Loyalism and the Formation of the British World, 1775-1914, edited by Allan Blackstock and Frank O'Gorman. Rochester, Boydell Press, 2014. 309 pp. $120.00 US (cloth). Allan Blackstock and Frank O'Gorman's well-rounded volume covers Britain, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and India over the nineteenth century and demonstrates the vitality, and many meanings of professing loyalty to the United Kingdom's crowned regent. The editors attempt to move beyond simplistic readings by earlier radical historians who described loyalism as reactionary force. Instead loyalism here is defined as complex, fluid and multi-faceted (p. 1) and adaptable to variety of imperial contexts. The editors remind us in their introduction that loyalism and nationalism did begin as statist truisms, but emerged from long gesta ting history (p. 5) that is closely tied to the dynastic battles of the Tudors, Stuarts, and Hanoverians. As Jacqueline Hill notes in her chapter, all groups fought not as rebels but in defense of the (p. 82). Yet as result of the sectarian Glorious Revolution, the triumphant strand of loyalism was inseparably linked to Protestantism's victories over Catholic interests (indeed Catholics could take oaths to the monarch before 1774). Thus the Protestant-Catholic divide would be source of continuing conflicts in mixed-settlement zones of Ireland, Canada, and elsewhere, often making loyalists more passionate on the periphery of empire than in Britain. Patriotism prior to the French Revolutionary Wars, meanwhile, largely focused upon opposing central (and especially executive) governmental power. Though the revolutionary and reform movements of the eighteenth century often appealed to the king as an intercessor, many suspected the crown of dispensing patronage or otherwise manipulating Parliament. Only in the reaction against the Revolution did patriotism and loyalism link to become defining features of the British imperial world. Katrina Navickas' chapter on early nineteenth-century material culture argues that thereafter loyalist objects and ideas provided a framework to understand and cope with the rapid processes of social and political change (p. 46) that the empire faced. As the British polity moved away from being Protestant confessional state during the mid-nineteenth century, loyalism remained ardently anti-Catholic in nature. Beginning in 1795, Loyal Orange orders were established in northern Ireland in an initial attempt to counter the spread of the United Irishmen's Presbyterian-Catholic alliance. Kyle Hughes and Donald M. MacRaild describe the movement as the re-purposing of British Reformation ideology while adding strong dose of Ulster experiences (p. …