World Output Research Articles

Artificial Intelligence Research in India: A Scientometric Assessment of Publications Output during 2007-16

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>The paper examines the world output in artificial intelligence research, a total of 1,52,655 publications, as seen from Scopus database, covering the period during 2007-16. The top 10 countries of the world in artificial </span><span>intelligence research accounted for 74.32 per cent global publication share. Individually their global share varied from 3.68 per cent to 19.46 per cent, with China accounting for 19.46 per cent global share, followed by the USA (17.96 </span><span>%), India (6.37 %), and the U.K. (6.33 %), etc. The paper also examines publications output by India in artificial </span><span>intelligence research. India cumulated a total of 9730 publications in 10 years during 2007-16, registered an annual </span><span>average growth rate of 27.45 per cent, averaged citation impact to 2.76 citations per paper, and contributed 10.34 </span><span>per cent share of its total country output as international collaborative publications during 2007-16. Computer science </span><span>accounted for the largest publication share (86.99 %), followed by engineering (30.69 %), mathematics (15.95 %), </span><span>biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology (4.66 %), and several other disciplines. The top 10 organizations and 10 authors together accounted for 19.31 per cent and 2.71 per cent national publications share respectively and 29.78 </span><span>per cent share and 6.85 per cent national citation share respectively during 2007-16. Top 10 journals accounted for 15.45 per cent share of the country output appearing in journal medium (1650 papers). India accounted for 24 </span><span>highly cited papers, averaging to 162.46 citations per paper. These 24 highly cited papers involved the participation </span><span>of 109 authors from 70 organizations, published in 15 journals. </span></p></div></div></div>

Effects of the particle of ground alfalfa hay on the growth performance, methane production and archaeal populations of rabbits.

The world's annual output of rabbits is over 1.2 billion, therefore this sector is also one of the sources of greenhouse gases in livestock production. One hundred-twenty New Zealand rabbits were allocated into four treatments, five replicates in each treatment and six rabbits in each replicate to examine the effect of grinding alfalfa hay to different sizes on growth performance, methane production and cecal archaeal populations. The particle sizes of the alfalfa meal in the four treatment diets were 2500, 1000, 100 and 10 μm, while the other ingredients were ground through a 2.5 mm sieve. The average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) increased (P<0.001) as the particle size decreased, but the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was not affected (P = 0.305). The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (P = 0.006) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (P<0.006) increased while the greatest digestibility of crude protein (CP) was obtained in 1000 um group (P = 0.015). The rabbits produced more methane (CH4, L/kgBM0.75/d) with decreasing alfalfa particle size (P<0.001). The molar proportion of acetic acid and propionic acid decreased (P<0.001) at the cost of butyric acid (P<0.001). The greatest villus height:crypt depth ratio were obtained in 1000 μm group, and the decrease in the alfalfa hay particle size decreased the jejunum and ilem villus height:crypt depth ratio (P<0.05). The gastric muscular and mucosal thickness decreased with decreasing alfalfa particle size (P<0.05). Archaea diversity decreased with decreasing alfalfa particle size, and the relative abundance of genus Methanobrevibacter increased (P<0.001) while the genus Methanosphaera decreased (P<0.001). It is concluded that a finer particle size favors the growth of genus Methanobrevibacter, which produces more methane but promotes the growth performance of rabbits.

Determinants of Foreign Portfolio Flows in South Africa: Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) Analysis

Over the past 10 years, South Africa has been increasing its reliance on portfolio flows compared to foreign direct investments in order to finance productive investments annually. Emanating from weak savings by both government and households. Portfolio flows have shown a positive upward trend which is stable. However, portfolio assets are liquid and volatile in nature. Subject to reversal because majority of portfolio holders are speculators who stand to gain from the short term movement in financial indicators. Therefore the portfolio maintenance behavior of investors is important in South Africa due to in impact on macroeconomic indicators like exchange rate, interest rate and inflation. Should risks exist, investors do not hesitate to internationally diversify their portfolio. South Africa being a small emerging economy with much potential for growth, endowed with a sophisticated financial market, but with uncertainties associated with its political transition to a mature democracy makes it an attractive destiny for foreign portfolio flows. It is for this reason that the determinants and their effect on portfolio flows are investigated. The primary task of the study was to analyse the effect of interest rate differentials on foreign portfolio flows. Furthermore, extend the investigation to include other domestic factors (market capitalisation and inflation) and global factors (world output and US inflation) using annually data from 1960 to 2016 from International Financial Statistics (IFS) and South African Reserve Bank (SARB). A VECM was conducted to analyse the short and long relationship between the economic variables and foreign portfolio flows. VECM outcome indicated that investors tend to follow higher paying assets as they search for higher yield in South Africa. Investors continue to view inflation as a risk factor because it weakens the spending power of individuals, affects asset prices, and thus generates portfolio outflows, resulting exchange rate depreciation. A well-managed economy and sustainable growth enhancing policies will attract initially short term foreign capital flows to the South African shores that will be followed by long term investment flows.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Contributions in Scientometrics Journal

This paper presents an analysis of the contributions in the international journal entitled 'Scientometrics' published during the period 1991-2014 as reflected in the Web of Science database. A total of 156 papers are found to be Indian contribution and that are refined from the global output (3016 papers). Analysis is based on the traditional bibliometric indicators by means of number of publications and citations. USA with more number of papers, and also received the highest number of citations. The study also observed that the total scientometrics research output of India constituted about 5% of the total world output. Multiple authorship pattern is dominant during the study period and is about 68.59% of the total Indian output. CSIR, Karnatak University and BARC are the major contributors of scientometric research from India.

World output gap and global stock returns

Abstract This paper shows that world output gap exhibits substantial in-sample and out-of-sample predictive power for global excess stock market returns. High world output gap today signals low expected returns in the future, consistent with a countercyclical equity risk premium. In contrast to the global economic growth which influences returns only at the end of the year, world output gap reveals stable and significant predictability all over the calendar year. Also, world output gap contains important predictive elements for local stock markets and often captures a larger fraction of return variation than the national output gap. Both cash-flow and discount-rate channels strongly reinforce the forecasting power of the world output gap.

Electronic records management research in ESARBICA: a bibliometric study

PurposeThis study aims to find out how the e-records management subject has been researched and tackled by researchers in the Eastern and Southern African Regional Branch of the International Council on Archives (ESARBICA).Design/methodology/approachThis research paper applied a bibliometric survey, where a quantitative survey of the literature pertaining to the study of e-records management in the ESARBICA region, covering the period from 2000 to 2016, was conducted applying bibliometric methods. The survey aimed at providing descriptive data that cast a spotlight on the features and development of the e-records management base literature in the ESARBICA region.FindingsThe research data display a lamentable outlook in the contribution to the electronic records management body of knowledge from the ESARBICA region. Few research articles from professionals in the records and archives management are being published. These figures call for increased investments in electronic records management research by institutions in ESARBICA, as management of electronic content has become the centre of political and socio-economic development. Follow-up studies need to be done to counter limitations placed on this research paper. The findings show that there is under production of research publications in the ESARBICA region. The region only contributed 2 per cent of the total world output in the period under review and in the study of electronic records management from journals indexed by Scopus.Research limitations/implicationsA bibliometric study places researchers at the mercy of analysing incomplete information due to limitations of resources. The variance in use of terminology (key words) by authors in published research articles may entail some being left out in an analysis of articles the same subject matter. As much as due diligence was placed on using Boolean search methods to counter such limitations they are unavoidable. An interpretation of bibliometric or citation analysis research is subjective as some analysts may label results incomplete or unreliable; hence, this paper finds itself in the same predicament. Inability to access the Thompson Reuters Web of Science database left the authors with Scopus as the only option, as Google Scholar was overlooked due to difficulties of having to rely on third-party software for analysing its indexed content that are mostly inaccurate and or ambiguous.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study help uncover areas in e-records management, which have been researched over the years, and identify the prominent e-records management researchers in the ESARBICA region.Originality/valueA number of bibliometric studies have been conducted; however, none has been conducted to establish e-records management research trends in the ESRABICA region.

The West African Economic and Monetary Union: Optimality Revisited

The debate has been reignited in recent months by both defenders and opponents of the CFA franc, about its benefits or the lack thereof. The objective of this paper is to join the conversation in an objective, and quantifiable way, by investigating the optimality of the currency area. A trivariate SVAR comprising world output, domestic output for each one of the eight countries that make up the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), and changes in their price levels, represented by their respective CPIs was estimated. Annual data ranging from 1980 to 2017 was obtained from the IMF 2017 World Outlook. I also investigated endogeneity within the Union, by dividing the data into two samples, one from 1980 to 1993, a period that predates the WAEMU, and one from 1994 to 2017. The results show more synchronization of business cycles during the second period than during the first. I examined the role of trade in the near perfect synchronization of business cycles in the WAEMU, and found it to be the driving force behind the symmetry.

Knowledge-intensive intangibles, spatial transaction costs, and the rise of populism

Populism is rising in many parts of the world and appears from both ends of the political spectrum. I identify two distinct global trends that underlie its rise. First, the rising knowledge-intensity of world output has turned the terms of trade against primary activities like agriculture and mining. Countries that have remained dependent on these activities have seen their economies stall. Second, falling spatial transaction costs have resulted in the rise of disaggregated global value chains, wherein low-knowledge activities have migrated away from high-income countries. This has led to a secular decline the standards of living of low-knowledge workers in these countries. The first trend is most pronounced in Latin America; here class-based leftist populist ire targets domestic elites that have insulated themselves, often through capital flight. The second trend is most visible in North America and Europe; here rightist populist anger is aimed at workers in (and immigrants from) poorer countries, who are seen as “stealing” low-knowledge jobs. Finally, I note that these economic explanations of rising populism are incomplete. In many quarters, the current form of globalization is seen as threatening national identity and this may be an even more powerful source of populism.

INVESTIGATION OF THE CONJUNCTURE ON THE MARKET OF THE GLOBAL METAL PRODUCTS MARKET

The article displays scientific and methodical character. It represents an attempt to define fluctuations of the conjuncture fluctuations on the international market of metal production. It is found that market fluctuations that occur on the international market of metal production are caused by several factors –such as globalization, shifts of the world leaders in manufacturing and export of metal production, process improvement, the necessity to manufacture high-tech steel grades, globalization of markets and production factors etc. It is also found that transformational process have now become an important factor of development of the worldwide business links. HHI for the world market of metal production was calculated. The international metal production market proved to be quite concentrated as its HHI has remained to be>1800 for nearly a decade. HHI dynamics for 2007 – 2016 is presented. The current tendency of manufacturing metal production appears to be negative. In the years of 2007-2016 the world output of metal production dropped. The reasons of that are the following: the world’s economic crisis, growth of the goods; manufactured of substitutes. which are to replace the goods previously manufactured of metal; drop in construction volume; general overproduction in this branch of industry. It was determined that under conditions of the world’s economic crisis it was necessary to develop a concept for development of the native iron and steel industry that could predict: reduction of dependence on export, due to development of metal consuming industries of branch in Ukraine (shipbuilding, aviation engineering, machine building); ensuring manufacturing of high tech steel grades that are of higher demand on the market, application of technologies, capable of diminishing dependence on expensive energy carrier; technical modernization of the branch with objective of diminishing negative environmental consequences.

International portfolio diversification and the structure of global production

In recent decades, country portfolio home bias has fallen in advanced economies but not in emerging economies. I use a dynamic general equilibrium model to show that changes in the distribution of global production and absorption explain this pattern. For advanced economies, whose share of world output fell as their trade openness rose, the model predicts an unambiguous drop in home bias. By contrast, emerging economies' growth in both size and trade openness have opposing implications for portfolios. To quantify these forces I calibrate the model to real and counterfactual input–output tables. Jointly, changes in the global production structure account for much of the decline in home bias in advanced economies and lack thereof in emerging economies. Country size and trade openness account for most of this effect. Consistent with theory, the increase in the intermediate share of trade had little impact.

Trump Says the WTO is a Disaster

In 2017, it was a challenge to assess the future of global trade. It was an open question whether the US financial crisis and the recession that it triggered would mark a turning point for the liberal post–World War II world order. If one looked toward Europe, China, Latin America, and Japan, there was a flurry of activity. New trade agreements were being completed and pursued. In Washington, DC, on the other hand, President Donald Trump seemed set on ripping apart and/or renegotiating any trade deal the United States was ever part of.This case explores Trump's opinions and emerging policy stance on trade, bilateralism, and the global economy, among others. It also gives an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and asks whether the Trump presidency would constitute a major challenge to the WTO and what it stood for in 2017. Excerpt UVA-GEM-0152 Rev. Jul. 31, 2018 Trump Says the WTO Is a Disaster The three-quarters of a century since World War II had experienced relatively smooth economic expansion, interrupted by a few recessions and the Great Recession, but no major depression. Economic growth tended to support liberalizing international trade. It muted demands for protectionism, created opportunities, and attenuated structural adjustment pains associated with freeing up trade. Overall, since 1945, world trade had grown faster than world output (see Exhibit1). After the stalling trade negotiations of the early 1980s and the “new” protectionism after the second oil crisis, the 1990s stood out as years of accelerated trade growth with accelerated integration of emerging economies into the world economy. In spite of strong growth and low unemployment, however, the 1990s experienced significant pushback on trade. The decade started with lively discussion about potential job losses due to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), or, in the words of US presidential candidate Ross Perot, its “giant sucking sound.” The 1990s ended with violent protests by opponents of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Seattle, Washington, and a call to safeguard labor and environmental standards, especially in deals with emerging countries. It is worth noting that those protests happened before China entered the WTO, and before the financial crisis hit the world economy in 2007, which at least temporarily reversed the expansion of global trade. In 2017, it was a challenge to assess the future of global trade. It was an open question whether the financial crisis and the recession that it triggered would mark a turning point for the liberal post–World War II world order. If one looked toward Europe, China, Latin America, and Japan, there was a flurry of activity. New trade agreements were being completed and pursued. In Washington, DC, on the other hand, Donald Trump seemed set on ripping apart and/or renegotiating any trade deal the United States was ever part of. A veteran trade negotiator attending the festivities for the 70th anniversary of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) on October 30, 2017, summed up the confusion best: “This feels more like a wake than a birthday party.” Contradictory Signals . . .

Hospitality Education in India: Issues and Challenges

In the last two decades, tourism has been contributing 6% of world output, one in 15 jobs and 7% of capital investment. According to UNWTO, it can double its contribution to worlds output, increases job by 33% and capital investment can jump by 80%. India has a distinctive culture and way of life, there is amazing cultural diversity throughout the country. Every state has carved out its own cultural niche. Unlike other export industries, there is comparatively little investment needed for promoting tourism. The scope for its expansion is unlimited. It is an industry, a source of income, especially of foreign exchange and an exercise in national image building. Government of India felt the importance of hospitality education and under the umbrella of ministry of tourism set up IHMs and ITTMs. IHMs were set up to cater the manpower demand in the field of catering and hotels. Similarly, ITTMs were dealing with manpower requirement in travel and tourism. Values and culture are inculcated in normal Indian since childhood hence automatically becomes inbuilt component of hospitality education. This gives Indian hospitality graduates broader horizon towards the trade and opens scope of their employment globally. Institute-industry interface existed in form of industrial exposure and other short term training programs as part of curriculum. There is a need of educational and administrative reforms in hospitality institutes, teaching and research. Teacher’s perks and pays are to be made comparable to other sector to attract better talent in hospitality education. There is lot of scope of research and projects on various aspects of hotels. There could be very innovative, meaningful and useful for society as well as Industry. So, Higher education and research bodies are required to recognize it as important and potential area for study. Accordingly, encouragement in form of financial-funding and support is the need of the hour.

Determinants of Africa - BRIC Countries Bilateral Trade Flows

This paper uses gravity models to take advantage of the possibility to explicitly test the changes in trade patterns over time and examine how these changes differ across different regions in question. Using gravity models, the paper examines the determinants of trade flows of African countries with the emerging trading partners to Africa, namely Brazil, Russia, India and China (the BRIC). These countries are part of the five largest emerging economies that accounts for about 20 per cent of the world output and 27 per cent of the global trade flows. The study models some new variables in gravity models such as credit to private sectors, arable land as well as mobile cellular subscriptions. The paper highlights some important truths, African countries where most of this bilateral trade with BRIC is concentrated includes those countries which are rich in natural resources, and in most cases they are the same with higher GDP per capita among the African countries. The coefficients variable arable land takes a positive sign with high statistical significance for the BRIC - Africa trade flow; and it indicate that the size arable land tend to statistically explain 65 per cent of the variations on exports for the bilateral trade flows. The coefficients for the mobile cellular variable indicate a positive effect on the trade from BRIC to Africa. Mobile phones usage has a great potential to enhance the bilateral trade volumes of the African countries as well considering the limited infrastructural setup in the continent.

Comparative Analysis of the Concept of Corporate Governance in Nigeria and the United States of America (USA)

Corporate Governance is a recent global development that has attracted the attention of corporate investors, researchers, and governments. It arose out of the need to address sudden collapses and failures of big businesses and corporate bodies in every angle of today’s world. In the last decade, there has been increased focus worldwide on corporate governance in terms of structure, processes, systems, and practices which drive the conduct of business. This is in recognition of the critical role of corporate governance in the success or otherwise of companies. The need for renewed corporate governance in Nigeria arose out of the realization that corporate governance has not been given adequate attention it deserves in most developing countries. For instance, it is on record that many of the thirty-four Nigerian banks that had their operating license revoked between the late ‘80s and early ‘90s suffered from poor corporate governance. The United States of America (USA) is arguably the biggest economy of the world. It is argued that it produces twenty-one percent (21%) of the total world output through millions of business firms operating in its territory. It is generally assumed that US human capital is more productive and business firms are more efficient. Thus, the US firms have been obtaining efficiency gains vis-a-vis their European and Asian competitors. This is often attributed to good corporate governance. This study seeks to examine the level of corporate governance in Nigeria and the United States of America. The work will compare both systems in order to identify areas of difference and similarities and establish how they can be of benefit to stakeholders in both countries with a view to identifying factors that led to the collapse of businesses and corporations on account of the inapplicable methodology of Corporate Governance. Different scholars and researchers have used both qualitative and quantitative methods in analyzing corporate governance in Nigeria. Quantitative methods are usually used in assessing the effectiveness of corporate governance on different variables such as productivity and profitability. Qualitative methods on the other hand are used to assess the effectiveness of corporate governance in preventing future collapses by analyzing previous collapses. This study shall thus make use of the Qualitative Method. This study will be evaluating the corporate governance codes and its effectiveness in preventing future corporate collapses and scandals in Nigeria. It would compare the Nigerian corporate governance code to that of the United States as a measure of its standard and effectiveness.

Trade Relation between India and China

India and China the fastest growing countries, have emphatically made their presence felt in the rapidly globalizing world economy. Both the countries are among the major countries in the global population as both the nations contribute 37% of the world's population and 6.4% of the value of world output and income at current prices and exchange rates. Rapid economic growth, large foreign direct investments (FDI) and growing trade along with the whole world are some of the peculiar characteristics of both the countries of development. Yet, both differ from each other immensely in relation to their political background, nature of development specially economic and its approaches like exchange rate arrangements opted by both the countries. In this backdrop, a comparison between the two along with their trade relations with each other and with the rest of the world becomes attention-grabbing. This paper based on secondary information which have been collected from different scholars and researchers, published books, articles published in different journals, periodicals, conference paper, working paper and websites. Objectives of paper includes to find out India's share in export or import with china, study Impact of trade relation between India and China on Indian Economy and judge India's Balance of trade from China.

National scientific performance evolution patterns: Retrenchment, successful expansion, or overextension

National governments would like to preside over an expanding and increasingly high‐impact science system but are these two goals largely independent or closely linked? This article investigates the relationship between changes in the share of the world's scientific output and changes in relative citation impact for 2.6 million articles from 26 fields in the 25 countries with the most Scopus‐indexed journal articles from 1996 to 2015. There is a negative correlation between expansion and relative citation impact, but their relationship varies. China, Spain, Australia, and Poland were successful overall across the 26 fields, expanding both their share of the world's output and its relative citation impact, whereas Japan, France, Sweden, and Israel had decreased shares and relative citation impact. In contrast, the USA, UK, Germany, Italy, Russia, The Netherlands, Switzerland, Finland, and Denmark all enjoyed increased relative citation impact despite a declining share of publications. Finally, India, South Korea, Brazil, Taiwan, and Turkey all experienced sustained expansion but a recent fall in relative citation impact. These results may partly reflect changes in the coverage of Scopus and the selection of fields.

Twelve years of access to electronic serials in Russia: Results and perspectives

ABSTRACTWe investigated collection development within the system of information support of research in Russia at the state-funded level. The analysis has been performed from the point of view of the structure and research output of Russian science. We employed the method of bibliometric analysis using InCites by Clarivate Analytics. Our results demonstrate that the state-funded set of subscriptions provides more than 55% of total world output and meets about 70% of the communication needs of Russian researchers in all Essential Science Indicators research areas. A strong correlation of informational support and research output is demonstrated.

The research production of nations and departments: A statistical model for the share of publications

Policy makers and managers sometimes assess the share of research produced by a group (country, department, institution). This takes the form of the percentage of publications in a journal, field or broad area that has been published by the group. This quantity is affected by essentially random influences that obscure underlying changes over time and differences between groups. A model of research production is needed to help identify whether differences between two shares indicate underlying differences. This article introduces a simple production model for indicators that report the share of the world's output in a journal or subject category, assuming that every new article has the same probability to be authored by a given group. With this assumption, confidence limits can be calculated for the underlying production capability (i.e., probability to publish). The results of a time series analysis of national contributions to 36 large monodisciplinary journals 1996-2016 are broadly consistent with this hypothesis. Follow up tests of countries and institutions in 26 Scopus subject categories support the conclusions but highlight the importance of ensuring consistent subject category coverage.

Decomposition of carbon intensity in electricity production: Technological innovation and structural adjustment in China's power sector

China's power generation accounted for 24% of the world's total output, ranking first in 2015. As a suitable performance indicator, carbon intensity of electricity reflects a variation in the average level of carbon emissions per unit of electricity generated. As the largest carbon emitter among various industries, power sector is in duty bound to reduce carbon emissions and achieve sustainable development. Great progress has been made in China's power sector, which is reflected by the effects of technological innovation and structural adjustment. With logarithm transformation and integral transformation, three-dimensional decomposition model is proposed to quantitatively measure the changed carbon intensity of electricity due to technological innovation and structural adjustment. In the context of three-dimensional model, the variation of carbon intensity can be decomposed into absolute changes and/or relative changes. Furthermore, accumulative decomposition results are obtained by chain linked calculation rules. Finally, the proposed models are implemented in China's power industry to reveal its historical progress during 1980–2014. Some important conclusions are also found based on the decomposition results.

Identification and Visualization of the Intellectual Structure in Graphene Research

After discovering the promising properties of graphene, the research in the field is attracting large grants and sponsors with an exponential rise in the number of papers and applications. This paper presents a global map of graphene research and its intellectual structure through the terms of more than 50,000 documents extracted from Scopus database from 1998 to 2015. The unit of analysis has been the descriptors (including Authors keywords and Indexed keywords) and its co-occurrence, using fractional counting, as unit of measure. The main research lines identified are: Fundamental Research, Functionalization and Biomedical Applications, Technology and Devices, Material Sciences, Energy Storage, Optics and Chemical Properties and Sensors. Using overlay maps we show the graphen research of USA, Europe-28, China and their evolution through longitudinal maps, comparing them. USA begins leading the world output in graphene, but is surpassed by China in 2011 and Europe in 2014, as a result of stimulus policies and financial support. The output of China is so intense from that year on, that it is difficult to understand the recent world scientific production in graphene without its participation, marking the research trends in some cases. We believe that this information may be very useful for the scientific community involved in this field as it reflects a large-scale analysis how research has changed over time, and for helping policimakers in research planning. This study is moreover intended to offer a useful tool for the graphene scientific community, revealing at a glance the main research lines. The methodology can be replicated in any other field of science to explore its intellectual structure and its evolution.