World Historiography Research Articles

Sanxingdui in the Historiography of the Republic of Korea

Тhe purpose of this article is to analyze the degree of archaeological and scientific knowledge on the territory of the Republic of Korea of the site and culture of Sanxingdui, discovered in 1986 in the Sichuan province of the People’s Republic of China. The Sanxingdui site entered world historiography due to the finds of magnificent bronze objects – such as face masks, human statues and “sacred trees”. The sources of the work were 28 printed works published in the Republic of Korea, the authors or translators of which were South Korean specialists. As a result of the analysis of South Korean publications that used materials from the Sanxingdui site or culture, the following conclusions can be drawn. The site and culture of Sanxingdui did not go without deserved attention in South Korean historiography. The main types of publication of Sanxingdui materials are chapters in general works on the history and culture of ancient China, as well as articles on Chinese and East Asian mythology and linguistics. A whole series of research projects under the leadership of Professors Kim Hyunja and Kim Seonja is devoted to the reflection of mythological images in the Sanxingdui culture. Also in the Republic of Korea, two Masters thesis were defended in which materials from the Sanxingdui site were used to solve applied problems. The site and culture of Sanxingdui have left a clear mark on South Korean historiography, though not always original.

Differentiating Religion from Problem and Religious Problems from Each Other: Before and Today

This study aims to understand and interpret the process of turning religion into a problem. Expressed differently, religious problems in the context of globalization will be the object of historical analysis regarding their meaning and interpretation. Although this analysis can be done in a separate way of treatment, perhaps as a preparation for such a study, efforts will be made to take over some initiatives previously carried out in this field, the issue is treated from the historical perspective: before and today. At the same time, it is very important to show that terms such as Christianity and Islam, seen from the point of view of their proponents, are used in connection with the process of turning religion into a problem. The process of turning Christianity into a problem is named by historians and sociologists as the process of secularization, which is described as removing temporal (material) religions from their ruling domains to make them independent and humanitarian. Finally, turning religion into a problem and secularization are two separate expressions of the same phenomenon. If there is secularization anywhere, religion has become a problem; if somewhere religion has become a problem, this is a sign of secularism. Meanwhile, in the Islamic world, secularism was previously carried out by a process that preceded secularism, thus turning Islam into a problem. The name of this problem is colonialism. Expressed differently, in the Islamic world, both secularization and the transformation of Islam into a subordinate problem because of secularism are the results of colonialism. The spread and expansion of secularism in the Islamic world came about as a natural result of the spread and expansion of colonialism. Among its historical conditions, the classical period, even though it is a specificity that at first glance does not seem very important - when compared to the colonial conditions that have to differentiate specifics of our subject, the importance comes to the fore clearly - is the fact that political authority has been in the hands of Muslims and that, therefore, social organization has been realized in its authentic terms. Therefore, two specifics, historical conditions and human nature have been, firstly, the tool and secondly, as an external visual form of being, and all issues and solutions to situations have been realized in such authentic conditions. At this point, Islam, and Christianity, stripping themselves of traditions, were oriented to recall purely and, in this context, a new attitude began to develop, such as the understanding and reinterpretation of the fundamental religious texts, about which these beliefs were discussed. In this study, we are dealing with an innovation regarding the meaning and interpretation of religious texts, indirectly expressed by differentiating religion from believers. There is one thing that cannot be discussed, it is the process of turning religion into a problem and religious problems from each other. Furthermore, in this study, we will be careful not to openly criticize one of the descriptive and comparative methods used by world historiography. On the one hand, the methods are directly related to their issues, in a sense, the issues predetermine the way of handling them. From this point of view, criticizing the method without criticizing the issue would be unfair. On the other hand, there is no need for a critic with an understanding of the method treated within the connection with its issues, related to its application in another important issue from it. To sum up, the criticism is present within the description of the treated method related to the particularities of the case. In my opinion, the sufficient expression of an idea makes a separate criticism unnecessary since it also carries its criticism, from the point of view of emphasizing the changes in a world that is becoming more and more globalized. Received: 25 December 2023 / Accepted: 25 February 2024 / Published: 23 April 2024

The culture of Kazakhstan of the Soviet period in the English historiography of the second half of the XX -early XXI centuries

The article provides an analysis of the work of English scientists who tell about the history of Kazakhstan in the Soviet period of the second half of the XX-early XXI centuries, the history of the local population, econ-omy, culture, traditions, religious beliefs. We consider historiography as a special historical discipline that studies the history of the accumulation of historical knowledge, the development of historical thought and re-search methodology, the history of the creation of historical works and biographies of scientists, the history of scientific institutions, the organization of historical education and the spread of historical knowledge. The main purpose of writing the article was to introduce researchers to the scientific environment, the modern community of readers. The article conducted a scientific analysis of the works of European and English re-searchers who wrote about the culture, traditions, and religious beliefs of Kazakhs in the period from the XXcentury to the beginning of the XXI century. According to the theory and methodology of scientific research, the methods of historicism, objectivity, historical comparative analysis and historical regularity were mainly used. In the post-war years, Anglo-American Sovietology proved its right to take a worthy place in World historiography, and was in demand not only in Western countries, but also in the countries of the for-mer Soviet Union. The most accurate and deep analysis was distinguished by the works of Jeffrey Wheeler, Walter Kolartz, Shirin Akiner, Sevket Akıldız, Richard Carlson, Violet Connolli, Sarah Cameron, Harun Yilmaz, Rico Isaacs. At the beginning of writing the article, the books and articles of these researchers of the Soviet history, including Kazakhstan, were taken as a basis

World Literary Histories as Rewritings of World Historiography

ABSTRACT This essay approaches the question of rewriting world civilization through a sub-set of civilizational history, namely the historiography of world literature. I will use the changing conceptions of world literature to track a change of emphasis on what matters in world civilization. My presentation is in three parts: a discussion of the nature of history, of literature, and of world literature; a comparison of two nineteenth-century German histories of world literature; and a comparison of two twenty-first century histories of world literature.

The ethno-historiographical Value of Ovid's "Sorrows" and "Pontics"

The text of Ovid's Tomitian elegies for centuries served as not only historiographical but also ethnographical source for scientific research and will continue to be used in investigations related to antiquity. In this research, attention is drawn to the fact that since the last decades of the last century, for the first time in world historiography, in prestigious works, researchers question the historical authenticity of many facts, transmitted by Ovid in "Tristi" and "Pontic". Demonstrating the historiographical character of the rendering of local realities and eliminating the poetic framework that concerns not only the climatic image and the way of life of the inhabitants of Tomis and its surroundings, but also the ethnolinguistic situation in the country of exile, the authors try to deny the documentary and, implicitly, ethnographic value of the work Ovidian. The article refers only to information about the ethno-glottic situation in the West Pontic lands. The uncertain state of the historiography of the time with regard to the problem posed, the predominantly non-critical use of historical information from Ovid's Tomitan work, the imprecise character of the development of methods for determining the degree of reliability and informativeness of the Ovidian artistic text conditioned the servile use of historiographical sources . The problem related to understanding the interpretation and poetic specificity of Ovidiu's creation from exile defined the purpose of interpreting the artistic text as a historiographical source, in general, and the civilizational one of Ovidiu, in particular. Based on the historical-philological study of the text, the possibility of using information from Ovid's text as trustworthy in historical research is elucidated.

Habsburg Colonial Redux: Reconsidering Colonialism and Postcolonialism in Habsburg/Austrian History

Colonial and postcolonial approaches to both Austrian and Habsburg history represent an opportunity to reconfigure not only Habsburg but also modern Austrian history and its relation to the wider world. In many ways, postcolonial perspectives force us to reconcile with internal dynamics within Central Europe, while expanding upon our understandings of colonial entanglements in the Habsburg lands leads us to consider the global elements in a region too often neglected in imperial and world historiography. By bringing together recent developments in both fields, this article argues for greater inclusion and adaptation of these perspectives in Austrian/Habsburg history.

THE ROLE OF AMIR TEMUR IN THE HISTORY OF UZBEKISTAN AND THE WORLD

In this article, Amir TEMUR, a great general and patron of science, who established a great kingdom in his time, took a worthy place in Uzbek statehood and world history, and the place and role of Temur in Uzbekistan and World historiography is talked about. Some information about the fact that he left an indelible mark in history as the ruler of the state and patron of science, and about the scientific researches that studied Sahibqiran and its history in world history.

ХХ ғ. екінші жартысы – ХХІ ғ. басындағы француз тарихнамасындағы кеңестік кезеңдегі Қазақстан мәдениеті

The article analyzes the historiography of French scientists regarding Kazakhstan. We have studied the works of leading French researchers from the second half of the XX century to the present. Historiography is considered by us as a special historical discipline that studies the history of the accumulation of historical knowledge, the methodology of the development and study of historical thought, the history of the creation of historical works and biographies of scientists, the history of scientific institutions, the organization of historical education and the dissemination of historical knowledge. The main purpose of writing the article was to familiarize researchers with the scientific environment, the modern reading community. The article provides a scientific analysis of the works of French researchers who wrote about the culture, traditions and religious beliefs of the Kazakhs in the period from the twentieth to the beginning of the twenty-first century. According to the theory and methodology of scientific research, the methods of historicism, objectivity, historical comparative analysis and historical consistency were mainly used. In the post-war years, French Sovietology proved its right to occupy a worthy place in world historiography, was in demand not only in Western countries, but also in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The greatest accuracy and depth of analysis were distinguished by the works of Helene Carrer D'ancosse, Alexander Bennigsen, Vincent Monteith, Alain Blum, Isabelle Ohayon, Marlene Laruelle. At the beginning of writing the article, books and articles by Soviet researchers, including on the history of Kazakhstan, were taken as a basis

PEJA 1990-1997 ACCORDING TO ORAL AND DOCUMENTARY HISTORY

<p><span>This study summarizes a research period of the important moments of the era of functioning of the city of Peja during the period 1990-1997, in the social, political, economic, cultural and educational fields. In an analytical and systematic way, the contribution of Pejans during this period of time is presented here. The main incentive for writing this text was the experience gained in the course Methodology of history and theories of the XIX-XX centuries, which was taught by prof. Jahja Drançolli whereupon we gained a modest experience in oral history as a new discipline in world historiography. For the contribution made in this discipline, young researchers such as Agon Rrezja should be mentioned with his master’s thesis “Llapusha sipas historisë gojore dhe dokumentare” (“Llapusha according to oral and documentary history”) defended in 2012 in the Department of History, using oral and documentary sources for the Llapusha region. Our main aim stems from the fact that oral history is a new discipline and not addressed in Albanian historiography. No researcher has dealt with Peja from the point of view of oral sources during this period of time and even earlier. Finally, we find that this study can modestly serve any history enthusiast to delve into this issue in other, more detailed ways.</span></p><p><span><strong>Keywords:</strong> Peja, Kosova, Politics, Economy, Culture, Education, etc.</span></p>

“The Chivu Stoica Plan” (september 1957) a step on the road to the “Open Balkans”

The author unravels the history (from June to September 1957) of the origin, formalization and promotion of the initiative of the Romanian government (?the Chivu Stoica Plan?) to organize multilateral cooperation in the Balkan region. An analysis of the course of events is presented as a result of a study of recently declassified documents from Russian archives (RGANI, AVP RF). The consulting of them allowed the author to supplement significantly previous knowledge of the course of events and their various actors, identify in detail the degree of participation of the Soviet Union in them, clarify and expand the agenda of issues discussed during interactions between Bucharest and Moscow, and clarify the dates and planned options for the development of this initiative. This article supplements and corrects pre-existing opinions of world historiography about the allegedly sharply negative attitude of the Kremlin to this proposal of the Romanian leadership, as well as the perception of this initiative by historians as not only aiming to establish multilateral regional cooperation but also as a result of the Soviet bloc?s desire to establish a nuclear-free zone in the Balkans already in 1957.

Can History be Not Political? The Phenomenon of Nina Aleksandrovna Khachaturyan

The article examines the process of transformation of the world historiography, including Russian one, in the field of the political history of the Middle Ages. The contribution of the Annales School is emphasized not only because of the appeal to man as an actor of historical processes, but also the methodological overcoming of the binary opposition of matter and spirit. Structuralism with its systematic analysis also played a positive role, as well as the appeal of historians to the study of phenomena of long duration, which began to be perceived as the history of states and, more broadly, the power. All these changes were reflected in the work of Professor N. A. Khachaturian (1931—2020). Thanks to her research on the representative regime of the West in the Middle Ages, on the social nature of the estate monarchy in France, on the forms of dialogue between power and society, as well as due to her creation of the Scientific Group “Power and Society” (holding conferences, publishing collective monographs), political history in Russian medieval studies took the place of the backbone of historical research.

“Slavery 1.0”: the Concept of the Ancient Oriental Slave-Owning Societies in the Works by Vassiliy Struve of 1933—1934 and Its Perspective

The article presents a detailed analysis of arguments forwarded by a leading Soviet Orientalist Vassiliy Struwe (1889—1965) for his thesis about the existence of the slave-owning mode of production at the Ancient Orient. This thesis was formulated in his lecture at the State Academy for the History of Material Culture (GAIMK) on 4 June 1933 and in a number of publications of 1934. Backing this thesis with the Ancient Near Eastern evidence and building around it a rather vast scheme positioned as an alternative to the cyclist theory of Eduard Meyer was a realization of tasks put before Struwe at his job at GAIMK, as can be seen from the preserved plan of his work there for the year 1933. According to Struwe’s scheme, the evolution of slavery in the earliest irrigation societies of Egypt and Mesopotamia started with the collective property of rural communities on slaves employed in the build-up of the irrigation systems (canals, dams etc.). There eventually developed the individual property on slaves and the vast slave-owning latifundia, which have already existed in Mesopotamia under Ur-III and in the New Kingdom Egypt. In the 1st Millennium B. C. the development of slavery in Mesopotamia and Egypt was comparable with that in the societies of Classical Antiquity. Struwe pointed out a number of slaves’ uprisings at the Ancient Near East starting from the 2nd Millennium B. C. and explained the downfall of ancient societies at the East with the “slave revolution”, like at the West. Struwe’s scheme revealed an emphasis on a rather high development of slavery at the Ancient Orient and parallels between its social phenomena and those of Ancient Greece and Rome. However, this emphasis vanished from his later texts, probably, due to a demand to show the Ancient Oriental societies as a phase preceding the Classical Antiquity, in compliance with the general trend of the world historiography.

Аналіз української та зарубіжної історіографії нелегальних міграційних процесів під час Голодомору 1932–1933 років

Background. The topic of the border in today's conditions is gaining special interest. However, during the period of existence of the Polish-Soviet border (1921–1939), which was repeatedly exposed to the active activity of illegals and subversive intelligence groups, especially during the Holodomor of 1932–1933, the declared problem of studying illegal migration processes was particularly acute. The issue of the role of the border, its development and functional features in the period 1921–1939, on the one hand as a containment line, and on the other hand as an activator of international tension, requires detailed study and assessment. Methods. The analysis of the historiography of illegal migration processes, in particular during the Holodomor of 1932-1933, required the involvement of a number of principles, including the principle of objectivity, which, above all, makes it possible to avoid false statements, involvement or bias, as well as methods, in particular: historiographic analysis and historiographic synthesis, generalization, systematization. Results. The proposed article makes an attempt to analyze the Ukrainian and world historiography of illegal migration processes, on the "Riga border", during the Holodomor of 1932-1933. The study draws attention to the current achievements of the national historical bibliography, mainly from the period of the 1990s – 2010s. from the study of the limological and historical features of the "Zbruch Border", in particular during the Holodomor period of 1932-1933. Characteristic features of the scientific works of foreign scientists, in particular historians of the USA, the Republic of Poland, Austria and the Republic of France, are highlighted, as well as their methodological and factual features. The article is designed to acquaint readers with current trends in historical and limological research and microhistorical studies. Сonclusion. Based on the analysis of Ukrainian and foreign historiography of illegal migration processes during the Holodomor of 1932–1933, it not only provides an opportunity to understand the historical processes of the declared period, but also to follow the dynamics, features of crossing the border and its place in Polish-Soviet relations and the reflection of these relations on the processes , which took place on Ukrainian lands.

Dr. Boymirza Hayit's book "Turkestan: Between Russia and China" is an important source

This article describes the “dark days” of Turkestan in the past, the Russian invasion, followed by the various policies of the former Soviet government led by the Communist Party, and Dr. Boymira Hayit’s work it is about the historical information given in “Turkestan: Between Russia and China”, an important source. The authentic history covering several centuries presented in the book is a great source of information about the difficult times of our nation. This work, created during the study of important documents and archival data, has retained its relevance even today, as it shows the life of Turkestan and East Turkestan in the 20th century under Russian and Chinese rule based on original historical data. Among them, the real situation in the country is shown in the context of the changes that have occurred in Central Asia, the colonial policy of Czarist Russia. Dr. Boymirza Hayit's book "Turkestan: Between Russia and China" provides researchers with dozens of information about the 20th century. It can be seen from the information in the book that in order to show the history of Turkestan in all colors, the author was able to put aside various stereotypes and tell the real truth clearly, unlike the Soviet historians of that time. In addition, the largest studies in world historiography dedicated to the history of the struggle for the independence of Turkestan in the years 1918-1934 were created in Turkish and German, while Dr. Boymirza Hayit created a blessing in these two languages ​​and left important sources to the generations. It is the historical completeness, and the facts presented on the basis of the sources that increased the value of this book.

Dinamika obraza rossijskoj vlasti v istoricheskom diskurse XX v.

The article examines the problems of the political culture of Russians and the evolution of the images of the highest state and political figures personifying power. The focus is on political cults - the historical context of their formation and development. The images of political actors, which are both the product of political self-consciousness and the memory policy of the established political regime, are significant for the study of both political culture and public consciousness. The article analyzes the experience accumulated in Russian and world historiography of deconstruction of political cults in the history of Russia of the twentieth century and the interpretation of political symbols.

LINGUISTIC CONSCIOUSNESS AND HISTORICITY. GHEVOND ALISHAN՚S COMPOSITION “UNDER THE FIR TREE: REFLECTIONS IN THE BOSOM OF DESERTED NATURE”

The present article aims at studying the problems of historicity, linguistic consciousness, and philosophy of life as a constantly transforming chain that includes and circulates geopolitical and cultural processes. The primary aim of the study is to observe the author – world relations in the domain of language, consciousness and historicity, through which the essential inner features of the author's meditations and philosophical thoughts are revealed, and historicity becomes a tool for regulating experience. Linguistic consciousness presupposes an open image of the world, in which geopolitical events, actions, and situations are summarized. Historicity, as a process of restoring information flows, is full of events and ensures the time and vitality of the geopolitical processes. At the same time, as a regulating depository of language+consciousness, it provides the ability of identifying the attitude towards most important historical events in Alishan's experience. I have applied the phenomenological and historical-comparative methods focusing on semantic-typological procedures, the methodology of understanding. Father Ghevond Alishan's composition “Under the Fir Tree: Reflections in The Bosom of Deserted Nature” which is a unique combination of world historiography, Christianity, and historical-philosophical thought, has so far not received all the attention it deserves.

Russian view on the history of Colombia

The text contains the review of a collective monograph published by a team of Russian authors who prepared a comprehensive study of the history of Colombia. The author of the review explains the significance of the monograph for Russian and world historiography, and points to the main topics analyzed in the monograph.

African-American Community during Mobilization Measures 1917–1918: Hope and Practice

The article is devoted to the military mobilization of the African-American community to the USA Army during the First World War; the expectations of African-Americans of participating in hostilities on the fronts of World War I in the U.S. Army; and the point of view of the U.S. government and military on the role of African-Americans as part of the U.S. Army. This question remains relevant today, as some aspects of the problem are still not studied enough in world historiography. The research methodology involves general scientific and special historical research methods. The integrated approach helped to combine different theoretical aspects of the issues under the study and relate them to specific historical events, based on which it was possible to trace the positions of different segments of society on both national and financial grounds regarding the role of African-American soldiers at the front. The chronological approach contributed to the study of the topic in historical retrospect, the study of the sequence of events of the mobilization activities and the arrival of African-American soldiers on the European front. The biographical approach identified certain individuals who played a key role in the mobilization of African-Americans and their further distribution in the military. A statistical approach to studying the problem made it possible to determine the number of African-Americans involved in the American armed corps in Europe and their relationship between combat and support battalions. The scientific novelty of the paper is that the study of the position of the African-American community in the mobilization of the First World War, their expectations and realities, called the racist position of the establishment and the army, are studied. The paper concludes that World War I was the first global event to give the African-American community hope for equal rights within its state. In practice, due to the predominance of racists in the command structure, the recruitment of African-Americans to the military was soon reduced, and segregation and racial discrimination remained within its borders.

The Model of Diplomacy and the Diplomatic System of the Kingdom of Belgium in Globalisation: Institutional and Political-International Discourses (Experience for Ukraine)

The study is devoted to methodological problems, modern and historical discourses of the study of the institutional origins, achievements and present of the diplomacy of the Kingdom of Belgium. The authors emphasise the relevance and significance of the subject, which has not received a comprehensive comparative analysis in modern Ukrainian and world historiography. When analysing the model of diplomacy and the diplomatic system of the Kingdom of Belgium, the authors focus on the features and national specificity of the stages of the institutional history and the present of Belgian diplomacy in the system of international political coordinates. Special attention is focused on the expediency of implementing in Ukraine the best diplomatic examples (models) and achievements of Belgian diplomacy in the conditions of a globalised world system. The article emphasises the methods of research, which is interdisciplinary in nature and is based on important cognitive principles: scientificity, historicism and objectivity. The use of various general and special methods allowed the authors to determine the trajectory of scientific research for the real reconstruction of historical and modern events, institutional stages of formation and the current state of the model of diplomacy of the Kingdom of Belgium. The historical legacy and modern practical experience of the diplomacy of the Kingdom of Belgium have not lost their relevance to this day; bilateral Belgian-Ukrainian relations firmly connect Belgium and Ukraine through centuries and millennia of European history. Keywords: international relations, foreign policy, diplomacy, public diplomacy, institutional history, institutionalisation, Ukraine, Belgium.

Газиз Губайдуллин и Галимджан Ибрагимов в татарском политическом дискурсе 1920–1930-х гг.

The article analyzes certain moments of life and mentality peculiarities of two outstanding sons of the Tatar people – Gaziz Gubaydullin and Galimjan Ibragimov, who have taken an important place in world historiography with their talent, scientific, literary and journalistic activities. Along with the analysis of individual creative achievements of the individuals under study, the main emphasis in the work is on examining the series of events associated with the socio-political and ethno-cultural realities of the 1920s–1930s. Moreover, the defining characteristic of the activities of the described people is the problem of their relevance, since it is this factor that serves as an attractive moment for studying their lives. The presented episodes of private life in the biography of the declared individuals, favourable or tragic occasions become significant and of particular interest in the light of the characteristics of the national mentality specifics of the Tatar political discourse.