Football World Research Articles

The International Labour Organisation as nodal player on the pitch of networked governance: Shifting the goalposts for migrant workers in Qatar

This article assesses the role of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) as a player within the multi-actor sphere of global migration governance. The aim is to analyse the ILO’s leadership within this sphere that is characterised by shifting dynamics between rules-based and rights-based approaches as a result of the multiplication of actors and, given its normative predisposition, the effects on the ILO’s ability to advance migrant workers’ labour rights. The article is premised on the assumption that the promotion of a rights-based approach to labour migration via the ILO’s decent work agenda depends upon the presence of effective and proactive governing institutions as well as appropriate regulation. Contemporary scholarship highlights the importance of organisational networks across multiple sites and levels of policy making in order to achieve change. The situation of the highly precarious migrant workforce involved in the construction of the physical infrastructure for the Football World Cup 2022 in Qatar demonstrates the particular challenges posed by an unfavourable institutional environment. This leads to the argument that stratified organisational networks at the intersection of various institutional nodes are required to keep shifting the goalpost – and the ILO is one such node. The conception of global governance as nodal provides an understanding of how such networks can generate multi-directional and concerted action across various organisational actors and over time, contributing to the advancement of migrants’ labour rights.

Legal Journal "Examination of the Judge's Decision in the Acts of Online Football Gambling" (Case study 2864 / Pid.B / 2019 / PN.sby)

The Criminal Code (KUHP) has criminal rules outside of the Law, namely Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (UU ITE), in the world of sports the name football is one of the most famous sports games where -where. In the world of football, players are familiar with good gambling. football or the audience and even the referee as a court also participates in a gamble, but in principle playing gambling as stipulated in Article 303 of the Criminal Code (KUHP) and Article 27 paragraph (2) of the ITE Law. appropriate in its application to the Surabaya Court Decision number2864 / Pid.B / 2019 / PN sby regarding the Crime of Online Gambling from the probleman the writer can formulate the problem namely What is the decidendi ratio for the High Court Decision Number 2864 / Pid.B / 2019 / PN sby? and Is the application of the judge's decision on Decision 2864 / Pid.B / 2019 / PN sby in accordance with the elements of material criminal law? The method used by the author is a normative type with a statutory approach, conceptual, case analysis. In this verdict, it turned out that the judge was not careful about his judgment.This is related to the indictment of the Public Prosecutor who only accused the defendant under Article 303 Paragraph (1) 2nd. In fact, when the indictment does not meet the requirements for an accurate, clear and complete description, the indictment letter will be null and void.

Landscape and tourism in Rio de Janeiro’s favelas

Rio de Janeiro relies on tourism as one of its main economic activities, based on the attractions of its natural and human-made settings. The social inequality found in the city's favelas affects this scenario. The sports mega-events Rio has recently hosted, such as the 2014 World Football Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games, brought new possibilities for tourism in the favelas. Tourists are attracted by the natural surroundings, with panoramic views and tracks into the urban forests. This work aims to explore some of these favelas and their natural surroundings. Communities such as Cantagalo-Pavão-Pavãozinho, Babilônia-Chapéu Mangueira and Vidigal have forest areas that were recovered and opened to the public as parks, and that have received the contribution of community-based organisations. These examples show how activities, such as tourism, relate to the environment.

ModK: Formula for Determining the Best Season and Career of a Football Player by Objective Indicators

Introduction: Football is a team sport, but the idol or best football player of the moment or any time is a common pursuit within the sports community. Different strategies are applied in order to find out the top player. The aim of this study is to introduce an objective proposal for the career measurement of football players. Methods: A total of 50 players ranked the best of the 21st century, and 14, ranked the best of the 19/20 season of European and world football, had their careers and seasons measured through a formula named ModK. Descriptive statistics characterized the careers and seasons. The Pearson's Correlation Coefficient test was used for the variables used in the formula with the reference ranking, and ModK was performed to measure the strength of association of the rankings. Results: The values of the scores obtained by the ModK formula showed moderate correlation (r=0,416) with the reference ranking. All variables used in the formula showed higher correlations with the ranking Modk formula when compared to the reference ranking. Conclusion: The ModK formula is proven to be effective in evaluating the career or full season of football athletes in an exclusively objective manner, presenting an acceptable correlation with a ranking created by experts.

Thematic grouping for messages in major events

The process of information evaluation may compete with the decision making process by requiring the limited cognitive resources. In the case of Major Events, such as the Football World Cup or the Olympic Games, the thematic grouping of every information may be overwhelming. The theme switching caused by information associated with a different thematic group may be modelled as an interruption in multitasking set-ups. Thus, automating the thematic grouping of information may facilitate the decision making process by reducing the theme switching for a decision maker when he reads a set of messages. In this paper were used clustering techniques with multi-criteria to group the messages in themes. These criteria were implemented as configurable operators. To achieve a better comprehension of those parameters, we introduced the concepts of Thematic Strength (TS) and Thematic Density (TD). The evaluation of the strategy was made over a set of operational messages available in the Pacificador system during the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

How to Win Games and Influence Football Players

How to Win Games and Influence Football Players

Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Football

Background: Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) is defined as the abrupt loss of heart function as an occurrence without physical contact (absent commotio cordis). SCA's morbidity ratio is 1:50,000 of all deaths. The published estimates on SCA suggest that 11% of all victims have a normal heart. Current screening investigations include electrocardiography (ECG), echography, 24-hour ECG monitoring, eliciting stress history, and cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Some cardiac pathologies screened have never been detected. Athletes who experienced SCA had a survival rate of 50-60% over 30-days, and this rate might reach up to 80-89% in some cohort studies. The survival factors are based on regular and thorough screening checks, and better observation that enables quicker pickups. Players vary in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performance and are emotionally involved, as was reported recently with footballer Christian Eriksen in the 2021 European Championship1. However, anyone trained in CPR, not just medical professionals, can assist in resuscitation (Figure 1). Evidence-based studies show that Basic Cardiac Life Support (BCLS) is more effective on the sports field than Advanced Cardiac Life Support2. The objective of this literature review is to make recommendations to effectively respond to SCA during football tournaments. Methods: PubMed database was used to retrieve articles published in English between 2018 and 2021 related to SCA during football games. Results: There are limited publications in this specific domain. Reports from 67 countries account for 617 players (mean age 34 ± 16 years, 96% men) suffering from SCA or traumatic sudden death during football activities between 2014 - 2018, of whom 142 players (23%) survived1. CPR resulted in a survival rate of 85% with the use of an automated external defibrillator (AED) compared to 35% without. Conclusion: Key recommendations from this literature review are listed in Table 1. These are important steps needed to improve survival chance from SCA3. Qatar, hosting the Football World Cup 2022, can put in place additional measures to promote effective SCA resuscitation and ensure the safety of all players.

El fútbol y el aprendizaje de la resolución de conflictos en la ciudad de Cádiz

Football is the world's dominant sport. Followed by so many people around the globe, the influence on spectators is enormous. But sometimes sporting events can lead to conflict on and off the pitch. In Cadiz this phenomenon has been solved over the years. After analysing different news from the sporting world in which Cádiz CF has been involved, it will be possible to find the origin of these problems and also to see how effective solutions have been proposed. Different authors over the last century have begun to become aware of this problem that plagues the world of football and although as a society the conflictive values have been denied, this has not been done correctly until the last few years when the problem has been taken seriously. It is now that we have seen how this problem has affected us more closely and no club wants to be involved in extra-sporting controversies. That is why teams such as our Cádiz CF have started with their training in sporting ethical values.

Gdy reflektor naświetla zbyt wiele . Problemy wizerunkowe Kataru w kontekście organizacji Mistrzostw Świata w Piłce Nożnej 2022

This paper analyses the role of global sport within Qatar’s international strategy, most notably through the successful bid to stage the 2022 football World Cup. The article investigates how sport is used as a foreign policy tool to build relations with as many countries and people in the world as possible to gain soft power. I see the hosting of sports mega-events as the practice of public diplomacy: host states may use these events to change their international image. I examine issues of reputational risk with regard to critical comment surrounding Qatar’s hosting of the 2022 World Cup. In order to illustrate Qatar’s image problems, I will use examples from the Polishlanguage Internet media.

Emotions and Performance: A Quasi Natural Experiment from the FIFA World Cup

Emotions are intrinsic components of human behavior that have the capacity to affect how individuals perform in their daily activities. Much of the literature has explored the topic using experimental data or, when using sporting events, focusingon pre-competition triggers. This paper uses, granular, event-level data from the 2018 FIFA football World Cup to study for the first time how observed and naturally induced emotions impact performance as measured by each player's passing ability. The quasi-natural experimental set up is rich enough to study the influence of positive and negative emotions and their duration. The paper finds that negative emotions harm performance between 3 to 9 minutes after the trigger. At the same time,there is weak evidence that positive emotions also constrain performance, but only between 6 to 8 minutes after the trigger event.

Mega Sporting Events and Inward Foreign Direct Investment: An Investigation of the Differences Among the Types of Sporting Events and Host Countries

Building on the location advantage theory for international business, the authors used the event study approach, used extensively in the finance literature, to examine the effects of hosting mega sporting events on inward foreign direct investment (FDI) in countries that hosted the Olympic Games, the International Federation of Association Football World Cup, the Union of European Football Associations Championship, and the Asian Games between 1960 and 2018. In general, the authors’ findings suggested that host countries experienced beneficial effects from hosting mega sporting events. Increases in FDI inflows were more pronounced following the hosting announcements and until the event year. Hosting the Summer Olympic Games, the Union of European Football Associations Championship, and the International Federation of Association Football World Cup all drew a high level of positive abnormal FDI, while hosting the Asian Games induced negative abnormal FDI. The effects of hosting mega sporting events on inward FDI were also found to differ between countries. For instance, host countries in the Middle East and North Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean appeared to benefit more from hosting a mega sporting event.

Entscheidungsautoritäten und elementare Akteure des „Weltsports“: Pfade einer Kulturgeschichte der Schiedsrichter

These days, referees and umpires are considered to be indispensable protagonists in modern sport. But despite their crucial significance for sport, historical scholarship has so far hardly considered their history. This article demonstrates why it is worth dealing with the cultural history of referees and umpires, in what ways this can be done, and what insights such an approach potentially offers. Empirically, the article focuses on football and tennis, while advocating the combination of questions of the history of sports with those pertaining to general history. It suggests several paths of investigation for this purpose. One finding is that the history of referees and umpires provides insights into the emergence and development of a decision-making authority in modern societies. Here, different forms and variants of the circulation of knowledge and processes of globalisation can be highlighted. In the second part, the article examines an important building block of this story. Here, the formation and entrenchment of international refereeing courses in football between 1948 and the mid-1970s will bring together the article’s programmatic objectives and empirical observations. It will trace which actors led the charge in establishing the courses, how they fostered the global dissemination and standardization of refereeing knowledge, and to what extent they contributed to expanding the boundaries of world football as a global arena of competitive comparison.

Entre lo propio y lo comercial. Athletic Bilbao: límites y continuidades redefiniendo lo local-global

Athletic Bilbao is known in the world of football for its unique player policy. It only recruits footballers who were born and/or raised in one of the seven provinces that comprise the Basque Country. Thus, academy and territory represent the variables of allegiance, which are interdependent and reciprocally regulatory. This policy, of a customary nature, is still in force in an era marked by globalization and commercialization of football. In this context, the article seeks to explore the concepts of local and global built by its fans through the philosophy of the team (policy of the club). The purpose is to know how the local is redefined, interpreted, and how it persists in the current context of football globalization and marketability. To this end, a qualitative approach is mainly used. Ethnographic fieldwork has been chosen. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted in depth with 25 followers of the team, born in Bizkaia and Castilla y León, who reside in the latter autonomous community. It can be concluded that the concept of idiosyncratic features defines the local scene. Conversely, the global one is conceived as aligned with the international commercialization of players.

RIVALITAS BONEK DAN AREMANIA DALAM PERSPEKTIF KOMUNIKASI

Supporters are an important part of a football match. It can be said that a supporter is the twelfth player of a football team. The phenomenon of supporters in the world of Indonesian football is the emergence of fanaticism which in the end this fanaticism creates rivalry. This can be seen from the rivalry between Bonek and Aremania. This study aims to find an overview of the rivalry between Bonek and Aremania in perspective communication. The method in this study is a qualitative method with a literature study approach. In this case, the information data is sourced from documentation information, records, and so on.The results obtained in this study are that the support phenomenon is a phenomenon that must occur in the world of football. These supporters have their nicknames. Messages in the rivalry between Persebaya and Arema supporters are dominated by messages that show the hatred of both parties. The second supporting media rivalry generally uses two media, namely conventional media and digital media. The media used to express rivalry have an impact in spreading rivalry between generations and maintaining that rivalry.

Manufacturing "Otherness". Ethnographic notes from the football field

This paper deals with the ethnography of football games, with a special focus on how field research intertwines with the discursively constructed image of football culture as a mechanism for the production of otherness. The ethnographic material which will be discussed was gathered in 2012 during the qualifications for the Football World Cup held in Brazil in 2014. The game in question is a match between Serbia and Croatia held in March 2013 in Zagreb. Through the discussion of the gathered ethnographic material, field reflexions and material from the media, I will attempt to shed light on the ways in which one football game can serve to homogenize as well as question identity, especially ways in which these identities are constructed through the media. The analysis of ethnographic material will serve to point out the specificity of researching a fairly visible and popular, highly mediatised phenomenon such as football, in which discourses created by the media are intertwined with the real "state of affairs in the field".

Who Dat? Music, Media and the (Re)Defined Spirit Nation

Who Dat? Music, Media and the (Re)Defined Spirit Nation

DZIAŁANIA UEFA NA RZECZ BEZPIECZEŃSTWA MECZÓW PIŁKARSKICH W PANDEMII COVID-19

The aim of this article is to present the scope of actions taken by UEFA after the outbreak of COVID-19 disease. UEFA has taken comprehensive measures and committed significant financial resources to minimize the effects of the COVID-19 disease in the European football environment. The article uses the method of system analysis where the key elements of regulation were examined in order to rationalize the effects of already introduced changes and to forecast the planned effects that may appear in a dynamically changing environment. The article presents the actions taken by UEFA after the outbreak of the COVID-19 disease from the moment the football tournament was suspended until its resumption. The introduced regulations, such as the Return to Play Protocol, contributed to the fact that professional football remained a safe environment, as evidenced by the results of the tests carried out. UEFA realized at the same time that it was necessary to introduce innovative activities promoting this sport, which was also done. It is purposeful for UEFA to continue its policy in this area, so that fans and the entire football world can enjoy the return of this discipline to football fields.

The Olympics’ evolving relationship with human rights: an ongoing affair

Human rights have become an increasingly important topic for mega sports events since the start of the 21st century, and the issue will undoubtedly make the headlines again in relation to Beijing hosting the XXIV Winter Olympic Games in February 2022 and Qatar hosting the Men’s Football World Cup in November 2022. The present review shows that the modern Olympic Games’ relationship with human rights has evolved in step with society’s evolving conception of human rights. This evolution is clearly illustrated by the Olympic system’s attitude toward human rights at four key periods, centred round the 1936 Olympics, the Games of the 1960s and 1970s, the Games in China (2008, 2014 and 2022) and future editions of the Games (from 2024). Each moment required the Olympic Games to consider human rights that it had rarely had to attend to before. Indeed, given society’s increasing concern for human rights, the Olympic system and host countries will undoubtedly have to pay ever-greater attention to the issue when attributing and staging Olympic Games.

Editorial

Editorial

Image is everything! Professional footballplayers' visibility and wages: evidence from the Italian Serie A

ABSTRACT Sport is one of the most popular forms of entertainment and its worldwide spread has turned athletes into icons who have economic impact and international visibility as global brands. In our paper we would like to show how marketing strategies in the sports industry, amplified by social networks, have put the athlete at the centre of media attention In the world of football, football players have come to play a key role, since their image is the face of their clubs, and this can affect the number of digital fans, that is, fans who are not bound to a club by constant passion but who can change team depending on the athletes that have been lined up. This could explain why the teams playing in the main football championships are offering higher and higher wages in the attempt to get hold of the best talents around. Based on a dataset with information about over 1,200 athletes who have taken part over five seasons of the Italian Serie A, we try to measure the impact of football players’ popularity on salary-setting mechanisms, in the attempt to understand the impact of such variables on football players’ athletic qualities and performance.