same time, international economic sanctions are characterized by a high conflict potential for implementation at the global, regional and individual levels, which leads to an unexpected, often threatening order in the imple- mentation of world political processes, undermines stability on the geostrategic lines of forming the contours of the modern international system. As measures for a soft exit from the state of turbulence and stabilization of the economy, it is necessary to establish a currency corridor, introduce tax incentives for agricultural companies, cancel the ex- cise tax on liquid steel, and establish zero-rate VAT for essential goods.

Modern development of the international system and its impact on the management of the national defense of the Russian Federation

The article analyzes the current state of the system of international relations in the context of the transformation of the modern world order. It is determined that cardinal changes in the system of international relations occur due to the destructive policy of the collective West led by the United States, aimed at maintaining a unipolar world and dominance in the world political process. Under these conditions, the new centers of world development, to which the authors include Russia, China and India, tend to pursue an independent and uncontrolled foreign policy, which is not supported by Washington. It is noted that the confrontation between the leading centers of regional and world development for global leadership is accompanied by the destruction of the architecture of international security and the unleashing of a new arms race. It is stated that during the presidency of D. Trump, the United States, trying to stop the economic development of China, unleashed world sanctions wars, which resumed with the greatest force after the arrival of the new US President D. Biden and the start of a special military operation in Ukraine. It is determined that the sanctions wars gave rise to global risks, to which the authors include the destruction of the institutions of international law, the support of the West for organized transnational criminal groups in the areas of drug traffi cking and the organization of illegal migration, the fi nancing and support of the United States and its allies of terrorist and extremist organizations, radicals and Nazis. Numerous examples of numerous sanctions imposed against the Russian Federation in the political, economic, military, social, legal and other spheres of public life are given, which required the states to coordinate their actions to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation, and the federal executive authorities to develop and apply numerous countermeasures against them. The modern activities of the military-political leadership of the Russian Federation are analyzed, which made it possible to neutralize the main challenges and threats to the Russian state, increase the level of the country's defense capability, and protect the main spheres of public life of Russian society from the destructive impact of foreign policy factors. The results are summed up and the authors make a forecast about the further development of the system of international relations, as well as the place and role of the Russian Federation in them.

Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) in the Modern International Processes

The period of rapid growth and development of the phenomenon, that is presently characterized as private military and security companies (PMSCs), coincided with the two processes of modern history of international relations: the end of the Cold War and the beginning of the U.S. Global War on Terror (GWOT) in Afghanistan. At the same time state attitude towards violence and transformation of warfare has been changing as well. Two diff erent approaches to the history of the private security market’ rise unveil the fact, that, in one way or another, the originators of the private security services were associated with the defense industry and armed forces. Non-state security actors look back on a history, that stretches to the middle and the second half of the 20th century – the period of national liberation movements across the world. Meanwhile, the 90-s of the 20th century marked the fast growth in the number of PMSCs and in the development and enlargement of the private security services’ market. Its growth is ongoing to date with gaining more new states that are interested in utilizing its capacity as an instrument of politics. Against the backdrop of the world political processes the private security market experienced technological growth and enhancement. Together with that, both the normative regulation and the approaches of the international community to the phenomenon of private military and security companies have been evolving and changing. Despite its functionality, fl exibility and technological advantages, the market of private security can challenge human rights as well as bare responsibility for the facts of corruption and improper fulfi llment of contractual obligations. Still the episodes of revealed grieve violations rarely reach courts, with infrequent cases of sentencing the perpetrators to punishment. These and other problems occurring in the private security industry require close attention by the states and international community, which has been making eff orts for elaboration of the applicable normative mechanisms to regulate private military and security activity for more than fi fteen years.

China's strategic goals and positions in international organizations

The article analyzes China’s strategic goals and positions in relation to international organizations, examines the features and advanced political principles in conducting foreign policy. According to China, its main mission in the international arena is to maintain peace on earth and support common development. He has always been a supporter of peaceful coexistence with neighbors, and this is the main principle of the Celestial Empire in building international relations. In the conditions of modern globalization, the role of international organizations in the international arena and their influence on world political processes is increasing. For China, which is looking for its place in the post-bipolar world, first of all, international organizations that are able to conduct an equal dialogue with partners from China and effectively defend their national interests are of great interest. But many states that have been observing China’s bilateral policy are making contact with China step by step and suspiciously. Every State that adheres to the principle that we support peace and mutual development is really working in its own interests. That is, the attitude “there is no friendship between states, there is a common interest” is the main position of China’s policy towards international organizations. Key words: People’s Republic of China, international organizations, political principles, strategy, hegemonism

Trends in the development of modern Kazakhstani military journalism

Relevance of the research work. Journalism is becoming the main component in solving global problems, changing its principles and functions in the world space. The mass media also needs a more constructive and intensive dialogue between representatives of different ethnic groups, cultures, political forces, and religions in order to consolidate the moral orientation of society. Based on this, it is possible to achieve maximum consensus in world actions, mutual understanding between civil society institutions and power structures. Research topic. The article is based on the history, function, trends and professional standard of domestic military journalism. When it comes to the place of military journalism in the media system, it covers the conflicting aspects of world political processes. The purpose of the research paper is to show the current state of relations between the media and the military. In the relationship between the military and the media, the soldiers ' emphasis on the secrecy of the operation and the demands of the media for freedom of information create a natural conflict. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The scientists themselves did not know the main provisions and theoretical understanding of the military topic. The scientific novelty and practical significance of the work is that it is here that the media take this military theme to a new level. Solving current scientific problems, assessing the state of affairs. The main goal of military journalism is to convey a branded topic to the target audience. Therefore, this study aims to solve current scientific problems and assess the state of affairs. After analyzing the above, we think that our work can contribute to solving current scientific problems and assessing the state of affairs within the framework of this topic. Keywords: military journalism, conflict zone, emotional elements, trends, professional standards.

Доктринальные основы смены внешней политики США в период президентства Д. Трампа: Мексика и Канада

Introduction. The research’s subject is the foreign policy’s theoretical foundations of D. Trump’s presidential administration in 2016–2020, which consist in changing the principles’ use of American liberal internationalism to the conservative nationalism’s principles under the motto which is called “Make America Great Again”. The theoretical approaches’ basis of intergovernmental interaction in the field of politics, economics and migration is considered on the example of relations between the United States, Canada and Mexico. The work’s purpose is to identify the doctrinal basis of D. Trump administration’s foreign policy and the impact of the adopted foreign policy settings on changes in intergovernmental interaction in the international arena. Methods. The theoretical bases’ methodology for the doctrinal provisions development of the U.S. foreign policy during the D. Trump’s administration was to use behavioral approach and special methods of political analysis. There were no major analytical studies on this topic at the time of writing. Therefore, the author of the article used the materials for his research from Russian and American scientific and periodical journals for 2019–2020. Analysis. The publications’ analysis by domestic and American authors has shown that the change in the U.S. foreign policy during the D. Trump’s presidency is due not so much to the personal qualities of the U.S. President, as some researchers believe, but to the objective conditions of the world process, where the United States want to but they can’t bear the burden of the world leader in the conditions of significant growth of other global power centers. Results. The author’s analysis of intergovernmental interaction between the United States, Canada and Mexico has shown the chosen path of using the conservative nationalism’s principles in relations with their closest allies is not so much due to the personal qualities of D. Trump how many objective changes taking place in the world political process, which led to an increase in mutual contradictions between these states. Overall, the author argues that the choice of a conservative nationalism’s policy in American foreign policy is associated with the crisis of liberal democracy.

Transnational Corporations in Transregional Initiatives: Goals and Problems of Participatio

The activities of transnational business have already become an integral part of the global political and economic development, affecting integration processes in the world. However, the dichotomy of relations between a state and TNC in the context of trans-regional development is not fully understood. The article analyzes the consequences of quantitative and qualitative strengthening of TNC in the world political processes on the example of four major trans-regional projects - the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the Trans-Pacific Trade and Investment Partnership, European Union and MERCOSUR Free Trade Agreement, the Belt and Road Initiative. The authors define the tools promoting each project, which reflect the nature of interaction between states and TNC at the trans-regional level. In addition, the study highlights various objectives of TNC participation in a particular trans-regional association, as well as appropriate resources for the implementation of their interests, which can generally be divided into economic, political and image. To answer the question on how states and transnational business interdepend not only in trans-regional processes but also in the world economy, the authors, based on the practice of modern world politics, construct models of the relationship between states and business and come to the conclusion that the type of interaction these actors use largely depends on states internal political system, as well as their foreign policy goals. Nevertheless, despite the increasing role of TNC as an influential actor in world politics, at the moment it is premature to declare that they are completely independent from states.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ САНКЦИИ И СПЕЦИФИКА ИХ ПОЗИЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЯХ

Today, economic sanctions are a rather attractive foreign policy tool, since, unlike war, they are designed to resolve international conflicts and disagreements with lower costs and human casualties. At the same time, international economic sanctions are characterized by a high conflict potential of implementation at the global, regional and individual levels, which leads to an unexpected, often threatening order of implementation of world political processes, undermines stability on the geostrategic lines of the formation of the contours of the modern international system. Taking into account the above, in the course of the study, the specifics and features of the application of economic sanctions are considered in the context of their positioning in modern international relations. Special attention is paid to the principles of economic sanctions, the conditions and prerequisites for their effectiveness.

The State and Prospects of the Study of Urbanization as an International Political Phenomenon

The present study is aimed at studying urbanization as an international political phenomenon in modern world politics.Aim. To define the concept of urbanization and the city in modern political science and to identify the role of urbanization processes in international relations.Tasks. To define the essence of the city as a political concept, to define modern political concepts of cities, to comprehend the prospects of urbanization processes for modern international relations.Methods. In this paper, using the methods of analysis, synthesis and forecasting, the factors contributing to the influence of urbanization on modern international relations are identified.Results. The study showed that urbanization is an integral part of the international political process of the XXI century, the importance of which is increasing every year. Currently, the political, economic, and cultural life of society is concentrated in cities. At the same time, the number of urban residents is steadily increasing, which makes the XXI century the century of large urban settlements. Political practice shows that with increasing trends towards glocalization and regionalization, cities are becoming more and more autonomous players in solving local domestic and foreign policy issues, entering the world arena through special cross-border urban associations.Conclusion. The international legal non-regulation of the autonomy of cities as actors in international relations complicates the modern world political process. Nevertheless, global, and smart cities are becoming the flagships of urbanization and the centers of attraction for international cooperation, including in the field of politics, which makes it necessary to study them as a new international political phenomenon.

Вплив пандемії на світовий політичний порядок та оцінка можливих наслідків

The article substantiates that the coronavirus pandemic, which arose almost 3 years ago, significantly changed the world political order in general and its components, in particular. The purpose of the article is to determine the impact of the pandemic on the world political process and to make relevant political decisions regarding the fight against this phenomenon. The subject of the study is political measures and certain political aspects, such as political representation, justification of adopted restrictive measures, concentration of power and opposition statements, which have become an integral part of the fight against the spread of the coronavirus infection. An analysis of political problems and trends that provoked a sharp change in political direction at the regional and global level was made. To achieve the goal, a complex of scientific research methods is used, which allowed to identify cause-and-effect relationships and their consequences. The results of the research show that the ambitions of some politicians allow us to compare the effects of the coronavirus pandemic with the consequences of the Second World War, which leads to a distorted perception of political actions, the concentration of power and, as a result, the suppression of democratic principles, greater trust in authoritarian regimes, which is especially evident on the example of a number of Asian and post-Soviet states, such as China, Azerbaijan, Russia, Kazakhstan, etc.It is shown that the role of the opposition is one of the key ones in this context, as an example of which are the situations in the Czech Republic and Italy, where the accumulation of dominant political power together with the prevailing media representation led to a series of inconsistent decisions that cost the authorities thousands of human lives. These aspects indicate that during the coronavirus crisis, states simply cannot afford to evade political propaganda or hide their intentions behind populist slogans. The conclusions made in the work correlate with the outcome of the political debate between the countries most affected by the coronavirus. The need to protect national interests without waiting for possible consolidation from external strategic partners becomes obvious.

A.N. Savenkov. Nuremberg: A Verdict for name of Peace

The peer-reviewed monograph by A.N. Savenkov “Nuremberg: A Verdict for name of Peace” touches upon many problems of International Criminal Law, international relations, legal consciousness, moral content of law, legal and political ideology. The author highly appreciates the author’s analysis of the legal foundations and concepts of the Nuremberg Tribunal, the consideration of the trial and Verdict both in the broad context of the world political and legal processes between the two world wars, and from the position of the formation of the principles of International Criminal Law for the second half of the twentieth century, their impact on subsequent trials of war criminals. The publication of the full official text of the Verdict of the International Military Tribunal of 1946 is recognized as a special value of the work.