World Leader In Terms Research Articles

Миграция населения как элемент евроскептицистской повестки (политико-управленческий анализ)

The article examines the approaches to the regulation of migration processes by the major Eurosceptic parties. Based on the analysis of statistical information, it is established that the EU countries are among the world leaders in terms of the number of accepted migrants, which makes the migration agenda one of the most topi-cal and discussed in the EU countries. Large migration flows, among other risks, carry security risks. he events of New Year’s Eve in Cologne (2015), terrorist attacks in the editorial offices of Charlie Hebdo magazine (2015), Nice (2016), riots in France (2023), etc. have become a catalyst for the rise in anti-migrant sentiment and the growing popularity of parties advocating a tougher migration policy. In 2022, European countries are faced with a huge flow of refugees from the territory of Ukraine (more than 8 million according to the UN), which, despite being culturally and mentally much closer than migrants from Africa and the Middle East, in the absence of proper regulation can also be a source of economic and criminal problems, which again, as in 2015–2016, it necessary to pay close attention to the measures proposed by the parties of European skeptics.

Decarbonization Measure: A Concept towards the Acceleration of the Automotive Plant Decarbonization

Smart manufacturing systems enable simultaneous addressing of productivity, sustainability, and social improvements. The implementation of such systems in industries such as the automotive industry represents a promising way to meet stakeholders’ requirements concerning the decarbonization of their productive activities. In fact, this task is truly challenging for the automotive industry considering their complex organizational issues, generating knowledge sharing problems, and the diversity of plants’ context and characteristics. These facts make any decarbonization solution local, instead of being spread to a maximum of production units to potentially enhance decarbonization time efficiency. This article tackles these issues by providing a new organizational concept dealing with the relationships between decarbonization actors (energy managers and consultants) supported by the technical design of an IT knowledge management tool. These contributions will be based on the concept of decarbonization measure (DM) and illustrated by the case of Stellantis, one of the world leaders in terms of vehicle production, which develops a new organizational structure from local energy managers to corporate energy consultants.

Time and quantile domain connectedness between the geopolitical risk of China and precious metals markets

It is expected that the irrational behavior of the investors due to psychological reasons in risk situations, the decisions taken in fear and panic affect the performance of investment instruments, and thus the decisions of the diversified portfolio. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the existence of the argument that precious metals investments as an investment asset can protect against geopolitical risks and potentially act as a safe haven against such risks. To this end, we examine the impact of geopolitical risk for China, because China is the world leader in terms of the production of precious metals, on gold, silver, palladium, and platinum prices. In doing so, the monthly data from January 1990 to August 2022 is analyzed with time-varying quantile connectedness method. Our results show that especially during the higher tension periods such as the bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Yugoslavia in 1999, the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the trade war between the USA and China and Covid-19 pandemic, high precious metals have received spillover from the geopolitical risk index.

Russian Corporations Implementation of State Policy in Cooperation with Republic of Iraq (Field Development Example)

Introduction. Oil fields in the Republic of Iraq have traditionally been the subject to intense scrutiny of international fuel and energy companies. Iraq is one of the world leaders in terms of oil reserves. According to the Organization of Petroleum ExportingCountries (OPEC), Iraq ranks 4th in 2021 (145,019 million barrels). Russian oil companies are firmly expanding their presence in the Iraqi oil fields. In condition of unprecedented sanctions against Russia from the collective West, our country has to look for ways to ensure its energy sovereignty. Oil development in Iraq can be an effective way for Russian companies to achieve their potential. This article examines the prospects for increasing the reach of Russian oil companies in the oil fields of Iraq taking into account the current geopolitical situation, and the global agenda includes the opportunity for Russia to promote interests both in the Middle East and beyond.Materials and methods. In this study, general and particular scientific methods are applied. The genetic method should be highlighted, as it allowed to trace the process of formation and development of the Russian-Iraqi interaction, and to draw conclusion on the prospects for its expansion. The study also analyzes the international legal framework of Russian-Iraqi cooperation, oil production statistics in Iraq, materials published in the media, official statements by the Russian and Iraqi authorities.The results of the study. The conducted research allowed to substantiate the conclusion that Iraq is the most promising area for extending the activities of Russian oil companies. Nowadays, Russia and Iraq are following the path of multifaceted cooperation, including the economic sphere. Also, the prerequisites that favor joint activities of Russia and Iraq in the fuel and energy field are the proximity of the countries in the scientific and technical sphere, the extreme economic feasibility of increasing the volume of joint economic operations and the compliance of Russian-Iraqi collaboration with the national interests of both states.Discussion and conclusions. Partnership with the Republic of Iraq is of strategic importance for Russia in the Middle East. This is almost a win-win direction of foreign economic activity, since it brings mutual political and economic benefits. Iraq may become a new springboard for the penetration of Russian business deep into the Middle East region. It is necessary to further develop this course in order to adapt Russian politics and economy to the new realities of the international geopolitical situation.

The Status of Women in the Soviet Union

For centuries, many women have been at the forefront of the struggle for emancipation and political changes. Efforts at integrating the idea of emancipation into society was an important part of the Bolshevik ideology; thus, the October Revolution of 1917 brought women new hope and new expectations. The Soviet Union was the first country in the world to successfully open the door to new economic and educational opportunities for women. In 1917, the Bolshevik legislative initiatives provided them with full political and civil rights while new legislation made women legally equal to men. The constitution adopted in July 1918 secured the political and civil equality of women and men. However, the gender policy developed and implemented by Lenin significantly changed after his death. Until the second half of the 1930s, the Soviet Union remained the world leader in terms of providing women with equal rights. However, after the new leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin, came to power, the government policy on women and equality substantially transformed. During Stalin’s rule, the concept of “a new type of woman” was created. The early Bolshevik policy, which started with a radical liberal vision of individual freedom and women’s rights, devolved into an abyss of cynicism that burdened women with a disproportionate responsibility for unpaid work in the household. The purpose of this work is to study the role of women during the early Soviet period and to examine legal and political changes in women’s status. The study aims at explaining what the main goal of the Soviet gender policy was in fact, whether it actually changed the status of women and what crucial changes it ultimately brought to them. Using the method of content analysis, the content of official documents, press and scientific literature was analyzed. At the same time, attempts were made to identify and analyze the positive and negative results of the Soviet policy by applying the method of critical research.

Statistical modelling and forecasting of wheat and meslin export from Ukraine using the singular spectral analysis

The article addresses the problems related to the functioning of the worldwide market of wheat and meslin. The authors identify the countries that over the past 17 years have been among the top 10 world leaders in terms of the value of export and import of wheat and meslin. The structure of wheat export by Ukrainian regions is analysed in comparison with the total export. The localisation coefficient is applied to measure the regional unevenness of the distribution of wheat export volumes and the total export by regions of the country. The modelling and forecasting of the volumes and prices of export of wheat and meslin from Ukraine are based on Singular Spectrum Analysis. The study particularly focuses on the individual components of time series, such as trend, annual, semi-annual, four-month, three-month seasonal components. The reliability of the forecast is confirmed by the calculation of the MAPE forecast error and Henry Theil’s inequality coefficient. The article proposes an algorithm for calculating the relative indicators of the structure for the individual components of the reconstructed time series, identified through the singular spectral analysis.

A snapshot of teleradiology practice in Turkey: the results of a survey among radiologists.

This study featured a survey that offers a snapshot of various teleradiology practices in Turkey, a Group of Twenty country that has undertaken a major transformation of its health care system during the last two decades and is currently the world leader in terms of the combined number of per capita magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography examinations performed (which represent the bulk of teleradiology services worldwide). The study data was collected from 4736 Turkish Society of Radiology (TSR) members via an electronic platform in the web environment through a questionnaire consisting of 24 questions. The survey was conducted in a 3-month time window (March-May 2021). Statistical tools were used for the analysis of the quantitative data. Responses from 156 members of the TSR comprised the study data, revealing that teleradiology is used for various applications in Turkey. Almost half of the participants (49%) performed teleradiology only in the private sector. Half of the respondents (51%) stated that they reported images at home for multiple centers. Moreover, 38% of the participants had been reporting more than 50 examinations per day, and 74% of the respondents earned less than 0.50 Euro per examination they reported. The overall satisfaction with teleradiology among the teleradiologists was, on average, 4.7 out of 10 points. The results are both promising for the future (i.e., concerning the propensity for adopting new technology) and alarming for the current state of affairs (i.e., insufficient radiologist reimbursement and lack of licensing and accreditation of teleradiology service providers). Periodic surveys performed in countries with different health care systems concerning financial, technical, and medicolegal aspects might reveal an up-to-date landscape of teleradiology practices worldwide and help guide local and regional decision-makers.

Золотодобывающая промышленность России: санкционные шоки

The deliberate fragmentation of the world market as a result of the establishment of a global sanctions regime provoked a complete transition of both the Russian and the entire world economy to non-stationary modes of operation, one of the fundamental features of which are the deformations of the global monetary and financial system, which only two years ago seemed to have no alternative to the one based on the US dollar. One of the consequences of these events is the objective strengthening of the role of gold as the basis for the stability of national reserves and a single base in the transition to a plurality of global means of payment. The only source of replenishing gold reserves is gold mining, especially for modern Russia, which Western sanctions have effectively cut off from the world trade in gold. Russia has traditionally been one of the world leaders in terms of gold reserves and resources, ranking third in world production. Gold production in Russia increased by a factor of 1.5 in 2012–2021, facilitated by the growth rate of the Russian gold price relative to the global price due to the rise in the dollar exchange rate after 2014. At the same time, the share of gold in Russia’s gold and foreign exchange reserves is three times smaller than that of developed countries. This article discusses the problems of production localised in the regions of the Russian Far East and Siberia, its impact on the socio-economic development of these regions and the role of gold in the country’s economy. The impact of sanctions on the circulation of precious metals, including gold, is assessed. The authors assess the effects of external sanctions and the macroeconomic policy of the Russian Central Bank in terms of replenishing gold reserves and the volatility of the Russian ruble on gold production, the structure of gold consumption, and the economic situation in the gold mining industry

China’s Victory over Poverty: Myth or Reality?

The problem of poverty of the UN is put forward in the category of the most urgent and acute world problems inherent in most countries. Poverty reduction is an important priority goal of the social policy of many countries, including Rus sia. Ways to reduce poverty are being sought, and national strategies are being developed to overcome this problem. In recent years, China has demonstrated success in the fight against poverty, is recognized as a world leader in terms of the results achieved in this direction.Aim. To study China’s experience in reducing mass poverty, which is significant for the social practices of other countries.Tasks. Analyze China’s public policies to reduce poverty, strategies in solving the problem, social programs, measures of social support for low-income categories of citizens in the social security system. Review the results achieved, as well as the tasks set by the country in this direction for the future.Methods. The study uses a set of general scientific methods, such as analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, system-functional and integrated approach.Results. The results of the study of the state policy of China to reduce poverty as one of the most acute world problems are presented. The analysis made it possible to identify the state of the poverty problem in China in the dynamics over the past forty years, to highlight its features, scales and zones of concentration. The specifics of the modern strategic approach of the state policy of China both in the field of overcoming poverty and in the field of providing state social assistance to low-income categories of citizens are analyzed. The results of the analysis of the level of poverty in the country allow us to highlight the positive results achieved by the country to date.Conclusion. Conclusions are formulated about possible further difficulties in solving the problem of overcoming poverty in China due to the aging of the population and the growth of demographic disproportion in its composition.

Transforming US Agriculture: Perspective Directions for Development

The escalation of global problems in the XX1 century, such as limited natural resources, climate change, environmental protection and food security, stimulates the technological renewal of world agriculture, its transition to high-tech production methods. The US agriculture is not left aside in this transformation. Today this country is one of the world leaders in terms of the implementation of innovative solutions in agriculture. Information, bio-, nano-, and robotic technologies transfer makes agricultural work more efficient, and replace human labor. Innovative technologies in Precision Farming like artificial intelligence, GPS, drones and fine-grained data on topography, soils and other aspects of farmland allow farmers to target specific areas with fertilizers, pesticides and water, instead of blanket spraying. It results in Vertical farming offers many benefits that traditional farming cannot. It uses much less land, allows to grow regional or seasonal crops anywhere, year-round in the controlled environment. As a result, consumers (especially those in urban areas typically far from traditional farmlands) can have easier access to fresher, locally grown vegetables, berries, microgreens. One third of American farmers are using a few or all precision farming technologies. While vertical farming has a small market share yet, but it has huge growth potential as environment control, and crop production technologies are improved and production costs, especially energy costs, are reduced.

ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ВИСОКОЇ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА ПІД ЧАС ВИРОБНИЦТВА ОРГАНІЧНОЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ

Changes that are happening in competition conditions require of enterprises new approaches to production, as consumers' needs are high quality products, which led to the article to consider the basic principles of production of competitive organic products. It is because of receiving high-quality products the consumer prefers a certain producer. The aim of the article was to identify the main trends in the development of the organic market of the country. Analyze the domestic market of Ukraine, as well as study the dynamics of exports of certified organic products from Ukraine. In the conditions of intensification of competition the role of organic production for maintenance of sustainable development of territories grows; increasing the competitiveness of enterprises; efficient use of land, material and labor resources; increasing the level of healthy nutrition of the population; achieving social and environmental development of society. In addition, the definitions of "competitive capacity" and "organic production" of different scientists were considered in the article. The development of organic production and its relationship with competition was considered. Thus, the introduction of organic production is one of the conditions for increasing the competitive capacity of the enterprise, both in domestic and international market. For further analysis of the production of organic products, the article determined the place of Ukraine in the rating of international competition using the Global Competitiveness Index. The organic market of the country was analyzed, namely: the number of operators of organic production, the size of the area of agricultural land for organic purposes, the volume of sales of basic organic products in the domestic market. It was determined that dairy products take first place, cereals and grains, flour, seeds take second place, vegetables and fruits take third place in terms of sales of domestic organic products in Ukraine. As developing the domestic market of organic products, the country is increasingly involved in the international market, entering the world leaders in terms of area of agricultural land used for its growing, increasing offered products range and geography of deliveries, the article shows the main exporting countries of organic products.

Certification as a component of ensuring efficiency of organic productions activity

The trend towards healthy nutrition is gaining considerable popularity among the population both on global and domestic level. One of its main components is the consumption of organic products. Certification is considered an important way to confirm that certain products are organic. Ukraine is characterized by significant potential for the production of organic products, also our country is one of the world leaders in terms of their exports, providing significant financial income and population employment. As a result of Russia's military action, the activities of Ukrainian organic sector organizations have come under threat. The importance of certification for ensuring the effective activity of organic market operators, its legislative and regulatory base of its implementation in Ukraine, the main branches of organic production, state regulation of bodies for its implementation, stages and features of this process, its duration, official registration of its results were analyzed and researched in the article. The basic normative documents for conformity of which the certification of organic productions and products in the international, foreign and domestic practice is carried out were defined and characterized. A list of certification bodies for organic production recognized by the European Commission for the provision of control services for organic production and circulation of organic products in Ukraine, which have the right to issue certificates of inspection for export. It was determined that among them the domestic organization LLC "Organic Standard” is presented. Its services are characterized by the highest popularity at the Ukrainian level. Based on the analyzed material, it was investigated that certification significantly contributes to the effective operation of organic market participants, especially producers, creating conditions for consumer confidence, opening markets, cooperation, product diversification, product quality management and managing risks. Also it was established that certification is especially important for economic recovery in martial law.

The Indian Republic in the global energy markets

Energy is an integral part of the economic security of any state, and it is more complex, the lower the degree of provision with its mineral resources and the higher the number of the population living in the country. Being the undisputed world leaders in terms of population (1.4 billion people and 1.3 billion people), China and India are concerned about ensuring the energy security of their national economies. According to the latest forecasts formed by the International Energy Agency, by 2040, these two countries will become world leaders in terms of imports of mineral products (in this case: crude oil and natural gas). China is the world leader in exporting goods; India is implementing an economic and industrial policy to turn the country into a world manufacturing hub. In this regard, providing countries with energy resources is one of the most critical tasks. At the same time, a significant problem is a dependence on regular supplies of raw materials and world prices for energy carriers. Respectively, countries should pursue a policy of diversification of suppliers of mineral products. The subject of this study is the Republic of India and its position in the world energy markets; issues of energy security and energy policy are also highlighted.

Climate change impacts on the future offshore wind energy resource in China

Chinese offshore wind energy sector is experiencing a rapid growth. It is expected that China will become the world leader in terms of installed offshore wind energy capacity in the upcoming years. A multi-model ensemble of eight simulations from CORDEX project was considered to evaluate future offshore wind energy projections along the Chinese coast under the RCP8.5 warming scenario. Furthermore, offshore wind energy resource was classified attending to the richness of the resource, stability of the resource, risk and economic factors. The reliability of the CORDEX multi-model ensemble was analyzed by comparing CORDEX wind speed with two different datasets: in-situ data from oceanic buoys and ERA5 database. A general wind power density decrease was observed for the near future and the far future. At seasonal scale, differences were found depending on the season. Thus, a clear reduction was projected during spring, whilst increases were observed in wide areas during winter or autumn. Regarding the classification of the future offshore wind energy resource for the upcoming decades, most of the Chinese coastal area was defined as good or excellent due to its high offshore wind energy richness that compensate the low values on stability of the resource and risk factor.

Assessing the implementation of the circular economy in the EU countries

The circular economy (CE) is generally an economic system which aims to reduce waste and reuse resources. Predetermined by the need for new sources of sustainable development in the current conditions of global environmental issues and qualitative and quantitative limitations of resources, this promising concept has recently fuelled a broad international discussion. The circular economy is now an urgent global priority for policymakers as well, especially in the EU.Given these facts, the benefits and impact of a circular economy with an emphasis on waste and recycling management are being investigated on supranational and national levels (in the EU and its member nations, which are world leaders in terms of its adoption). Systematisation, comparative analysis, benchmarking and generalisation, economic and mathematical modelling (the formation of a model of recycling efficiency in the context of the CE in the EU based on the Eurostat data on the CE in the EU) and statistical methods were the research methods used in the study. It was proven that waste recycling rates have a significant impact on the EU recyclable raw materials trade. The proposed methodology of modelling the CE results can be used for other countries/companies. The research may help to promote effective reformation of global economics by propelling sustainable development.

Manufacturing the Image of a Country through Sport: Granma’s Press Coverage of Cuba’s Performance from the 1976 Montreal Olympics to the 2016 Rio Olympics

Since Cuba’s revolution in 1959, the country has found itself among the Olympic medal world leaders in terms of medals won against population size. Given the growing importance of the relationship between politics, major sporting events, and the media, this research uses predominantly qualitative methodology to analyze Cuban newspaper Granma’s coverage of the sporting successes of Cuba between the 1976 Montreal Olympics and the 2016 Rio Olympics. The longitudinal study of this 40-year period reveals that, in addition to its extensive coverage of the island’s ‘star’ sports – baseball, boxing, athletics, and volleyball – the news publication has systematically and effectively used sporting achievements as a way of putting the country on the map and lending it political legitimacy, both locally and worldwide. The epic language that has dominated Granma’s narrative has served to extol the successes of government policies, making the country a guiding light for the whole of Latin America. Thanks to the constant presence of winning athletes, who have filled the pages with their highly politically charged and emotive declarations, the narrative adopted by the publication has also acted as the mouthpiece for the key values and ideas of the revolution.

Вплив пандемії COVID-19 на процес діджиталізації світової торгівлі

The article is devoted to the study of the trend of digitalization of world trade in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper presents the dynamics of global Internet trade and its share in total trade during the period 2015-2020. The following trends were identified: the annual growth rate of e-commerce for the period 2015-2019 was approximately 20%, and in 2020 due to the pandemic COVID-19 the volume of e-commerce increased by 27.6% while reducing the total volume of retail trade by 3 %. The paper analyzes the regional division of e-commerce as of 2020. The analysis revealed that the Asia-Pacific region became the world leader in terms of sales. Also, the article provides an analysis of the growth rate of e-commerce. Based on the analysis, it is hypothesized that the COVID-19 pandemic has catalyzed a new wave of growth in e-commerce in the "old regions" – North America and Western Europe. The study shows the top ten countries in terms of e-commerce sales in 2019 and 2020. One change in the composition was revealed - instead of Russia in 2020, Spain joined the composition. The paper analyzes the changes in the volume and structure of ecommerce in China, the United States, Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Greece, Poland and Ukraine. As a result of the study, it can be argued that the COVID-19 pandemic can be considered a real catalyst for further digitalization of trade.

Interview: Ambassador John B. Emerson on the Future of the United States’ Relationship with Germany

In this interview with GJIA from early December 2020, former US Ambassador to Germany John B. Emerson, who now chairs the American Council on Germany, discusses the decline of US-German relations under former President Donald Trump, as well as the dubious path that his successor faces to repair one of America’s most critical friendships. First and foremost, there was a difference in leadership. Even though we have four percent of the world’s population, we are now the world leader in terms of COVID-19 deaths and infections, which is pretty stunning given the high quality of our scientific research and of our healthcare infrastructure. Working collaboratively to develop trusted technology with national security implications, as well as artificial intelligence protocols, are other areas where German and American companies, as well as European companies, can work together in consortiums— potentially with funding from the European Union, member states, and the United States— [to] conduct basic research to help address challenges like this.

The impact of technological innovations on employment in the financial sector

The object of research is the employment in the financial sector of three countries with different levels of development – the United Kingdom, South Korea, and Ukraine. It is well known that the current stage of the industrial revolution (“Industry 4.0”) is fundamentally different from previous ones, as it threatens the massive displacement of mental labor. This paper attempts to assess the impact of technological innovations on employment in the financial sector.Theoretical, statistical, and econometric methods are used in this research. The paper systemizes the various points of view on how the fourth industrial revolution may affect the labor market and attempts to test the validity of existing approaches. An analysis of the relationship between each country's level of technological development (which is measured by the Global innovation index) and the number of employees in the financial sector over the past seven years is conducted. A single-factor model is constructed for each country.Correlation and regression analysis prove the inverse relationship between the indicators in all countries: the higher the level of innovation, the lower the employment level. The results differ among countries only in terms of the strength of the relationship. The strongest relationship is found in South Korea, although the country is lower in the ranking of innovation potential and achievements compared to the United Kingdom. At the same time, South Korea is known as the world leader in terms of the number of robots per capita. However, the obtained results allow to state that there is a strong correlation between the two indicators in both developed countries.In Ukraine, there is a clear downward trend of employment in the financial sector, and the values of the Global innovation index are noticeably smaller and quite volatile. Econometric analysis shows that the relationship is also inverse, as in developed countries, but it is weaker. Therefore, the research results confirm the fears of those economists who extend the negative consequences of technological innovations to developing countries.

Successes of Denmark and Germany in the field of transfer of its economies from fossil to alternative energy sources

Europe is transforming its energy balance and increasing the use of local renewable energy sources. Russia's economy depends on the export of fossil (non-renewable) energy resources. About half of the country's energy resources are exported, primarily to European countries. A change in the fuel and energy balance of European countries, as the main consumer of Russian energy resources, will affect the Russian economy. Therefore, Russia urgently needs to know the state of alternative energy in Europe. The purpose of this article is to assess the growth rate of the share of innovative alternative energy sources in the energy balance of Germany and Denmark, as leading countries. The background for the implementation of energy policy in the field of alternative energy is different. First of all, these are countries with developed economies. They need a reliable, uninterrupted supply of energy sources. The Danish government was the first among European countries to evaluate the potential of alternative energy and began to develop it. Denmark is the first country in Europe to use wind energy to generate electricity. In 1991, the first offshore wind energy plant in Europe appeared in Denmark. Germany started the construction of wind power parks only in 2008. Nevertheless, today Germany, along with China and the United States, is among the top three world leaders in terms of wind power capacity, and also has become one of the world leaders in terms of the total installed capacity of solar panels. In absolute terms, characterizing the development of alternative energy, Germany is the world leader, in relative terms - Denmark. Germanys economy is many times larger than Denmarks. Therefore, Germany cannot rebuild the fuel structure of its economy as fast as Denmark. The Danish leadership has set ambitious goals for the development of alternative energy. In 2050, 100% of the energy supplied to end consumers will be generated from renewable sources. Germany cannot rebuild its economy with this fast pace. In Germany in 2050, the share of renewable energy in final energy consumption will be 60%. Germany, unlike Denmark, initially relied not on the development of alternative energy, but on the development of nuclear energy. However, through consistent energy policies, it has become a world leader in alternative energy use. When Germany began to implement energy policy, it already had a prototype - Denmark. But then, as the study showed, the country chose its own path. And then Germany and Denmark developed alternative energy in different ways. Nowadays the international cooperation has a great importance. Germany and Denmark collaborate in regional and transregional projects in terms of renewable energy sources. North Sea Wind Power Hub is a successful example of their work together. The experience of Germany and Denmark has shown that alternative energy development programs do not exist by themselves. The alternative energy development program is only part of several other related programs. Among them are programs on the rejection of the use of nuclear energy (in relation to Germany), measures to increase the energy efficiency of economies, construction of infrastructure, changes in the organizational structure of energy, etc. Nowadays, many countries in the world pursue an energy policy in the field of renewable energy. In 2009, Russia also committed to increase the share of alternative energy sources to 4.5% by 2020. In the implementation of this policy, it is necessary to take into account the experience of Western countries. The difficulties faced by countries in the new energy sector do not allow us to talk about a decrease in their dependence on energy imports.