World History Research Articles

Touching the Franks Casket: Global History and the Trojan Past on an Early Medieval English Object

Abstract The contribution examines the Franks Casket, a whale-bone casket probably produced in the northern British kingdom of Northumbria in the eighth century that displays a number of carved images referencing events from different cultural and temporal contexts as well as inscriptions in Roman script and runes, Latin and Old English. We focus on the casket’s lid, which shows a siege scene, with an archer prominently displayed towards the middle, the word ægili carved above him. Traditionally understood as a reference to an unknown story about Weland’s brother Egil, the image has also been read as a depiction of the siege of Troy by a minority of scholars. While we offer evidence that the latter reading is at least somewhat better founded than the former, we argue that the lid’s design does not necessarily invite a straightforward identification with a single cultural context but rather works as a hinge that ties together the various cultural and temporal references on the casket. In allowing the viewer to construct various contexts in which the image might be viewed, the Franks Casket suggests their fundamental compatibility, as if the supposedly distinct historical and legendary materials had always overlapped and permeated each other. Taking into account the object’s material and aesthetic form thus makes it possible to break away from all-too-simple narratives of historical succession and helps us understand the complex temporalities that early medieval English art was capable of generating.

Cultural Tourism as a Resource for Memory Studies

The article is devoted to the comprehension of tourism as an important tool for the preservation of cultural and historical heritage and the transmission of collective memory. Cultural and historical heritage (both tangible and intangible) is a factor in strengthening national identity and maintaining collective memory, being at the same time one of the main tourist resources that allow us to get in touch with history and culture. The study of the phenomenon of tourism from the perspective of memory studies clearly demonstrates that the direct visit of tourists to significant historical sites with a high level of symbolic capital contributes to a better perception of the images of the past embedded in them, and the impressions and experiences help not only to remember the information, but also to feel their own belonging to a certain culture. The example of sites important in the context of global and local history, such as the Battle of Stalingrad Museum-Reserve (Volgograd), the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum (Auschwitz) and the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, shows how places of memory become popular tourist destinations without being overly commodified and commercialized. Consequently, a targeted approach to the positioning of cultural and historical sites and working with niche types of tourism that reflect the characteristics of specific places of memory provide an opportunity to develop tourism as one of the key forms of actualizing the past. This helps to attract a wide audience to learn about their history through interaction with authentic sites, rather than solely through entertainment media, and also reduces the risk of loss of cultural and historical heritage, which makes it possible to consider areas remote from major cultural centers as promising destinations.

Becoming Modern and Secular: A Review Essay on Recent Work on Islam and South Asia

Abstract The Muslims of South Asia are more than five hundred million people, distributed between Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh, and there are more Muslims in South Asia than in any other region in the world. After Indonesia, which is the largest Muslim country in the world, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh are the second, third, and fourth largest Muslim countries, respectively. Although the prevalent approach in the study of Islam is to consider its so-called Arab character as central, the Muslims in pre-Partition India constituted the largest body of Muslims in the world, and the vast political and intellectual influence exerted by South Asian Muslims on the wider Muslim world is often neglected. Many of the most important political, intellectual, and spiritual developments within Islam have had their origins, or have flourished, in South Asia, and Muslims from the region have played important roles in the global history of Islam, including during the colonial period, in resistance to colonial rule, and in intellectual responses to and dialogue with Western thought. Pakistan was specifically created to provide a homeland for South Asia’s Muslim population and its trials and tribulations over the past seventy-five years have been carefully watched by Muslims and non-Muslims alike. Muslims constitute India’s largest minority, with an often uneasy—to say the least—relationship to the majority. In the context of the three books under discussion, I explore issues, such as secularism, modernity, and religion, and their impacts on the conception of the nation-state that was promoted during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as an expression of political modernity.

Natural Products and Traditional Medicine: Investigating the Role of Natural Products and Traditional Medicine in Modern Pharmacology

Natural products and Traditional medicines have been in the use for effective management of diseases and care of human suffering for the last thousands of years and are depicted to contain a vast database of Bioactive molecules of immense therapeutic significance. The following paper’s purpose is to reflect on these practice in arts of pharmacology with regards to their history, origin, operation, and challenges in the modern world. These are plant compounds, animal, and minerals and how they have been used in former time and even in this 21st century. Modern trends and novel approaches suggest that new technologies in the genomics, proteomics and metabolomics will change the direction of the natural products research emphasizing molecular targeting as well as the individual approach towards patient treatment. It also talks about the problems of standardization and quality of the work done; therefore there is a great emphasis on the clinical trial they also go further to address rules that govern the application of such technologies. Secondly, the expansion in the usage of complementary medicine and integrative approach with natural substances in treating diseases, as well as attempts to educate doctors and other healthcare practitioners on the merits of traditional medicine. Hence, the focus of future prospects continues to be laid on advanced technologies and the role of global multilateralism in progress and regulation. The author has demonstrated a lot more about modern pharmacology within this review and is making a call for assimilation of the modern discovery with native knowledge for the benefit of mankind.

Analysis of the Role of Internationalization of Vocational Education in Enhancing Students' Global Competitiveness

In the context of globalization, the internationalization of vocational education has become an important way to enhance students' global competitiveness. This paper analyzes the definition and connotation of the internationalization of vocational education, its global development history, and the current situation in China. It explores the specific paths through which the internationalization of vocational education can enhance students' global competitiveness, including international curriculum design, international exchanges and cooperation, the internationalization of faculty teams, and the utilization of international educational resources. The paper summarizes the issues encountered during the implementation of vocational education internationalization and proposes corresponding improvement suggestions and future development trends. The research shows that the internationalization of vocational education can significantly enhance students' vocational skills, cross-cultural communication abilities, and international perspectives

A History of Water: Being an Account of a Murder, an Epic and Two Visions of Global History. By EdwardWilson‐Lee. William Collins. London, 2022. 344 pp. £25.

A History of Water: Being an Account of a Murder, an Epic and Two Visions of Global History. By EdwardWilson‐Lee. William Collins. London, 2022. 344 pp. £25.

Thinking with the Spanish Empire: The Religious Orders and World Evangelization

ABSTRACT This article argues that in order to achieve a fuller and more accurate understanding of the history of the early modern Spanish world, we need to study the Spanish Empire as an integrated and coherent unit of analysis, instead of separating it into nation-state fragments or simply placing it in the background of our studies. It was an empire that, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, was not only European and American but also African and Asian, especially during the period of the union of the Spanish and Portuguese Crowns between 1580 and 1640. An imperial mindset, great mobility, and a global perspective characterized the lives and mentalities of many inhabitants of the empire. This was especially evident in the case of the religious orders, which played a fundamental role in the history of the Spanish Empire. Many of their members, both male and female, thought and acted within a worldwide framework, not only because they saw the conversion of all the peoples of the world to Catholicism as their inescapable, pressing task, but also because they inhabited a polity whose mental horizons were equally global in scope.

Eyelid dermatitis in patch-tested adult patients: a systematic review with a meta-analysis

Eyelid dermatitis (ED) affects a cosmetically significant area and leads to patients’ distress. Despite ongoing and recent research efforts, ED remains a multidisciplinary problem that needs further characterization. We aimed to evaluate the atopic eyelid dermatitis (AED) frequency in ED patients and to perform their clinical profiling. PubMed databases were searched from 01.01.1980 till 01.02.2024 to PRISMA guidelines using a search strategy: (eyelid OR periorbital OR periocular) AND (dermatitis or eczema). Studies with patch-tested ED patients were included. Proportional meta-analysis was performed using JBI SUMARI software. We included 65 studies across Europe, North America, Asia and Australia, with a total of 21,793 patch-tested ED patients. AED was reported in 27.5% (95% CI 0.177, 0.384) of patch-tested ED patients. Isolated ED was noted in 51.6% (95% CI 0.408, 0.623) of 8453 ED patients with reported lesion distribution, including 430 patients with isolated AED. Our meta-analysis demonstrated that the AED frequency in patch-tested ED patients exceeded the previous estimate of 10%. Isolated AED was noted in adult patients, attending contact allergy clinics. Future studies are needed to elucidate the global prevalence and natural history of isolated AED in adults.

On the Place and Meaning of World History in the Historiosophy of N.Ya. Danilevsky

The historical and philosophical theory of cultural and historical types formulated in Danilevsky’s “Russia and Europe” is often interpreted as opposing the world history concept. This is contradicted by the fact that Danilevsky himself uses the world history concept as a working concept and, moreover, expresses his substantive judgements on this subject. In our opinion, this circumstance is not a contradiction on Danilevsky’s part. According to the approach outlined in the article, first of all “Russia and Europe” is a political treatise and the primary issue discussed in it (and the corresponding plan of consideration) is the problem of action and the subject of action. A cultural and historical type, fully developed, is formalized into a system of states or a state (with the former option being preferred by Danilevsky as providing more opportunities for development). Thus, they also act as subjects of action in themselves, but at the same time their system is also capable of acting as such (the system of international law, which in Danilevsky’s time is fundamentally limited, first as the system of international law of Christian nations and then, since the 1860s, of “civilized” ones). World history appears exclusively in terms of theoretical comprehension. It follows that it is impossible to act from world history — that is to speak on behalf of history. Danilevsky’s thesis itself appears to be complexly structured, disintegrating into two parts: the absence of such a historical subject as mankind and the impossibility to speak about “meaning in history” within the framework of positive scientific knowledge. It is noted that both parts of the thesis are autonomous and thus can be discussed separately, i.e. the refutation/rejection of one does not automatically mean the rejection of the other.

Food, Empire, and Mobility: An Introduction

Abstract Imperial and global histories of commodity and food trades predominantly emphasize a South-to-North orientation. This emphasis has tended to obscure lateral networks between colonies and smaller-scale geographies of exchange, particularly across the tropics. The five articles in this special issue address different ways in which food production, trade, and consumption evolved under colonial influence across Asia, Australia, and the Pacific, and variously through transcolonial and trans-imperial connections. This introduction briefly surveys the historiography, summarizes the articles' connecting themes, and outlines the new angles of vision they offer into histories of commodities and colonial modernity.

‘The True and Scientific Religion’

Abstract A scientific worldview is taken to be a dominant factor of European secularity but peculiarly absent in Africa. Taking cues from the multiple secularities and global religious history approaches, the article uses global entanglements as a critical analytical tool to investigate the formation of our present, shared conditions, without essentializing cultural European/African differences. The core question is: Why, how and under which circumstances do people adapt global regimes of secularity, in this case particularly: global debates on religion and science? The article analyzes three lecture-transcripts, delivered by the West African intellectual John Augustus Abayomi Cole and printed in the West African newspaper Lagos Standard. In the context of Christian intellectuals in late nineteenth century West Africa, these lectures discussed African religion as congruent with science. This argument was possible through Abayomi Cole’s adaptation of esotericism, specifically its claim to true religion and science. Thereby, Abayomi Cole tried to negotiate independence from European missionary oversight.

Afterword

Abstract What is at stake in exploring colonialism and print from the perspective of social history? This collection of articles shows how a social history perspective can tie together people, places, and themes that are often kept separate, opening new avenues of inquiry. As the editors argue in their introduction, by focusing on “the materiality of printing and the ground-level practices and “tactics” of production and circulation,” we can locate “histories of print within the world of comparative social analysis, rather than singularly within book, cultural, or intellectual history.” And, we might add, this in turn enables us to reach a deeper appreciation of the operation of colonial print and print’s place in the history of the modern world. In this short afterword, I would like to pull together some of the themes that stand out for me in this collection, and what they might suggest in terms of ways forward for research. My perspective is as a historian of print culture, and more particularly print media, in twentieth-century Africa.

Piagetian Theory and the Psychogenetic Development of Humankind Throughout History. Towards a General Theory of the Human Being.

J. Piaget wanted to study children to find a key to understanding history of mind, culture, science, and philosophy. The new theory program, called the structural-genetic theory program, developed by the author of this article, is an off-spring of Piagetian theory and follows Piaget's main idea concerning the study of parallels between ontogenetic and historical developments. It maintains the full identity of the child's psyche and that of the adult archaic human being concerning traits and features of the preoperational stage and partially the concrete operational stage, thereby evidencing the total sally of the formal operational stage in the minds of archaic people. The identity of the stage structures is not partially given but rather entirely and implies even the smallest details. The article exemplifies this identity concerning several central issues, such as logic, physical understanding, categories such as causality and chance, animism, personification of plants and animals, belief in magic, metamorphosis, ghosts, and understanding of dreams and myths. Accordingly, there is no difference between ontogenetic stages and the psychogenetic development of humankind throughout history. Historically, humankind has gone through the same stages as children do. The new theory program presents the fundamental theory of the human being as he or she existed in history and peopled archaic, ancient, and medieval societies. Consequently, the world history of culture, mind, worldview, politics, law, science, philosophy, morals, religion, and arts must be reconstructed in terms of stages, a task already accomplished by the new program, at least to a certain extent.

Islamic Architecture: A World History

Islamic Architecture: A World History

마립간기·중고기 신라 왕실의 婚俗 재검토

Examining the marriage relationships of the Silla kings in the 5th and 6th centuries as seen in Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa, they married Queen Kim in the 5th century. However, after King Jijeung's reign, Queen Park appeared and continued to the Jinji Dynasty. After Prince Dongryun, the son of King Jinheung, married Lady Manho, who is Kim, Queen Kim appeared again. In other words, except for marrying Queen Park for three generations after King Jijeung, it took the form of Kim's same-surname marriage or tribal endogamy and consanguineous marriage. In this regard, many previous studies understood that this endogamy was made for the purpose of maintaining the sacred appearance of the royal family, and that Queen Park appeared due to King Jijeung's emergency accession. However, this was due to the characteristics of the Silla's Bu-system. From the perspective of Bu-system theory, it can be confirmed that the queens of the Maripgan period were the daughters of King Galmun from Satakbu, and all the queens after King Jijeung's reign were Park from Moryangbu. Based on this, we can understand two things: the kings from Takbu got married women from Satakbu for generations, and King Jijeung, Beopheung, and Jinheung from Satakbu married women from the different Bu, Moryangbu. This implies that the marriage custom of Silla's royal family was not endogamy but exogamy based on Bu-system, which was the same as the custom of Goguryeo and Baekje. It means that the marriage custom of Silla's royal family also did not deviate significantly from the form of tribal exogamy and class endogamy which is commonly found in world history. Meanwhile, many researchers were interested in two subjects: the reason why Kim Chun-chu was Jin-gol(True bone), and whether he was already married when he was in a relationship with Kim Moon-hee(Queen Munmyeong). Marriage between Kim Yong-chun and Lady Cheonmyeong was likely class endogamy between children of concubines of King Jinji and King Jinpyeong. This may naturally explain why Kim Chun-chu was Jin-gol, not being Seong-gol(Sacred bone). And because there were some difficulties in accomplishing the marriage between Kim Chun-chu and Moon-hee, it is commonly believed that Kim Chun-chu already had a wife before he met Moon-hee and Gotasorang, who died with Kim Pum-seok during the battle at Daeyasung, was the daughter of Kim Chun-chu's first wife. In this paper,however, I pointed out the problems with these understandings and inferred that Gotasorang was the daughter of Kim Moon-hee.

A Study of the Image of China in American High School History Textbooks: A Case Study of McGraw-Hill’s World History and Geography

A Study of the Image of China in American High School History Textbooks: A Case Study of McGraw-Hill’s World History and Geography

DIDACTIC ANALYSIS OF THE PANSLAVISTIC MYTHOLOGY IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTIONS OF IVAN MIRCHUK

In the article, the author analyzes the views of the leading ideologues of the concept of pan-Slavism in the Russian Empire, who, according to Ivan Mirchuk, had a decisive influence on the formation of the modern ideological mythologeme of the hegemony of the Russian state on a planetary scale and contributed to the deepening of ideological differences between Western and Eastern civilizations. Using the example of the arguments of representatives of the Slavophile stream of Russian Pan-Slavism regarding its messianic role in the history of the Slavic peoples, the researcher proves the absurdity of the very idea of the superiority of one nation over another. At the same time, intelligence focuses the reader’s attention on those dangerous tendencies of the spread of this theory, which in the future may lead to global world conflicts with catastrophic consequences.Following the further development of the ideology of pan-Slavism during the second half of the 20th century, the researcher reveals the process of transformation of Moscow messianism into the leading role of the now Soviet (Soviet) people in world history, which received its theoretical embodiment in the concept of pan-Sovietism. It was she who contributed to the final consolidation of the lawless position of the Slavic peoples within the framework of a single state entity on the territory of Eastern Europe, and the emergence of a new socio-cultural generation with an ideologically shaped rejection of values contrary to communist ideals and a negative attitude towards the entire surrounding world.The research methodology is based on the philosophical-anthropological and psychological analysis of the key ideas of the concept of pan-Slavism and pan-Sovietism in the historical-philosophical studies of I. Mirchuk. In particular, we used formal-logical, critical and hermeneutic methods of research to reveal the process of transformation of the pan-Slavism mythology in modern Russia and its influence on the socio-political life of other Slavic peoples. Among the general scientific methods, the methods of deduction and comparison came in handy, which helped to analyze the views of individual representatives of various pan-Slavic currents on the problem of uniting the Slavic peoples into a single ethnic substratum in different historical time periods. And the principles of objectivity and systematicity helped us dispel the myth of Russian messianism among other Slavic peoples.Conclusion. Thus, the main mythologeme of the ideology of Pan-Slavism in the studies of the Slavic scholar I. Mirchuk was reduced to the messianic role of Russia and its people, as the leader among the entire Slavic world, in relation to all other, primarily European nations. Neglecting the historical and spiritual contribution to the development of the world culture of other nations and peoples, the Moscow Empire to this day continues to call itself the only center of true Christian traditions, which strives to lead the planet to a better future. Declaring itself the successor of the Roman Empire as the “Third Rome”, Muscovy, and later the Soviet Union, completely usurped the right of other Slavic peoples of the continent to independently choose their own path of state formation and social development.The transformational processes experienced by pan-Slavism at the beginning of the 20th century brought only the change of the name of the ideology to pan-Sovietism, fully preserving the essence of the imperial unity principle in all spheres of social and political life of the communist era. According to the leading communist ideologues, all the best that the world had could be found only in the Soviet Union, or rather in its capital. Other Slavic peoples got the desired equality only in the negative attitude of the center towards any manifestations of their own spiritual identity and economic initiatives, which were instantly punished by brutal repression and physical destruction under the slogans of finding non-existent enemies of the people and invented counter-revolutionary activities. The theoretically attractive idea of the special purpose of the Slavic peoples in the international arena has in practice turned into an imperial totalitarian dictatorship of one country, which wanted only one thing – world domination.

TRILHANDO NOVOS CAMINHOS: PERSPECTIVAS INTERDISCIPLINARES NA HISTÓRIA GLOBAL

The study addresses the need for an interdisciplinary approach to a broader and deeper understanding of global history. Instead of restricting himself to a single discipline, such as history, anthropology or sociology, the author defends the integration of different areas of knowledge. This approach allows for a more comprehensive analysis of historical events, taking into account not only political and economic aspects, but also social, cultural and environmental aspects. By forging new interdisciplinary paths, researchers can explore complex connections and interactions between different cultures, societies and regions of the world. This includes the analysis of trade, migration, conflicts and cultural exchanges over time. Furthermore, the interdisciplinary perspective allows for a deeper understanding of people's individual and collective experiences throughout history. This includes the study of everyday practices, cultural identities, and symbolic representations that have shaped past and present societies. Through the integration of different disciplines, researchers can also address contemporary issues with a more informed understanding of the past. This includes analyzing pressing global problems such as climate change, social inequality and ethnic conflicts in light of lessons learned from history. In short, the adoption of interdisciplinary perspectives in global history is essential for a more complete and contextualized understanding of the world in which we live, allowing us to follow new paths of discovery and understanding.

Educational Policy and Activities of East India Company (1600-1765)

Abstract: The 19th century witnessed a profound transformation in the political landscape of many regions, characterized by the rise of nationalism and the subsequent formation of nation-states. This research work delves into the historical context, key drivers, and consequences of this significant historical phenomenon. The research offers light on a crucial time in global history by investigating the causes of nationalism and its effects on the formation of nation-states. Employing a multidisciplinary approach, the research draws from historical, political, and sociocultural perspectives to analyze the rise of nationalism. It delves at how many peoples inside established empires and territories felt a feeling of commonality due to their shared cultural, linguistic, and historical identities. The work delves into the influence of Enlightenment ideas, Romanticism, and intellectual movements that fueled the concept of self-determination and the sovereignty of distinct nations. The study also scrutinizes the role of key historical events and figures that catalyzed the nationalist fervor. From the unification of Italy led by Giuseppe Garibaldi to the German unification orchestrated by Otto von Bismarck, the work examines the strategies employed to consolidate fragmented territories into cohesive nation-states. It also considers the implications of these transformations on regional stability, diplomacy, and balance of power. Furthermore, the research investigates the potential tensions arising from the juxtaposition of national identities and existing imperial structures. It delves into instances where nationalism clashed with multiethnic empires, often leading to complex negotiations of autonomy, self-governance, or secession.

Book Review: Cowrie Shells and Cowrie Money: A Global History by Bin Yang

Book Review: <i>Cowrie Shells and Cowrie Money: A Global History</i> by Bin Yang