World Conflict Research Articles

Unpublished data on the founder of Romanian Neurosurgery – Professor Dumitru Bagdasar

Dumitru Bagdasar, who is indisputably considered as the founder of neurosurgery on the Romanian territory during the interwar period, was born in Ro?ie?ti, the former F?lciu County, in 1893. In 1913, after having completed his primary and secondary education, he enrolled at the Faculty of Medicine of Bucharest and, in the summer of 1916, at the end of his third university year, he transferred to the Medical Military Institute. From 1916 to 1918, D. Bagdasar dealt with the whole array of illnesses arising from the world conflict, including firearm-related injuries to the nervous system. After the war, he was transferred to the Neurology Clinic of the Colentina Hospital where, under the supervision of Professor Gheorghe Marinescu, he elaborated and completed his doctoral dissertation entitled: Contribu?iuni la studiul Sindromului Parkinsonian-postencefalitic (Contributions to the Study of Postencephalitic Parkinsonism), which he defended in 1922. From 1922 to 1926, at the Military Hospital of Bucharest, he completed his neurology internship under the guidance of the eminent neurologist Dumitru Noica and his initiation to surgery under Professor Mihail Butoianu. In 1927, after giving up his military contract, he was transferred to the Jimbolia Hospital by the Ministry of Health to work as an attending neuropsychiatrist. At the end of the same year, with a recommendation from Professor Nicolae Paulescu, he earned a neurosurgery specialisation scholarship under Professor Harvey Cushing in Boston. There, under the guidance of Professor Cushing and Doctor Bailey, he wrote two papers: Le traitement Chirurgical des gommes cérébrales and Intracranial Chordoblastoma, which were published in prestigious medical journals. In 1929, he returned to the Jimbolia Hospital where, in 1930, he performed his first neurosurgical procedures. At the end of 1931, he transferred to the Cern?u?i Hospital, again as a neuropsychiatrist, and in the following two years he performed a number of 149 operations on the central nervous system, which are described in the surgical reports written by Doctor Bagdasar himself. In 1934, he transferred to Bucharest, where he performed neurosurgical procedures in two hospitals (Emergency Hospital and Central Hospital) and, at the end of the same year, he was tenured as an attending neurosurgeon at the Central Hospital, following a contest organised by the Ministry of Health. From 1935, he worked primarily in the aforementioned hospital but he also performed operations in other hospitals (Emergency, Col?ea, Military etc.). Alongside his surgical activity, he was also interested in the histopathology of the operated tumours, he wrote scientific papers based on his own case reports, participated in medical congresses (Bucharest, Bern, Chisinau etc.) and became interested in the social-political issues of the time..., joining the Communist Party in 1943. In 1940, just before the outburst of World War II, he wrote Acute craniocerebral trauma and published it in Probleme de Medicin? de R?zboiu (War Medicine Issues). During the war, due to his over a decade long experience in neurosurgical procedures, he assisted the injured (both militaries and civilians), while also managing common neurosurgical cases in Romania and the adjacent countries and even in Palestine, as a member of the so-called “golden team” (C. Arseni, I. Ionescu, Irina Ogrezeanu-Ionescu). In 1945, he was appointed Minister of Health and at the end of the same year, he became the first professor of neurosurgery in Romania. Unfortunately, his life came to an abrupt end on 16 July 1946 because of a metastatic brain tumour probably caused by primary lung cancer.

Le lettere di Gabriele d’Annunzio a Virginio Avi. Una corrispondenza politica Il Fondo Tursi presso la Fondazione Giorgio Cini e la Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana di Venezia

The Tursi Fund, kept at the Cini Foundation and the Marciana Library in Venice, largely unpublished, preserves an important and unexplored heritage referring to the ‘Venetian period’ of d’Annunzio and to the political and military commitment in aviation during the first world conflict. The essay presents an integral and chronologically reconstruction of the entire collection with particular attention to the letters sent by d’Annunzio to Virginio Avi, director of the Gazzetta di Venezia between 1916 and 1918.

Delayed-Onset Neuropathological Complications From a Foramen Magnum and Occipital Crest Focused TBI of the Vietnam War and Other Conflicts: Part III, Critique of Existing TBI Criteria and Their Operational Controversies.

In this report, we discuss the controversy of the diverse traumatic brain injury (TBI) categorization and taxonomy and the need to develop a new multidimensional and multidisciplinary categorization system that can be an aid in improved diagnostic and prognostic outcomes. Of interest, the heterogeneity of TBI marks the major obstacle to develop effective therapeutic interventions. Currently, the Glasgow Coma Scale has been utilized to guide in the prognosis and clinical management of TBI; it does not encompass the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to neurological deficits that can impede therapeutic interventions and consequently the failure of clinical trials. An unfortunate gap exists between advances in TBI research and existing U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) definitions, categorization, and management. Part I illustrates a unique posterior-focused TBI case report that does not fit any existing TBI definitions. Part II summarizes new animal-based TBI research that supports the case report as a legitimate TBI category. Part III critiques existing TBI criteria and their controversies. Current DoD definitions and decision-making protocols based on concussion time alone are reviewed and compared to the myriad of additional TBI definitions that further illustrate the marked differences in definitions, especially in mild TBIs. The DoD definitions are not consistent with what academic research and science bring to the debate. With increasing world conflicts and wars, evaluators are not prepared to accept, evaluate, and properly manage those TBIs that are not associated with immediate levels of unconsciousness alone as the prime determinant of diagnosis and long-term severity. Despite comprehensive research, current understanding among decision-makers of progressive pathology of non-hemispheric TBIs remains limited, inconsistent, and confusing. This dilemma requires a multidisciplinary, science/medicine-led panel to actively reassess TBI criteria that take into consideration the latest research including non-cerebral hemispheric injuries. We recommend that DoD/Veterans Affairs establish a commission to regularly review the academic-related scientific evidence and incorporate these findings in a timely fashion into their operational definitions. This would guarantee that recognition, diagnosis, and follow-up of all TBIs are properly understood, managed, and documented.

Modeling and Analysis of a Complex Real World Conflict, Using Graph Model for Conflict Resolution

Conflict among stakeholders may be a barrier to the progress of projects and a major cause for significant waste in capital. This research explores modeling and analysis of a conflict over the stakeholders of a high-technology corporation. The interaction among the stakeholders is modeled as a game. In this research, we employ a system's engineering approach for modeling and analysis of this intra-organizational conflict, using Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (GMCR+). It is an advanced methodology driven from conflict analysis which has routes in non-cooperative game theory with a non-quantitative approach. This article focuses on a conflict among three parties. The socially optimal solution happens when one player, who has the technical knowledge, finds another investor. Using sensitivity analysis, we find an alternative, more favorable solution to reach a new agreement in setting up two plants (instead of seven) in Tehran and Kermanshah, launching the project with the remaining capital. We demonstrate that taking the case to court does not result in a favorable outcome for the players.

South African War Poetry of the Twentieth Century: Poetic Bodies Flexing “Muscular Demonstrations”

War poetry by South Africans represents the embodiment of angry poetic bodies. These bodies are conduits for Fanonian “muscular demonstrations”. They embody reaction and resistance to world conflicts and colonial oppression of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries and carry textual traces of intergenerational memory construction and trauma. The construct of poetic bodies serves as a conceptual framework through which to analyse the war experiences of civilians and soldiers. In this article, the major forms and themes of South African war poetry are discussed as embodiments of these poetic bodies, which consist of language and memory traces within various historical milieus. These contexts include the South African War (1899–1902), the 1906 Zulu rebellion, the First World War (1914–1918), the Second World War (1939–1945), the civil war in the townships (ca 1961–1994), and the Angolan/Namibian Border War (ca 1966–1989).

CORR Insights®: Institutional Experience and Orthoplastic Collaboration Associated with Improved Flap-based Limb Salvage Outcomes.

CORR Insights®: Institutional Experience and Orthoplastic Collaboration Associated with Improved Flap-based Limb Salvage Outcomes.

Between internationalism and ‘will to power’: Paretian theory beyond political realism

The essay deals with the analysis of the international scene developed by Pareto in his Transformation of Democracy, with particular regard to the consequences of the First World War and the fragile balance following the peace treaties. More specifically, Pareto interpreted the recently ended conflict as a consequence of the imperialist policy pursued by the major European powers. He also saw two opposing universalistic platforms collide: that of the democratic President of the United States Wilson and that propagated by the Bolsheviks. Hence the lucid and unconventional view carried forward in The Transformation, on the one hand emphasizing the importance of force in relations between nations in accordance with the perspective of political realism, on the other hand tending to overstep political realism itself by denouncing the persistence of hatred among peoples and the consequent danger of a new world conflict.

Perspektif Islamphobia Pasca Tragedi 11 September 2001

This paper is compiled using a qualitative data collection method which is based on a literature review, whether in the form of journals or books. And aims to study Islamophobia, Terrorism and Sharia. The collapse of the WTC building and the destruction of the pentagon building on Tuesday 11 September 2001 in New York Washington resulted in Muslims experiencing discrimination from non-Muslim Americans. The collapse of the WTC building and the destruction of the Pentagon Building on September 11, 2001, resulted in a world conflict involving the United States government and Islam. The increase in terror acts that have occurred in various countries has had many negative impacts on the development and development of a country as well as positive impacts on Muslims and Muslims in the United States. Not only that, American Muslims also do not practice some Shari'a because of the laws that deal with the sphere of government and the state. Even Sharia emphasizes that the rule of law in a society must be carried out by the state.

Research on Increasing the Degree of Individual Protection against Bullets through the use of Ceramic Materials

Abstract The protection of forces in the new world conflicts has become a particularly important issue for all the world’s armies. Therefore, ensuring an optimal level of protection, combined with maintaining freedom of movement in the tactical field has become a very important topic for research teams. This goal can be achieved by using materials in the protection of forces with a relatively low mass, but to ensure a substantial reduction in the kinetic energy of ballistic penetrators. In this paper are presented some considerations on how the ballistic penetration process is affected by the presence of ceramic materials.

COMPETITION FOR THE LEADERSHIP OF THE GREAT GENERAL STAFF DURING THE BALKAN CRISIS AND THE NEUTRALITY PERIOD (1912-1916)

The study analyses the competition for the position of Chief of the General Staff during the Balkan crisis (1912-1913) and during Romania’s neutrality (1914-1916). The position was very important and enjoyed an increased prestige, because it created the conditions for standing out on the battlefield and, implicitly, for winning military glory. Therefore, the number of competitors was quite high. However, the major decision-maker regarding the appointment of the Chief of the General Staff, which, during the war, was transformed into the General Headquarters, was the political factor, namely the ruling party and the king, who was “the head of the armed power”. The solution chosen at the beginning of the world conflict, which worked even after Romania entered the war, with General Vasile Zottu as Chief and General Dumitru Iliescu as Deputy Chief, actually leading the Romanian armed forces operations, was inefficient. The right person to lead the General Headquarters, namely General Constantin Prezan, was found only at the beginning of December 1916.

Vojnový Album: Dr. Jenő Lesskó–Belehrad 1915–1916. Ratni Album: Dr. Jenő Lesskó–Beograd 1915–1916

Vojnový Album: Dr. Jenő Lesskó–Belehrad 1915–1916. Ratni Album: Dr. Jenő Lesskó–Beograd 1915–1916

“To Make Discoveries in Those Latitudes”: Utopia and Settler Colonialism in Equality; or, a History of Lithconia

ABSTRACT This article contributes to the call for decolonial utopian work by examining one of the earliest utopian texts in the United States, Equality; or, A History of Lithconia. Using a close reading drawing on colonial context, the author argues that Equality criticizes management of the Euro-American settler state. The story's historical and philosophical content overwrites Indigenous bloodshed and critiques instead both Jeffersonian agrarian democracy and urbanized commerce. The junction between reason and religion in this Deist text displays its ideological commitment to terra nullis and a settler autarky that rearranges space for the betterment of a settler populace. Advocating an equal share of land and income among settlers, Lithconia's history praises an intelligent class that deploys reason and crafty social alliance to resolve Old World conflicts. Lithconia's universal income ultimately diverts the spoils of centuries of war against indigenous peoples, suggesting utopia and indigeneity occupy an incongruent relationship.

Discourse, medical metaphor and the East Asian medicine approach to conflict resolution

This article analyses how threats and dangers have been understood through biomedical metaphors in international relations (IR) and US security discourse, suggesting an alternative to such understandings based on an East Asian medicine (EAM) approach to world politics. By conducting a genealogical study of US security discourse, I argue that medical and disease metaphors, such as communism as a disease in the Cold War era and terrorism as a cancer in the post-Cold War period, were broadly utilised by US policymaking elites in the discursive formation of foreign and security policies. This delineated how the specific issues should be understood by ordinary people; it also suggested measures, such as containment, targeted killings, and surgical strikes, to tackle security threats. As real-world policy practices have demonstrated, the Westphalian understanding of security and conflict resolution, characterised by the utilisation of medical analogies and the necessity of coercive responses, may be inherently flawed. To address the security threats and maintain stability in a specific region, the EAM approach to world politics and conflict resolution is proposed, which is defined by non-coercive actions (wuwei); furthermore, transformability should be operated from within, and the yin–yang theory of harmonious relations could contribute to long-term peace.

The Social and Political Legacy of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence: Evidence from List Experiments in Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia and Sri Lanka

Conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) is widespread across the world's conflict zones and understood to leave a particularly disastrous legacy for victims, communities and nations. However, representative data and systematic studies are scarce. We present original survey evidence from three postconflict countries known for its prevalence of CRSV: Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Liberia and Sri Lanka. The main contribution is twofold. First, we present the value of using list experiments compared to direct questions in measuring CRSV. Second, we estimate the effect of CRSV on social and political outcomes: civic participation, interethnic relations and political trust. Across all three country cases we find that CRSV leads to more civic participation at the local level. The effects on interethnic relations and political trust vary across countries. Essentially, our findings challenge the dominant `weapon of war' narrative suggesting that CRSV destroys the social fabric of communities. The evidence supports are more optimistic outlook emphasizing that survivors, their families and communities exercise social resilience.

КРИЗИС COVID-19 СНОВА ПОСТАВИЛ ПЛАНИРОВАНИЕ НА ПОВЕСТКУ ДНЯ?

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the emergence of an unforeseen event with far-reaching consequences. This surprise invalidated the traditional results of economic calculation and made the act of political decision-making emerge as central as the markets proved incapable of handling this type of event. In such a situation, the political decision turns out to be more effective than economic calculation. This is also the case with heuristic decision-making because it becomes impossible to calculate in advance the consequences of the unforeseeable event. In this situation, O. Neurath had shown in the debate with L. von Mises and F.A. Hayek that planning could be an effective alternative to a market. J.E. Stiglitz has stressed the risk of market failures too. It is therefore now clear that the health crisis has revived the issue of planning. The fear of a recurrence of such a pandemic will permanently shape economic behaviour in the years to come. We find empirical applications both in the case of war economies during the two world conflicts and in the Japanese or French post-war economy. Conscious and organized consultation, which can then take the form of a flexible mode of planning such as what was practiced in post-war France or in Japan by the MITI, can then - as Claude Gruson shows - prove to be a procedure that is not only effective but empirically efficient in the face of uncertainty and the inability of the market to manage information effectively.

Informação, Publicidade, Propaganda: Correspondentes estrangeiros, agências noticiosas e a “Grande Guerra de palavras” da primeira metade do século XX

The essay takes as a starting point Goebbels’ speech delivered at the closing session of the Continental Advertising Congress, held in Vienna in June 1938, and explores the transformations that the communicational public space of the first half of the twentieth century underwent following the two world conflicts that erupted then. In the first part, the essay addresses the progressive hybridisation of public discourse at the time, the increasing blurring of information, advertising and propaganda, and the rapid acceleration of the international circulation of communication during the period. In this context, special attention is paid to actors who, though not new to the international political scene – such as foreign correspondents and news agencies –, gained a new and decisive importance throughout the period in question. The second part analyses two case studies involving these actors and their power on the international political scene during World War II. Geographically, the two case studies are centred around an axis that is usually considered peripheral to the war – neutral Portugal – but which appears central and, in a way, paradigmatic to the “Great War of Words” that was also being fought in the international public space.

COMPETIÞIA PENTRU ªEFIA MARELUI STAT MAJOR ÎN ANII CRIZEI BALCANICE ªI AI NEUTRALITÃÞII (1912-1916)

The study analyses the competition for the position of Chief of the General Staff during the Balkan crisis (1912-1913) and during Romania’s neutrality (1914-1916). The position was very important and enjoyed an increased prestige, because it created the conditions for standing out on the battlefield and, implicitly, for winning military glory. Therefore, the number of competitors was quite high. However, the major decision-maker regarding the appointment of the Chief of the General Staff, which, during the war, was transformed into the General Headquarters, was the political factor, namely the ruling party and the king, who was “the head of the armed power”. The solution chosen at the beginning of the world conflict, which worked even after Romania entered the war, with General Vasile Zottu as Chief and General Dumitru Iliescu as Deputy Chief, actually leading the Romanian armed forces operations, was inefficient. The right person to lead the General Headquarters, namely General Constantin Prezan, was found only at the beginning of December 1916.

The Graph Model for Conflict Resolution and Decision Support

A survey of the design, development and implementation of a flexible decision technology called the graph model for conflict resolution (GMCR) is discussed for systematically investigating real world conflicts within a system of systems engineering outlook. This encompassing GMCR methodology has been constructed during the past three decades by the authors, their colleagues and students from many countries for addressing a rich range of conflict situations. GMCR can be used for studying large and small conflicts and includes methods for preference elicitation, preference uncertainty (unknown, fuzzy, grey numbers and probabilistic). Many kinds of definitions exist for possible human behavior under pure competition which can be transformed for utilization in coalition analysis. GMCR can handle emotions, attitudes, and misperceptions. Within inverse GMCR, one can calculate the preferences needed by decision makers (DMs) to reach a desirable equilibrium. Under behavioral GMCR one can ascertain the strategic thinking of DMs when the input and output are known. Decision support systems can be built for implementing the array of GMCR advancements. Future expansions of GMCR can be guided by key characteristics of actual disputes. Artificial intelligence (AI) GMCR is a promising subfield of study within GMCR.

Dopo la Grande Guerra Violenza, Stati e Società Tra Adriatico Orientale e Balcani

Dopo la Grande Guerra Violenza, Stati e Società Tra Adriatico Orientale e Balcani

Modelos cognitivos y globalización en el filme La llegada

Todo conjunto de ideas puede entenderse, bajo presupuestos semióticos, como una estructura textual y, a la vez, como un modelo cognitivo. El análisis de ese segundo elemento permite encontrar nociones clave (connotaciones) para el acceso a gran parte del significado de dicho conjunto de ideas. En el presente trabajo, abordaremos el texto fílmico La llegada(2016), en el que localizaremos la participación de determinados modelos cognitivos y sus respectivas nociones fundamentales. Este procedimiento nos permitirá acercarnos a niveles profundos de significación que refieren diversas ideologías imperantes en la cultura occidental cercanas al momento de producción del filme. De alguna manera, la participación ideológica, implícita en el relato, cumple con los presupuestos básicos de la globalización y, por ende, con las reglas del mercado cinematográfico. Nos referimos a la imposición de modelos occidentales para la resolución de un conflicto mundial.