Nations Of World Research Articles

An Epidemiological Investigation of Acute Diarrheal Disease Outbreak at Urban Area in Borsad Taluka of Anand District

Introduction: Acute Diarrheal Disease (ADD) is affecting millions of people around the world especially in second world nations now a days. Major pathogenic organisms that cause diarrhea, are transmitted through feco-oral route. We investigated an outbreak of Acute Diarrheal Disease at urban area of Borsad taluka, Anand District of Gujarat state with Objectives: 1. To confirm the existence of an outbreak, 2. To know the magnitude and distribution of the outbreak with reference to time, place and person, 3. To identify the source of infection, mode of transmission and implement control and preventive measures. Method: A Cross Sectional Epidemiological study was carried out to investigate the outbreak of acute diarrheal disease cases in urban area of Borsad taluka. We obtained required information from Chief District Health Office, Anand &, Community Health Centre, borsad, conducted house to house survey and also inspected the sanitation and water supply of the affected area. Results: There were 72 cases of acute diarrheal disease. The overall Attack Rate was 0.43%. Majority of the affected population used non-chlorinated water for drinking. Conclusion: The underlying cause for the outbreak of acute diarrheal disease can be co-related by consumption of contaminated water and food. Keywords: Acute Diarrheal Disease, Borsad, Chlorination, Epidemic Investigation.

Gender-based violence as a destructive form of warfare against families: A practical theological response

War is an appalling crisis and destructive force on human dignity and life. War was permitted in biblical times at the hand of God, with disastrous consequences for the nations of the Ancient World. The current war between Ukraine and Russia is fast becoming a global catastrophe, with the threat of World War III looming. Warfare destroys families, and families are vital units God instituted in society. The critical issue addressed in this article is the ruining effects of gender-based violence (GBV) on family life. Therefore, this article responds to GBV as a social ill and destructive form of warfare against women and aims to propose feasible, viable, and practical theological ways to curb this ruinous issue. Gender-based violence, as a form of warfare against women and children, is one of the most destructive forces regarding family life and the key reason for unstable, disrupted, and fractured families. Because this article is grounded on a practical theological response, its pastoral role is explored. Practical theology builds a theological framework for critical evaluation. It also takes a more direct role on the moral debates of society on issues such as GBV, father absence, and family violence that occurs in Church, family, and society.Contribution: This article employed a descriptive modus operandi on GBV against women and endorses the journal’s focus on family and society who is experiencing a violation of human rights and a life-threatening issue in the field of Practical Theology.

Recent Developments in Lignocellulosic Biofuel Production with Nanotechnological Intervention: An Emphasis on Ethanol

Biofuel, an inexhaustible fuel source, plays a pivotal role in the contemporary era by diminishing the dependence on non-renewable energy sources and facilitating the mitigation of CO2 emissions. Due to the many constraints in existing technology and the resulting increased costs, the production of biofuels on a large scale is a laborious process. Furthermore, the methods used to convert varied feedstock into the intended biofuel may vary based on the specific techniques and materials involved. The demand for bioethanol is increasing worldwide due to the implementation of regulations by world nations that mandates the blending of bioethanol with petrol. In this regard, second-generation bioethanol made from lignocellulosic biomass is emerging at a rapid rate. Pre-treatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation are some of the technical, practical, and economic hurdles that the biochemical conversion method must overcome. Nanoparticles (NPs) provide a very effective approach to address the present obstacles in using biomass, due to their selectivity, energy efficiency, and time management capabilities, while also reducing costs. NPs smaller dimensions allow them to be more effective at interacting with lignocellulosic components at low concentrations to release carbohydrates that can be utilized to produce bioethanol. This article provides a concise overview of various biofuels and the nanotechnological advancements in producing it, with a particular emphasis on ethanol. It provides a detailed discussion on the application of nanotechnology at each stage of ethanol production, with a particular emphasis on understanding the mechanism of how nanoparticles interact with lignocellulose.

Importance and Applicability of Studying Postcolonial Literature

The word “postcolonialism” is frequently used to describe all the civilizations impacted by imperialism from the time of colonisation to the present. Postcolonialism refers to challenges and disagreements that have persisted between the East and the West ever since the colonial era. By dispelling stereotypes about orientals, it aims to study and analyse colonialism’s effects and restore the identity of independent oriental states. It covers works by authors from countries that the British formerly colonised, including Australia, Nigeria, Canada, Kenya, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, Jamaica, and more. These nations are also referred to as Third World nations. This essay also discusses recurring themes and motifs including “identity,” “language,” and “racism,” as well as their distinctive places, points of view, and storytelling techniques. Because this movement has some political and historical undertones, it is important to carefully consider them. It is necessary to give a critical analysis of a variety of representative authors, including Lessing, Rushdie, Achebe, Derek Walcott, Fanon, J. M. Coetzee, and Ondaatje, as well as certain female authors like Isabelle Illende, Jamaica Kincaid, and Eavan Boland. Additionally, a few exemplary pieces by some of the most well-known writers associated with the literary movement postcolonialism are presented critically. Examining the postcolonial components in well-known literary works like The Grass is Singing, Midnight's Children, Things Fall Apart, The English Patient, Ceremony, and Disgrace as well as Decolonizing the Mind and A Small Place is necessary.

Circular economy practices in third world nations: challenges and implications for environmental sustainability

Circular economy practices in third world nations: challenges and implications for environmental sustainability

Sociocultural factors and academic openness of world countries

Abstract Academic openness (i.e., the extent of collaborative academic activities of nations with external actors in the science communication system) has been regarded as a major contributor to strong science. We used several nation-level data sets to explore the associations of sociocultural factors with the academic openness of world nations. To check the robustness of relationships, two distinct data sets for academic openness of nations were used in this research. Our findings showed the strong relationships of some dimensions of national culture and (economic and human) resources with both academic openness indicators. The findings were discussed considering Schwartz’s national culture theory, and the implications were presented in conclusion.

Nature-based solutions are critical for putting Brazil on track towards net-zero emissions by 2050.

Most of the world's nations (around 130) have committed to reaching net-zero carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050, yet robust policies rarely underpin these ambitions. To investigate whether existing and expected national policies will allow Brazil to meet its net-zero GHG emissions pledge by 2050, we applied a detailed regional integrated assessment modelling approach. This included quantifying the role of nature-based solutions, such as the protection and restoration of ecosystems, and engineered solutions, such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage. Our results highlight ecosystem protection as the most critical cost-effective climate mitigation measure for Brazil, whereas relying heavily on costly and not-mature-yet engineered solutions will jeopardise Brazil's chances of achieving its net-zero pledge by mid-century. We show that the full implementation of Brazil's Forest Code (FC), a key policy for emission reduction in Brazil, would be enough for the country to achieve its short-term climate targets up to 2030. However, it would reduce the gap to net-zero GHG emissions by 38% by 2050. The FC, combined with zero legal deforestation and additional large-scale ecosystem restoration, would reduce this gap by 62% by mid-century, keeping Brazil on a clear path towards net-zero GHG emissions by around 2040. While some level of deployment of negative emissions technologies will be needed for Brazil to achieve and sustain its net-zero pledge, we show that the more mitigation measures from the land-use sector, the less costly engineered solutions from the energy sector will be required. Our analysis underlines the urgent need for Brazil to go beyond existing policies to help fight climate emergency, to align its short- and long-term climate targets, and to build climate resilience while curbing biodiversity loss.

Perancangan Perpustakaan Dengan Tema “The Shape of Nature” di Grogol

Books are windows to the world. In the era of 4.0 which continues to develop and advance, easy access to information and reading books can not only be obtained from the library, now reading can be done via a cellphone from a pocket. This ease of access does not necessarily make people willing to read. According to Unesco, Indonesia's reading interest is in the 2nd lowest rank. UNESCO says Indonesia ranks second from the bottom in terms of world literacy, meaning that reading interest is very low. According to UNESCO data, the reading interest of the Indonesian people is very concerning, only 0.001%. This means that out of 1,000 Indonesians, only 1 person is an avid reader. In a different research titled World's Most Literate Nations Ranked conducted by Central Connecticut State University in March 2016, Indonesia was ranked 60th out of 61 countries in terms of reading interest, just below Thailand (59) and above Botswana (61).

White targeted chromatographic screening method of Molnupiravir and its metabolite with degradation kinetics characterization and in-silico toxicity

SARS-CoV-2 virus triggered a worldwide crisis, with world nations putting up massive efforts to halt its spread. Molnupiravir (MLN) was the first oral, direct-acting antiviral drug approved for nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 infection with favorable safety and tolerability profile. This study aims at determination of MLN and N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), its main degradation product and its main metabolite, using sensitive, simple, and green HPLC–DAD method. Moreover, under different stress conditions using NaOH, HCl, neutral, H2O2, dry heat and sun light, the method was applied for MLN assay along with kinetics degradation investigation. The linearity range for MLN and NHC were both 0.1–100 µg/mL with LOD and LOQ of 0.013 & 0.043 and 0.003 & 0.011 µg/mL, for MLN and NHC, respectively. MLN was found to be extremely vulnerable to alkali hydrolysis compared with acid and dry heat degradation. In contrast, MLN was stable under conditions of oxidative, neutral, and sunlight-induced deterioration. Acid and alkali-induced degradation followed pseudo first-order kinetics model. In addition, LC–MS-UV was used to suggest the mechanism of the stress-induced degradation route and to characterize the eluted degradation products. Toxicities of both MLN and its degradation products were evaluated using ProTox-II and they were found to be negligibly harmful. The proposed HPLC–DAD was effectively used for the analysis of MLN in commercial pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed method for MLN determination after greenness and whiteness appraisal was found to be superior compared to the reported methods for MLN analysis.

Overview of leprosy, including the diagnosis and current available treatments

The disease Hansen's is another name for leprosy. It is a communicable disease that can be treated and is still widespread in the majority of the world's nations. Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis are the most common causes of this chronic granulomatous infection, which mostly affects the skin and peripheral nerves.Leprosy has long been known as "the death before death" because of the immense social stigma and rejection that victims have endured from their families, communities, and even medical professionals in addition to the physical effects of the condition. Armauer Hansen, who discovered Mycobacterium leprae, stated that "there is hardly anything on earth, or between it and heaven, that has not been regarded as the cause of leprosy." "And this is but natural since the less one knows, the more actively does his imagination work"MDT has been the main weapon in the fight against leprosy since its inception in 1981, and by 2005, India had a prevalence of less than 1/10000. In India's fight against leprosy, this was a huge victory. Affected individuals numbered 0.69/10000 by the end of 2010.The pathogenesis, aetiology, treatment, diagnosis, and risk factors for leprosy are covered in this review article.

Mining Google Trends data for nowcasting and forecasting colorectal cancer (CRC) prevalence.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent and second most lethal form of cancer in the world. Consequently, CRC cancer prevalence projections are essential for assessing the future burden of the disease, planning resource allocation, and developing service delivery strategies, as well as for grasping the shifting environment of cancer risk factors. However, unlike cancer incidence and mortality rates, national and international agencies do not routinely issue projections for cancer prevalence. Moreover, the limited or even nonexistent cancer statistics for large portions of the world, along with the high heterogeneity among world nations, further complicate the task of producing timely and accurate CRC prevalence projections. In this situation, population interest, as shown by Internet searches, can be very important for improving cancer statistics and, in the long run, for helping cancer research. This study aims to model, nowcast and forecast the CRC prevalence at the global level using a three-step framework that incorporates three well-established univariate statistical and machine-learning models. First, data mining is performed to evaluate the relevancy of Google Trends (GT) data as a surrogate for the number of CRC survivors. The results demonstrate that population web-search interest in the term "colonoscopy" is the most reliable indicator to nowcast CRC disease prevalence. Then, various statistical and machine-learning models, including ARIMA, ETS, and FNNAR, are trained and tested using relevant GT time series. Finally, the updated monthly query series spanning 2004-2022 and the best forecasting model in terms of out-of-sample forecasting ability (i.e., the neural network autoregression) are utilized to generate point forecasts up to 2025. Results show that the number of people with colorectal cancer will continue to rise over the next 24 months. This in turn emphasizes the urgency for public policies aimed at reducing the population's exposure to the principal modifiable risk factors, such as lifestyle and nutrition. In addition, given the major drop in population interest in CRC during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, the findings suggest that public health authorities should implement measures to increase cancer screening rates during pandemics. This in turn would deliver positive externalities, including the mitigation of the global burden and the enhancement of the quality of official statistics.

Contending Discourses on Human Rights and Dignity in the Post-World War II Era

This article examines the contending discourses on human dignity among leading figures of the “Third World”—a disparaging category for the downtrodden nations of the world—within the context of the 1948 Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR). It delves into the discursive contestations played out by figures from Third World nations, which had just gained independence or were in the process of decolonization. In particular, this article examines discourses on human rights and dignity by Sukarno, Indonesia’s independence leader, and others who vehemently fought against colonialism based on their ideology and faith.

INVESTIGATION OF TURKIYE S PERSPECTIVE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BY COUNTRY WITH MULTIVARIABLE STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES

Purpose- Understanding the perspective of developing Turkey towards science and technology, as well as its position compared to other countries, is of great importance for its potential positive changes in this field in the coming years. The aim is to examine Turkey's outlook on science and technology and its position among 57 countries, based on six variables: living standards, future generations, faith, impact on understanding, daily life, and global influence, which are associated with the perspective on science and technology using data from the World Values Survey (WVS). Methodology- This study aimed to determine Turkey's position among 57 countries based on six variables associated with the perspective on science and technology, as indicated in the World Values Survey (WVS) data from 2017-2022. The study data were obtained through survey methods, and the relevant data for analysis were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software. Cluster analysis, a multivariate analysis method, was employed to test the research model constructed based on the literature. Findings- According to the results of the study, Turkey is positioned as a rapidly developing or emerging country among the world nations. Based on the cluster analysis of the survey responses conducted by WVS between 2017 and 2022, the cluster structure in which Turkey is included was examined, leading to the conclusion that the support provided by the economy in order for Turkey to make progress in science and technology is not sufficient. This observation is evident from Turkey being grouped together with other developing countries. Conclusion- Based on the analysis results, it has been observed that Turkey is grouped together with developing countries. It has been concluded that the support provided by the economy for Turkey to make progress in science and technology is not sufficient. Despite Turkey's economic strength, being a developing country requires allocating a significant amount of resources for development. Especially since the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the COVID-19 pandemic on March 11, 2020, countries have focused on improving and supporting healthcare policies to control the outbreak. It is possible that this situation has not significantly altered Turkey's perspective on science and technology compared to previous periods, as indicated by previous research findings. Therefore, Turkey's advancements and efforts in the field of economy alone will not be sufficient for the development of science and technology. In this era of rapid technological advancements, where everything is changing, it is important to enhance scientific publications, individual awareness, and accessibility to scientific data in order to accelerate development. This can contribute to advancing Turkey's perspective on science and technology. Keywords: Science, technology, perspective, multivariate statistics, cluster analysis JEL Codes: C38, C30, Q55

Investigating the Effects of Climate Policy Uncertainty on the Volatility of the U.S. Real Estate Markets

As climate change worsens, dangerous weather events are becoming more frequent or serve: Even the world's wealthiest nations could not put out large-scale fires, which are raging in the world. The rise of sea levels, the deadly floods, the imbalances between the temperatures, and the uncertainty in climate policy has raised many eyebrows in the last few years. Although climate change influences many sectors including real estate markets, information regarding the impacts of climate policy uncertainty on these markets remains poor. In order to analyze the impacts of climate change uncertainty on the real estate markets in the USA. We use the Climate Policy Uncertainty (CPU) index and the Volatility of the Real Estate Markets (REMV) index based on monthly data which starts in January-2000 and ends in March-2021. This study utilized the VAR model to analyze the collected data. Surprisingly, the results of the Granger causality test show no G-causality between the CPU index and the REMV index. This means that there is no statistically significant causal relationship between these two variables in the dataset used. Further, according to the results of the Impulse response test, the variables react to the shocks which come to themself positively and provide a meaningless result to the reactions between the variables. In other words, the shocks or disturbances within the variables do not lead to predictable or significant effects on the other variable. Lastly, the Variance decomposition test results show that the variables lagged by 99% of their dynamics and lagged by 1% of the other variables' dynamics. Generally, no negative connection can be observed between the two variables in the dataset used.

Profiles of Cognitional, Emotional, and Behavioural Characteristics Influencing Value Systems and Public Policies

This study purposed to analyze inter-influences among the administrators’ profiles of characteristics, their value systems, and their public policies in the situations of local governments in South Korea. The characteristic profiles are attributed to behavior, emotion, and cognition. The value systems are referred to as economics and job ethics. The public policies were divided into distribution and regulation. The research methods were based on a questionnaire that constructed items for the above three variables and requested Likert scales. The sample size was 1061, recruited from all eight Korean local governments. The results of the structure analysis suggested that the administrators’ decisions about their public policy were influenced by their value systems attributed to their characteristics profiles. Further studies required the application of this study’s paradigm to the diverse values and policies that were limited in this study and to the world's nations, where the governmental processes are different in economic ideology and political culture from Korean structures.

Small Nation in a Big World: Geopolitical Visions in President Mikheil Saakashvili’s Rhetoric

Abstract This article explores the interplay of Georgian national identity and foreign policy in the rhetoric of Mikheil Saakashvili, President of Georgia in 2004–13, and offers a theoretical framework that captures the complex nature of these interactions. Drawing on the scholarly tradition of critical geopolitics, the article examines perceptions and images of the role of Georgia and its position vis-à-vis the external world in the annual addresses delivered to the Parliament of Georgia. More specifically, the article explores four constitutive areas for Georgia’s geopolitical identity – the world, Europe, the United States and Russia – as well as the meanings attached to these spaces. By uncovering how these external spaces have been framed and communicated by President Saakashvili, the article adds to our understanding of the reasoning and ideational determinants of the foreign policy orientation of modern-day Georgia, as well as of the major tenets of its geopolitical identity.

Heading Towards Third World Status? The Decline of the U.S. As A Global Economic Power

There is an expectation that China will surpass the U.S. economy, around the year 2035. However, this development will involve more than Americans just moving to the number two spot in the world pecking order. The U.S. is undergoing a political and cultural transformation in which it is taking on characteristics and practices associated with developing nations of the third world. If this trend continues Americans could experience a lower standard of living, a shrinking military, and a loss of political and cultural influence. We could witness the decline of the U.S, as a major power, losing its competitive edge, to the extent that its role in international affairs will significantly diminish. Political and social conflict within the U.S., along with increasing instability, could lead to the breakup of the nation into several North American states. This paper will discuss and analyze developments in the U.S. which could lead to the end of its status as a first world global power. Keywords: Third World Status, Global Economic Power, Economy.

Exploring the Funding Challenges Faced by Small NGOs: Perspectives from an Organization with Practical Experience of Working in Rural Malawi.

Malawi is a small landlocked country in Southern Africa, which faces a number of development challenges. It is one of the world's poorest nations and over 70% of the population live below the International Poverty Line of $2.15 per day. Health inequalities are a well-documented problem and those most affected are women and children. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a vital role in supplementing government efforts to provide health services to vulnerable people in areas that are difficult to reach. The World Medical Fund (WMF) is a small medical charity that operates in the central, rural, Nkhotakota region of Malawi where many children lack access to even basic health services. To date, WMF has successfully provided free care and treatment for over 400,000 sick children, but its initiatives, such as mobile clinics, rely entirely on external donations. Since 2000, the funding resources available to small NGOs have declined and efforts to attract funding have become increasingly competitive. Frequently, the criteria used for funding decisions are too rigid, and do not reflect the difficult operating conditions on the ground in rural Africa. As one of the world's most highly resource constrained healthcare environments, Malawi illustrates the need for more flexible funding criteria from donors so that NGOs can carry out their work to save children's lives.

Doğu Anadolu Habitatlarından Domuz ayrığı (Dactylis glomerata L.) Türlerinin Moleküler Çeşitliliğinin ve Dağılımının Analizinde Buğday SSR Markerlerinin Uygulanabilirliği

Türkiye is one of the world's nations with the greatest flora diversity in different plants. Moreover, it possesses a high level of plant genetic diversity. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is one of the most important fodder species used during cool seasons since it is a hardy and perennial plant. The identification of Orchardgrass cultivars is essential for maximizing cultivar utilization, and safeguarding breeders' intellectual property. Dactylis glomerata L. is an allogamous, variable, monospecific genus with multiple subspecies distinguished by morphology, chromosomal count, and distribution. This genus has a single species, Dactylis glomerata L, which is comprised of multiple subspecies whose traits have not been exhaustively characterized. Using DNA assays that evaluated the transferability of nine SSR primers designed for wheat loci, the genetic diversity of 44 orchardgrass genotypes from eight naturally distributed locales in the Eastern Anatolia Area of Türkiye was calculated. On average, 6.78 alleles were discovered for each of the nine SSR primers, for a total of 61 alleles. A total of 54 polymorphic alleles were identified, with an average of 6.78 per primer. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.320 (WMC96) to 0.626% (XBARC187). The average polymorphism rate of 88.89% suggests a high amount of genetic diversity among all studied genotypes. The average expected heterozygosity (He) ranged between 0.178 (Ağrı) to 0.882 (Erzurum). The genetic separation ranged from 0.01 to 0.66. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the Dactylis glomerata L genotypes gathered in Eastern Anatolia are a rich source of genetic variability, supplying a vast array of genetic material for orchardgrass breeding efforts.

The Western World and United Nations handling of the Russia-Ukraine war: Implications for the global environment

This work critically examines the way the western world and the United Nations reacted to the Russia-Ukraine war and the implications of such actions for the rest of the world. The work made use of Neorealism as a framework of analysis, and secondary sources of data from books, documents, journals, newspapers, television stations, etc. were used. The study attempted to know the way the western world and the UN reacted to the war, the actions they took, the results of these actions, and the implications these actions have for the global environment. While doing so, the study discovered that the western world reacted quickly by using sanctions and arming the Ukrainian military, which would weaken Russia and possibly force Russia to withdraw its troops in Ukraine. Also, the study discovered that the UN did not react quickly and did not do much to stop Russia from unilaterally declaring an unjust war against Ukraine without provocation. The study made recommendations like the need for Western countries to arm Ukraine more, the formation of a global front as a way to react with one voice in condemning Russia, and the United Nations needing to be reformed as the security council makes it difficult for the UN to intervene when unprovoked attacks are mounted against nations by a superior country.