World Trade Research Articles

From Ancient Paths to Modern Highways: Mapping the Evolution of World Trade Routes and their Crucial Role in Today's Global Supply Chains Gaurav Dangre

From Ancient Paths to Modern Highways: Mapping the Evolution of World Trade Routes and their Crucial Role in Today's Global Supply Chains Gaurav Dangre

The Impact of Non-Tariff Measures on the Exporting of Agricultural Products of Cambodia

The production and exporting of agricultural products were considered one of the most important roles of the Cambodian people. In the free trade world, tariff measures were not determined to be the main obstacle to moving products from one country to worldwide, but non-tariff measures, NTMs, were defined to be the main problem nowadays. An empirical investigation using the gravity model with four classes of NTMs: SPS, TBT, PSI, and NTB was carried out to assess the impact of Cambodia’s exported agricultural products abroad. In order to generate robust standard errors for hypothesis testing, the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimation method was combined with the bootstrapping technique. The results of this research supported the gravity model hypothesis, however, SPS and PSI were negatively affecting Cambodia’s exporting at significant levels of 10 percent and 1 percent, respectively, while the TBT measure had a positive influence on trade at a level of significant of 1 percent. In contrast, the NTB class had no significant impact on exports.

Analysis of the Insurance Applicant's Obligation of Truthful Disclosure

Since China implemented the reform and opening-up policy in 1978, the insurance industry has gradually embarked on a path of sustained growth and development. In 2001, China joined the World Trade Organization, ushering in an unprecedented era of expansion and diversification in the insurance industry. Against the backdrop of increasing public risk awareness, insurance has become an important tool for individuals seeking to mitigate potential losses in their risk efforts. However, this trend has also raised concerns about the ethical and legal responsibilities of insurance companies. A common dissatisfaction expressed by policyholders is that there is a difference between the optimistic description of insurance products during the sales process and the refusal of claims for false reasons after risks occur. This phenomenon has raised doubts about the true disclosure obligations of insurance companies under the Insurance Law and the necessity of improving transparency and accountability in insurance transactions. This study aims to delve deeper into this complex issue by examining the legal framework of policyholders' true disclosure obligations under the context of insurance contracts. By doing so, it seeks to contribute to the ongoing legal reform discussions within the insurance industry, with the ultimate goal of promoting a more fair, transparent, and harmonious insurance ecosystem that benefits all stakeholders.

A pilot study to identify factors associated with frailty within the World Trade Center general responder cohort.

Given the significant exposures experienced by the World Trade Center (WTC) general responders, there is increasing interest in understanding the effect of these exposures on aging in this population. We aim to identify factors that may be associated with frailty, a clinical syndrome characterized by a decrease in one's reserve that has been linked to poor health outcomes. WTC general responders enrolled in the WTC Health Program aged 50 and older provided informed consent. Validated frailty assessments, the Frailty Phenotype (with the Johns Hopkins Frailty Assessment Calculator) along with the FRAIL scale, categorized nonfrail from prefrail/frail. Fall risk, functional status, and cognition were also assessed. WTC variables, including an identified WTC-certified condition, were utilized. The risk of frailty was estimated using log binomial regression analysis. A 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR). One hundred and six participants were included; 38 (35.8%) were classified as pre-frail or frail. More of the pre-frail/frail group were obese (57.9% vs. 25%; p = 0.004) and had a WTC-certified condition (78.9% vs. 58.8%; p = 0.036). Obesity (PR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.31, 4.53), a WTC-certified condition (PR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.09, 2.89), and risk of falling (PR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.01, 3.84) were independently associated with frailty. Obesity and having a WTC-certified condition were found to be risk factors for frailty in our pilot study. Future work may focus on further identifying risk factors for frailty in the larger WTC general responder population.

Strategic directions of cooperation between Ukraine and the Republic of Turkey through the prism of ratification of the free trade agreement

The article is devoted to the study of strategic directions of cooperation between Ukraine and the Republic of Turkey through the prism of the ratification of the Free Trade Agreement. Scientific interest in the topic was aroused by the provisions of the Agreement on Free Trade between the Government of Ukraine and the Government of the Republic of Turkey in terms of the legal obligations of the states and their consequences for the parties. In the article, the author analyzed in historical retrospect the Protocol on the establishment of diplomatic relations between Ukraine and the Republic of Turkey. Also, the Framework Agreement between the Government of Ukraine and the Government of the Republic of Turkey on cooperation in the field of high technologies, aviation and space industries and its impact on the Free Trade Agreement and its formation were analyzed. The analysis of this Framework Agreement by the author was carried out through the prism of the specified legal obligations of the states, in particular, the legal obligations of Ukraine in terms of granting benefits and preferences to Turkish companies were investigated. In addition, the Memorandum of Understanding on the Free Trade Agreement between the Government of Ukraine and the Government of the Republic of Turkey and bilateral trade between the Government of Ukraine and the Government of the Republic of Turkey was examined. In particular, the author analyzed the provisions of the Memorandum as part of the proposed legal mechanisms for the protection of the market for agricultural products. The content of the Free Trade Agreement between the Government of Ukraine and the Government of the Republic of Turkey was analyzed taking into account the provisions of the Agreement on Agriculture of the World Trade Organization. To fulfill the stated purpose of this research, the author investigated the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine in the part of regulating the principles of foreign economic activity regarding the compliance of the provisions of the Free Trade Agreement between the Government of Ukraine and the Government of the Republic of Turkey with domestic legislation.

The impact of trade policy uncertainty on short-term financing

This study proposes a novel channel through which trade liberalization may increase firms’ trade credit ratios by reducing trade policy uncertainties (TPU). Using China’s World Trade Organization (WTO) accession in 2001 as a quasi-natural experiment, we find that a reduction in TPU significantly encourages firms to provide trade credit: firms in industries with a larger reduction in uncertainty hold more account receivables after China joined the WTO. Furthermore, the response of firms to TPU reduction varies according to ownership status, exporting status, and financial constraints.

HAKIKAT PERDAGANGAN DALAM HADIS BUKHARI MUSLIM

Abstract The word tijarah is mentioned 8 times in seven letters, namely al-Baqarah: 16 and 282, al-Nisa ': 29, al-Taubah: 24, al-Nur: 37, Fathir: 29, Shaf: 10 and al-Jum' ah: 11. While the word bai'a (sell) is referred to as 4 times, Al-Baqarah: 254 and 275, Ibrahim: 31 and Al-Jum'ah: 9. The word al-Syira is in 25 verses. Two verses include the connotation of trade in the actual business context, namely Joseph 21-22. Then what is the nature of trade according to the hadith of the Messenger of Allah in saheeh Bukhari Muslim. Then the results of the study can be concluded that in the book of Mausu'ah al-Hadith al-Nabawiyah, from the Bukhari and Muslim hadith perceptions of the nature of trade there are nine traditions, eight from Bukhari (No. 115, 439, 884, 1917, 1922, 2074, 4519 , 6807) and one from Muslim (206). The nature of trade is to learn to fulfill the mandate, learn to live life by always seeking sustenance that is lawful and good (not usury), so that it must learn religion and teach it, so that it does not neglect the remembrance of Allah for all its blessings, truly grateful is better than world trade and trade, the nature of trade is trade and commerce with God Almighty..

Tariffs, product standards, and national treatment at the WTO

AbstractThis paper develops an oligopolistic model with consumption externalities to study (i) the policy interaction between tariffs and product standards; (ii) how such interaction may affect the welfare justification of national treatment (NT) in product standards. Absent NT, tariff reductions can lead to more discriminatory standards against foreign firms. Imposing NT eliminates discrimination but can induce higher tariffs which tend to undermine efficiency. As a result, the welfare justification of NT is stronger when tariffs are constrained. These findings suggest that the World Trade Organization's success in tariff liberalization can strengthen the case for its NT‐based approach to product standards.

IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON BUSINESS ANALYTICS

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the subset of Advanced Analytics (AA) and involves automating steps that normally humans would take to complete an exhaustive analysis. Artificial Intelligence is a multi disciplinary field whose goal is to automate activities that presently require human intelligence. The aim of this research paper is to define the incidence of BA and BI in business activities and analyse scientific activity and advances of BA and BI to define new research horizons in this field. For this purpose, an analysis is required allowing to highlight the findings that provide recognition and comparison of the results. This will make possible the understanding of the current dynamics, its importance for organizations and its efficacy in the face of the new challenges generated by the requirements of world trade. The paper investigates the wide range of implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in BA and BI. This paper investigates the overall impact of AI from research and innovation to deployment in BA and BI. The conjecture procured from the research will provide an improved understanding of the innovations and the efficacy of AI on businesses and society in general. It will also give a better understanding of how AI can transform the business operations. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Advanced Analytics, Business Analytics and Business Intelligence

Trade and the margins of innovative technologies: evidence from patent-firm matched data

ABSTRACT We study the impact of China’s surge in the global economy on the intensive and extensive margins of firm-level innovative technologies. We predict that greater market access following the accession of China to the World Trade Organization (WTO) has positive effects on both the intensive and extensive margins of innovative technologies, and the effects are more pronounced for more productive firms. We confirm our predictions empirically using the United States Patent and Trademark Office patent data matched with Taiwanese firm-level data for the period from 1998–2014.

African Union (Au) and Challenges of Intra-African Trade: A Study of African Continental Free Trade Pact, 2018- 2023.

The study assessed the efforts of the African Union in addressing the challenge of poor intra-African trade using the AfCFTA between 2018 and 2023. The study specifically examined how the implementation of the AFCFTA impacted on intra-African trade profile, as well as how the African Union fared in deepening Africa’s market integration using the mechanisms of the AfCFTA. Anchored on the documentary method and Neo-functionalism, the study ascertained that the implementation of the AFCFTA has undermined the intra-African trade profile. The study also revealed that the African Union has not fared well in deepening Africa’s market integration using the mechanisms of the AfCFTA. Accordingly, the study contends that the AfCFTA deal, though a laudable initiative, may not surmount the enduring structural challenges to regional integration to reposition African economies and expand opportunities for all Africans as projected. The study thus underscores the fact that despite AfCFTA deal, Africa is likely to remain an ultimate loser in the growing regional trade arrangement which is a major feature of the world trading system. Among others, the study recommends that the African Union, through the mechanisms of AfCFTA, should work towards removing all non-tariff barriers and reducing tariff barriers that undermine intra-African trade. Keywords: AfCFTA, Intra-African Trade, Market Integration, Non-Tariff Barriers, Region Trade Challenges.

The Impact of Trade Openness, Tariff, and Globalization on Food Security in the ASEAN Region

In 2023, many crises hit the world due to heated geopolitical conditions resulting from the war in Russia and Ukraine; the world situation was fragmented because of competition between the USA and PRC blocs, economic recovery due to COVID-19 was shaken again, and food inflation was soaring high. The leading cause of food insecurity in ASEAN, which consists of most developing countries, is the lack of distribution access due to the affordability of logistics and food supplies. Most investors shift their investment preferences from the primary sector to manufacturing due to the volatility and high risk of assets. In 2020, in Asia, there were 78.7 million toddlers who were stunted, with the second majority in Southeast Asia (27.40%). Although most of the ASEAN member countries are connected geographically, the market share of ASEAN member countries in world trade is only 8.8%, so intra-trade relations are considered not optimal enough. This study aims to analyze the effect of three different trade openness indicators (trade openness, tariffs, and globalization) on the food security of Southeast Asian people in 2000–2021. The method used in this research is panel data, which combines pool least squares (PLS) and fixed effect models (FEM) by developing Beck and Katz’s two panels corrected standard errors (PCSE): cross-section weights and SUR. Trade openness significantly affects the two pillars of food security: stability and utilization, with U-shaped results. Ad-valorem tariffs are significant and positive for the two pillars of food security: availability and utilization. Increasing taxes in Southeast Asia can improve the average dietary energy supply’s adequacy; however, this can also increase the prevalence of stunting in children under five. It happens because the availability of abundant food in terms of quantity differs from the quality and safety of its consumption. The increase in globalization from an economic, political, and social perspective in Southeast Asia is significant for the four pillars of food security; if globalization is increased, then this can positively impact reducing cases of stunting and malnutrition; on the other hand, increasing globalization has harmed food availability and stability. Increasing one policy has a different impact. In the first stage, policy improvements can positively impact a pillar of food security. However, after reaching a turning point, there is a possibility that the increased policy will harm the other pillars. Therefore, it is necessary to choose an integrative policy trade-off and be able to solve problems better. This study suggests several main policy implications, namely building a more assertive trade policy based on the WTO and food safety technical rules that comply with WHO rules, increasing intra-trade within the ASEAN group, maintaining food price stability, encouraging investment in agriculture, promoting governance reforms, and strengthening the regional food security system in terms of production, consumption, and distribution. Support policies are also needed regarding solid prevention efforts against stunting and malnutrition and digitalization (Agritech 4.0), which supports food availability. In addition, this research also suggests that ASEAN can continue to increase domestic food production for resilience to the global crisis. Keywords: trade openness, tariff, globalization, food security, ASEAN, dynamic panel

The United States’ Assault on Multilateralism: The Crisis in WHO, WTO and ICC

The culmination of the second world war marked the beginning of multilateral cooperation amongst nations of the world to achieve peace, security, economic prosperity, and social advancement. The United States led the international movement towards achieving common goals through multilateral efforts during that era. However, in recent years, the United States’ disenchantment with the principle of multilateral cooperation has become increasingly prominent. The authors have adopted descriptive analytical approach to analyse the unilateral actions taken by the United States against three multilateral organisations, namely, the World Health Organization, the World Trade Organization and the International Criminal Court, which have been at the forefront of the United States’ criticism. The article also critically evaluates the criticism by the United States against these organisations. Further, the authors have also explored the shortcoming in terms of the structure and functioning of these organisations. These organisations have long relied on the cooperation between their members to fulfil their mandates in addressing global challenges. The United States' actions against these organizations have demonstrated a disregard for multilateralism and a preference for the age-old dictum of ‘might is right’. The actions of the United States must also be seen from the lens of challenges it faces today, particularly from China and other emerging economies. Perhaps, the United States’ actions can be seen as an attempt to counter the diminishing giant syndrome. Thus, it is imperative for other nations to respond by reaffirming their commitment to collective action and shared responsibilities.

Polyparadigmatic uncertainty of international economic relations in the global security system

Polyparadigmatic uncertainty of international economic relations in the global security system

THE ISSUES OF SCOPE AND LEGAL STATUS IN WTO – IMF CONSULTATIONS

In designing the international economic governance system after the Second World War, trade and finance, due to the close connection between them, were addressed as parts of a whole. A predictable and stable international monetary system was recognized as prerequisite for healthy and sustainable trade. However, these two issues were regulated under different institutional structures, by envisaging close cooperation and coordination. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), designed to be responsible for international finance and monetary issues, was established in 1944. The International Trade Organization (ITO) was designed to address international trade, while the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), with a limited scope, was temporarily put into implementation in January 1, 1948 to provide rapid tariff reductions until the ratification of ITO Charter. The ITO became still-born as it was not approved by national parliaments, especially the USA, and international trade continued to be regulated by the GATT. The GATT, with its unique organizational structure that gradually developed, continued its existence until the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995 and hosted international trade negotiations. WTO, with more advanced legal and institutional structure, took over the functions of the GATT. Formal consultation procedures have constituted an important part of the cooperation between the GATT/WTO and the IMF in the context of the management of international trade and monetary/financial system. These procedures differ from traditional cooperation activities between international organizations and have a special character. It is regulated in a binding language as an obligation for the relevant WTO bodies to apply for consultations with the IMF on certain issues and to comply with the inputs received from the IMF. There are some points open to interpretation regarding the scope of the consultations and the binding and functional status of IMF inputs in the WTO. This study discusses the issues of scope and legal status.

The International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Dispute (ICSID) Annulment Reform: a Lesson Learned From the World Trade Organization Struggle

The International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Dispute (ICSID) Annulment Reform: a Lesson Learned From the World Trade Organization Struggle

Food preference of the Calliteara cerigoides Walker on several species of Shorea sp. leaves

Shorea sp. (meranti) is a wood-producing tree from Indonesia that has many benefits in world trade. Meranti cultivation is carried out to rehabilitate and develop plantation forests. However, meranti cultivation is susceptible to various pest attacks, including Calliteara cerigoides. This study aimed to determine the food preferences of C. cerigoides and to analyze the phytochemical compounds in meranti leaves. Pest food preferences were tested by testing three meranti leaf species on C. cerigoides larvae. Three species of meranti were Shorea selanica, S. pinanga, and Shorea sp. Phytochemical tests were carried out by identifying seven secondary metabolic compounds in meranti leaves. The results showed that C. cerigoides larvae preferred S. selanica leaves and survived until the seventh instar. The content of tannin and hydroquinone phenolic compounds in the leaves of S. pinanga is thought to be an obstacle in the pest’s food preference, causing the larvae to die in the third instar. The content of alkaloid and flavonoid compounds in the leaves of Shorea sp. was suspected to be the cause of the larvae not surviving until the instar phase and only until the fourth instar. Morphological factors and the content of chemical compounds in meranti leaves affect the eating preferences of larvae.

Digital Trans-Pacific Silk Road and Phases of China-Latin American Connectivity: From Silver to AI

In this paper, we aim to document and analyze the long arc of connectivity between China and Latin America. First, using analytical international trade and economic tools, we provide a new economic perspective of the First Globalization–-the Ming and early Qing China’s economic and business links with Latin America and Europe. Second, due to U.S. government trade policies toward China in the 1990s, the Second China’s Globalization was ushered in with its entry to the World Trade Organization (WTO). During this second phase, China exchanged manufactured goods with minerals and resources from Latin America. Finally, the tough technology and trade stance by the Trump and Biden Administrations prompted China to intensify the third phase of China interaction with Latin America. For the 2020s and beyond, one important pillar of the Third China-Latin America-Europe Globalization is heightened efforts for China to increase its digital-AI, telecommunication and platform business presence and access into the Latin American markets. To enrich our analysis, we will provide Chinese-style digital-AI business and economic models to help illustrate our discussions. Throughout our paper, we want to point out that government policies were instrumental in bringing forth these Three Globalizations that involve China-Latin America-Europe.

Determining directions for improving the legal regulation of technology transfer forms

The object of this study is the existing regulatory approaches to determining the forms of technology transfer in the legal systems of economically developed countries of the world, international treaties, and agreements. During the research and generalization of existing concepts, it was established that they are not unified and differ significantly from each other. It has been proven that this does not meet the needs of technology transfer participants and significantly destabilizes the technology transfer process. The expediency of improving the existing normative concept of determining the forms of technology transfer by fixing their single list has been substantiated. Recommendations on the list of the main forms of technology transfer have been formed based on a systematic analysis of legal acts that determine the peculiarities of the essence of technology. A classification of the main forms of technology transfer was proposed. Four main forms of technology transfer were identified as the transfer of rights to technology during its creation, within the framework of joint cooperation, within the framework of cooperation based on corporate and/or proprietary commercial principles. The expediency of dividing each form of transfer into separate subtypes was also substantiated. The need to make changes to the provisions of such international treaties and agreements as the World Trade Organization Agreements, the Recommendations of the World Organization for the Protection of Intellectual Property, the Oslo Guidelines, the UNCTAD Recommendations, and the framework program "Horizon Europe" has been proven. The study is aimed at forming general theoretical foundations for improving the essence of regulatory techniques for identifying forms of technology transfer. The research results could be used in the formation of international normative acts, recommendations of international institutions, acts of national legislation, and serve as a basis for further scientific research into these issues

Navigating the Complexities of International Economic Law: Implications for Global Trade and Investment

This paper explores the multifaceted landscape of international economic law and its profound implications for global trade and investment. Through a detailed examination of key legal instruments and treaties, including the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), and Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), the study elucidates how these frameworks shape the regulatory environment for international commerce. Central principles of non-discrimination, most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment, and national treatment are dissected to understand their practical application and impact on trade and investment flows. The role of international organizations in creating, enforcing, and shaping the norms and standards of global economic interaction is critically assessed. Furthermore, the paper delves into the legal challenges and strategic considerations businesses face in navigating international trade, investment protection, intellectual property rights, and the burgeoning digital economy. By examining case studies and practical implementations, the study highlights the dynamic interaction between legal frameworks and business strategy in the context of digital trade, data protection, and the use of digital currencies and blockchain in trade finance. This comprehensive analysis aims to provide insights into the evolving landscape of international economic law and offer strategic guidance for businesses and policymakers navigating these complexities.