Works Of Aristotle Research Articles

Communication Ethics Facing the Ambivalence of Digital Technology

This article aims to review the concept of action and answer how communication ethics faces the ambivalence of digital technology. Using a critical-normative research method on the works of Aristotle and Hannah Arendt, this study finds that in the face of the ambivalence of digital technology, communication ethics needs to put digital actions back on the consciousness of the perpetrator. In addition, communication ethics must overcome banal clicks and deal with the robotic manipulators of digital systems. There are two ways to use it: first, a complicated way in the form of resistance to digital manipulators, and the second is a soft way, which is to reposition the three virtues, namely courage, honesty, and elegance, to build digital altruism in digital communication ethics.

FOUNDATIONS OF REALITY IN ARISTOTLE

In my contribution, I analyse some aspects of Aristotle’s interpretation of the organisation of ontology. Aristotle, in many of his works, is looking for a new ontology: through his investigation, Aristotle aims to discover the correct components of the ontology and to put them in the right place. Aristotle’s way of proceeding consists in a progressive opening of the curtains of ontology: concepts such as categories, one, being this something, such, this such, quality, universals and so on are clarified, step by step, in the different works of Aristotle. In the present analysis, I concentrate my attention on the two districts of entities and on the four levels of entities present in Aristotle’s ontology. The two-district scheme is the structure of reality composed of individual and universal entities; the four-level scheme consists in the structure of reality composed of individual substantial entities, individual non-substantial entities, universal substantial properties, and universal nonsubstantial properties. In both schemes, entities should be put in the due ontological places and, conversely, they should not be assigned to false ontological places. Individual entities are instances of properties (or: instantiated properties); universal properties are programmes / dispositions instantiated by individual entities. The field of the instances is always constituted by individuals (by individual entities), while the whole field of existence is constituted both by individuals (by individual entities) and by universal properties (in the case of the universals connected to biological properties, universals are deputies for properties inscribed in the reality).

A Theory of Justice and Social Mechanics

In this article, I argue that Aristotle, a universal philosopher who analysed both natural and social worlds, suggested a groundwork for a theory of justice, which is a fertile soil for a broader social perspective. Such categories as the social order, free will, law, policy choices, and the state are naturally flowing from his brief passage on justice in his Nichomachean Ethics. I assert that all of them are phenomena of turbulent social mechanics. Therefore, in this paper I introduce Aristotle’s contribution to the mainstream theory of justice and then, loosely relying on the works of Aristotle and Newton, I develop a theory of justice in the context of social mechanics. I conclude that the concept of justice is essentially the same as Newton’s third law of mechanics. For this purpose, I employ interdisciplinary and functional approaches, textual and conceptual analysis,and the method of deduction.

Судебная риторика Геренния (лат. Rhetoricon ad Herennium)

The article provides a brief summary of the rhetoric of Herennius. The rhetoric of Herennius, along with the works of Aristotle, Cicero, and Quintilian, is the pearl of ancient rhetoric and is the first judicial rhetoric that was used as a textbook in the Middle Ages. In the rhetoric of Herennius, an analysis of the types of speeches is given with exhaustive completeness (a demonstrative speech is devoted to the praise or censure of a famous person, a deliberative speech consists of discussing political issues and is aimed at choosing a particular decision, a judicial speech is based on a legal dispute); The skills of invention (inventio), composition (dispositio), style (elocutio), memorization (memoria) and performance (pronuntiactio and methods of their application) are analyzed in detail. It is concluded that creative achievements of this kind (like the rhetoric of Herennius) appear once or twice every millennium, but still they exist and it is they that motivate modern researchers in the field of judicial rhetoric to deeply comprehend their depths and move on.

PROVERBS AND SAYINGS AS A BASIC CONCEPT OF PAREMIOLOGY

This article discusses issues such as paremiology and proverbs and aphorisms, which are its main units, the history of their creation, and their differences. As you know, paremiology studies ready-made, fixed phraseological units in the language. The history of the development of the science dates back to ancient history -the period of the development of Greek and Roman culture, we can find the definition of the first paremiological units in the works of Aristotle. In fact, the words of philosophers such as Socrates, Aristotle, Demosthenes, which have come down to us, appeared in those times and are recognized as the first aphorisms. Russian linguists who created after Aristotle consider proverbs as a phraseological unit. For this reason, proverbs can be studied from two different angles, we approached proverbs as a paremiological tool.

A novel approach to interpreting Aristotle within the framework of Alexey Chernyakov's scholarly investigation

The distinctive feature of Aristotle's philosophical discourse lies in its subtle transition, at a particular juncture, from metaphysical to ontological discourse. The proactive restoration of the original metaphysical framework pertaining to specific concepts facilitates the identification of the precise location or moment at which their spontaneous reinterpretation transpires. The recognition of the threshold of semantic "recalculation," employed as a hermeneutic procedure, constitutes a novel methodological approach to the analysis of Aristotle's works. In accordance with this approach, it is imperative to regard the concepts and categories within Aristotelian philosophy, particularly those authored by Aristotle himself, not merely as representations of meanings unfolding within the primary text (a methodology not applicable in Aristotle's case), but rather as autonomous metatexts. The interpretation of these metatexts may initially appear as a thematically abstract exercise. Engaging with metatextual scenarios in Aristotle's philosophy unveils fresh perspectives, thereby enriching the understanding of his philosophical framework.

“HUMAN EXCEPTIONALISM”: THE GREEK ORIGINS OF A MODERN CONCEPTAND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE LIVES OF ANIMALS

The modern philosophical doctrine usually termed “human exceptionalism,” which holds that human beings, because of their perceived intellectual superiority over other animal species, have a moral value that cannot be claimed by other species which entitles humans to use other animals to serve their needs, has its philosophical roots in Greek philosophy, especially in the works of Aristotle and in the Stoic doctrine of oikeiōsis, which holds that human beings share a kinship with other humans but not with other species of inferior intellectual endowments. The doctrine of “human exceptionalism” is used in the twenty-first century to justify the wholesale slaughter worldwide of non-human animals for food, clothing, medical and entertainment purposes. The claims of “human exceptionalism” are countered in the present day by animal rights philosophers and by animal welfarists of various types who argue either that non-human species have a sufficient degree of reason to entitle them to inclusion in the sphere of human moral concern, or that the possession of reason is itself an irrelevant criterion for moral consideration, and that animal suffering must be taken into account in human interactions with other animal species.

The philosophy of emotions: Implementing character education through poetry

This paper investigates the concept of emotion and its relevance to education via character education through the medium of poetry. The objective is to demonstrate the potential implementation of character education through poetry, and to show the intrinsic link between poetry and virtue, knowledge and reasoning. It is argued that poetry serves as a bridge between emotion and character education. The philosophy of emotions is explored through the works of Aristotle, Karin Bohlin and David Carr. Character education is understood in terms of a Neo-Aristotelian approach, drawing on Kristján Kristjánsson, Bohlin and Carr. My position is that, through exercising the craft of poetry, children and young students are provided with tools for exploring emotions, and for discerning and deliberating about virtues and moral contextual nuances in the broader context of human experience.

Aristotelian perplexity and well-being, then and now

The term ‘ aporia’ (perplexity, impasse, obstacle, doubt, puzzle) is frequent throughout Aristotle's works. This essay summarises Aristotle's explicit accounts of aporia, then explores the various roles it plays in his inquiries into nature. There follow some suggestions about ways in which study of current establishment and pursuit of scientific agendas might profit from reflection on the diverse modes and functions of perplexity. The final section reflects on the Aristotelian link between perplexity and eudaimonia (wellbeing, self-fulfilment, blessedness).

ПОЛИТЭКОНОМИЯ – ОТ «КАПИТАЛА» ДО СОВРЕМЕННОСТИ

The article shows that the economic theory of the production of utilities and their distribution in society, originating in the works of Aristotle and formed into the science of “Political Economy” in the works of Petty, Kene and Smith, through Hegel’s dialectics and Liebig’s theory of mineral fertility, became an integral part of the doctrine of human society in the works of Marx and Engels. These works indicate that “the production of food is the very first condition of life ... for producers and all production in general.” Since that time, farming in the world has been carried out according to the recommendations of the teaching of «Agrochemistry», as a modern paradigm of agriculture, the basis of which is Liebig’s theory. Justifications are given for the fallacy of this theory, and the implementation of the paradigm leads to the degradation of the natural soil fertility of the land, the growth of unproductive costs in agriculture, the weakening of states and is the main reason for the growing threat of famine and the approach of the world to war for the remaining fertile lands.

Restorasi Filsafat, Dialog Mutual, dan Syari'ah: Ibn Rusyd dan Reformasi Islam dalam Fashl al-maqal

Ibn Rushd is one of the most important philosophers in the classical world of Islam. Without him, Aristotle would have remained a great mystery to the Western scientific world. It was he, who managed to provide the longest commentary on almost all of Aristotle's works, and his commentary, along with some of the doctrines of Averroism, created the great rationalist movement in the Latin West. However, unlike his philosophical dimension, which some Muslim scholars find too Aristotelian and therefore more impactful in the West and not in the Islamic world, Ibn Rushd's Islamic reform dimension has not received enough attention. I expose Ibn Rusyd's reform, in this study, as contained in one of his books, Fasl al-maqal fi taqrir ma bayna ash-shari'ah wa al-hikmah min al-ittisal (The decisive book on the certainty that there is a connection between shari'ah and philosophy). There are at least three main themes in his reform: restoration of philosophy, restoration of mutual dialogue, and restoration of the shari'ah. With these three themes of reform, we will realize not only Ibn Rushd's contribution to philosophy, but also his great concern for a number of crises in Islam, and for solutions to resolve them.

Perspectives on a Few Puzzles in Phase Transformations: When Should the Farthest Reach the Earliest?

We briefly review the facts concerning two important aspects of phase transitions, namely, critical and coarsening phenomena. A discussion of the universal features, highlighting the current challenges, is provided. Following this, we elaborate on a topic of much recent interest, viz., the Mpemba effect, a puzzle that found mention even in the works of Aristotle. After a description of the debated case of faster freezing of a hotter sample of liquid water, into ice, than a colder one, when quenched to the same subzero temperature, we discuss more modern interest. There one asks, should a hotter body of a material equilibrate faster than a colder one when quenched to a common lower temperature? Within this broad scenario, we focus on magnetic systems. A surprising observation of the effect during the para- to ferromagnetic transition, in a simple model system, viz., the nearest-neighbor Ising model, without any built-in frustration, is described. Some associated future directions are pointed out. A discussion is provided by considering the effect as a kinetic outcome in the background of critical phenomena. A picture is drawn by putting emphasis on the role of spatial correlations in the initial configurations alongside discussing the importance of frustration and metastability in evolution from one state to another. In connection with dynamical freezing, concerning metastability, we have introduced the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation that has relevance in phase transitions, chemical oscillations, and elsewhere. For this model and a few other cases also, we have described how a lack of order or correlation in certain parameters can lead to quicker evolution.

Aristotle's Early Treatises as a Clue to Interpreting of Plato’s Euthyphro

In this article, the author seeks to reconsider the chronology of the dialogue «Euthyphro», which is usually considered to be Plato's earliest dialogue. Having shown the incongruity of the traditional early dating, the author, proceeding from the idea of the genre evolution of Plato's work, places the dialogue among the school ones, written against the background of the composition of Plato's «Laws». In order to corroborate the thesis, the author refers to the early works of Aristotle, who had a significant role in Plato's Academy. On the basis of the «Topics» and «Sophistic Refutations» it is shown how Aristotle reflected in his works the realities of school disputations, as well as work on certain problems reflected in the «Laws» and elaborated in school dialogues. The author substantiates the thesis that Aristotle's «Topics» and «Sophistic Refutations» reflect not the previous disputes of sophists, but the state of sophistic schools, contemporary to Aristotle. Taking into account the focus of Aristotle's early works on his and Plato's opponents, the Megarics, the author suggests that the aporetic character of school dialogues is a reflection of the Megarics' eristics. The direct parallels with the early works of Aristotle permit us to see in the dialogue «Euthyphro» an example of academic discussion of a certain theme of the «Laws» – the relationship between justice and piety, the author of which was one of the members of the Academy, who was inspired by Plato's «Theaetetus» and in some respects was in disagreement with his teacher.

THE PROBLEM OF THE DEMOCRACY DEFICIT IN THE EU: BETWEEN THE POLITICAL ENTITY AND THE MARKET UTOPIA

The paper examines the problem of the relationship between the practices of the ordoliberal market, electoral democracy, and the sovereignty of the EU and its member states in the conditions of the decline of American hegemony and the beginning of the Chinese accumulation cycle. The first part analyzes the functioning of the EU at the political-institutional and economic levels. Based on the works of Karl Polanyi, Carl Schmitt, and their followers, it was demonstrated that at the institutional level, the neoliberal practices of the pan-European market conflict with the democratic institutions of the EU member states. Limiting national sovereignty in favor of supranational structures leads to limiting the influence of democratic institutions on the decision-making process, which makes European societies vulnerable both to adverse market dynamics and the selfish interests of elite groups. At the economic level, it was demonstrated that the decay of the economic foundations of American hegemony leads to a slowdown in economic growth. The result is both progressive property inequality within the Core of the capitalist world-system, which undermines the functionality of democratic institutions, and a narrowing of the gap between the Core and the Semi-Periphery. As a result, the rise of semi-peripheral states is taking place, undermining the international liberal order with their activity. In the second part, the scenarios of the functioning of the EU in the conditions of the transition of the capitalist world-system from an anarchic to a chaotic functioning state were considered. Based on the works of Aristotle, Charles Tilly and Samuel Huntington, political and institutional solutions were proposed, potentially capable of stabilizing the functioning of the EU and preserving it as a space of liberal practices of a good life.

Aktualisasi Falsafah Ekonomi Islam Sebagai Soko Dalam Membangun Kesejahteraan

Islamic economic theory is not a new theory that is derived to underlie the existing economy. Historically, Islamic thinkers are the founders of all branches of knowledge, including economics. This is recognized by Islamic economists that since 367-322 BC they read a lot of Aristotle's works as a philosopher who wrote a lot about economics, but Islamic economists think about economics based on the Al-Quran and al-Hadith. This study aims to explore the basic thoughts and reflections on the philosophy of Islamic economics which is oriented towards raising the welfare of mankind which avoids usury practices that are contrary to the mission of the Koran and al-Hadith concerning the economy, as a basis for bringing up human welfare that is clean from usury practices.

From Virtue Argumentation to Virtue Dialogue Theory: How Aristotle Shifts the Conversation for Virtue Theory and Education*

AbstractAndrew Aberdein recently explored whether Aristotle held a (proto‐)virtue argumentation theory, which would evaluate a good argument in terms of whether the arguers engaged virtuously. Aberdein admits, however, that connections between virtue, character, and argumentation are scarce within Aristotle's works. Accordingly, here Cassie Finley approaches this question from a different angle, comparing Aristotle's concepts of dialectic and rhetoric with virtue theories of argumentation. She argues that the essential features of dialectic and rhetoric are in tension with the defining characteristics of virtue argumentation theories. However, this tension raises a deeper methodological tension within virtue argumentation theories regarding their “intuitive” conception of arguments. Finley outlines a more viable route forward for virtue argumentation theorists, one that dissolves this tension through reframing their project as a virtue dialogue theory. This shift toward dialogue would help to assuage the main objections to virtue argumentation theories regarding adversariality, incompleteness, and vulnerability to ad hominems. At the same time, developing toward a virtue dialogue theory better aligns with the intuitive sense of engaging well with others that defines the virtue argumentation project, and it also more fruitfully sets up the project to encourage future scholarship connecting virtue ethics, virtue epistemology, and philosophy of education.

Evolution of the idea of participative democracy

The article examines the transformation of the content of the idea of participatory democracy with reference to historical retrospection.
 To carry out a full-fledged analysis of the evolution of the idea of participatory democracy, the way of development of the concept of democracy in general is considered. It has been established that the phenomenon of "democracy" originates from the times of antiquity and the works of Aristotle (384-322 BC), and the philosophers of the Renaissance (M. Machiavelli, J. Locke, S. Montesquieu, J.-J. Rousseau, A. Tocqueville, etc.). The process of implementing the ideas of democracy in practice started at the end of the 17th century in England and France, went through four stages, the last of which began in the 21st century and continues to this day.
 It was found that the history of participatory democracy tentatively dates back to the 5th century to n. (the city of Athens, Ancient Greece), and after the Second World War, the gradual expansion of electoral rights and the processes of emancipation paved the way for its large-scale development. In the 80s of the XX century in Western Europe and the USA, the idea of participatory democracy gained momentum. B. Barber, K. McPherson, J. Mansbridge, C. Pateman, J. Zimmerman and S. Shalom made the greatest contribution to its spread. The result of a long path of transformation of the content of democracy, which for several centuries was perceived as a means of including the poor in the space of politics, was the understanding of participatory democracy as an indispensable process of requiring the rotation of leaders, the breakdown of social hierarchies, and a change in the perception of the essence of freedom. The evolution of the idea of participatory democracy, first of all, is connected with the declaration of the priority of human freedoms over the interests of the state.
 Today, the theory of participatory democracy occupies a leading place in the rating of democratic theories and is actively used in practice in many countries of the world. The defining idea of participatory democracy lies in the potential of ordinary citizens to exercise self-management, but it has not yet been fully implemented in life. So, we have the following movement vectors to ensure universal and effective involvement of the vast majority of citizens in the decision-making process: increasing the level of awareness and education, leveling economic inequality, providing real tools for influencing the political process (especially with the help of information and communication and blockchain technologies). At the same time, it is worth taking into account the autonomy of the individual, the freedom of individuality and the issue of voluntary participation or non-participation of each individual citizen.

Book review: Sounding the Depths of Leadership: Seven Character Development Voyages To Foster Authentic Leadership in the Ongoing Present

Donna Ladkin (2008) offers the notion of leading beautifully as a kind of inward knowing focussed on the quality of being. Sounding the Depths of Leadership attempts to lay out a process to cultivate this form of leadership experience and self-mastery process. Sewchurran pursues a leadership learning approach to cultivate a reflexive, internal search for self-mastery. He organises the approach using seven navigation charts to guide practical processes of exploring personal development and selfmastery possibilities. He draws on his decade long experience of working as an executive coach whilst also being the Director of an Executive MBA program at the Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town, South Africa. He inter-weaves these insights with contemporary leadership scholarship and philosophy to uncover the being dimension of leading in the ongoing present. To develop this inward sense of knowing he draws on a range of philosophers. The works of Aristotle, Martin Heidegger, John Dewey, John Shotter and Haridimos Tsoukas are channelled to design the explorations each chart offers. The rich, and at times dense, philosophical discussions are interwoven with stories of leadership learning which trace the journeys of several characters. The book distinguishes between an understanding of Being, spelt with a capital B, from the actual lived experience of being, spelt with a smaller b. This distinction is equated to the difference between a map and the actual experience of the territory. Seven navigation charts are built to offer an understanding of Being that stimulates changes to the experience of being.

Exploring Misogyny in Modern Muslim Societies: The Influence of Greek Philosophy on Qur’anic Exegesis

ABSTRACT Numerous sociological studies indicate that the societal perception of women in Muslim countries is generally poor. These perceptions, argue the promulgators of such ideas, are based on the Qur’an. There is, nevertheless, no consensus on the interpretation of the qur’anic verses that supposedly promote such views. One of the main sources of negative perceptions of women is the Hellenistic learning that permeated the corpus of qur’anic commentaries. This article explores the influence of the translation movement on the exegetical tradition. There is a marked difference between the earliest qur’anic commentaries, written before the works of Aristotle and Galen were translated into Arabic by around 850 AD, and those that came after. While the former show relatively little in the way of androcentric interpretations of the Qur’an, the latter adopt Aristotelian and Galenic views of women’s ontological inferiority due to increased coldness and wetness, and use these to justify patriarchal interpretations.

The History of Study of Aristotle's Ethics at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The article is devoted to the 100th anniversary of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPhRAS), held in 2021. The purpose of the article is to give an overview of IPhRAS's contribution to the study of Aristotle's ethics within the framework of domestic Aristotelian studies, to note the main works of IPhRAS employees in this field. The material of the article is aimed not only at summing up the results to a significant date, but can be used as an auxiliary reference point in the domestic research literature by all those interested in the ethics of Aristotle. The article examines the articles and monographs of IPhRAS employees, makes brief descriptions of the most significant ideas expressed in them, analyzes the general process of development of Aristotle's ethics research in IPhRAS. The result of the conducted research is the identification of two directions in the study of Aristotle's ethics by IPhRAS employees – philosophical-theoretical and historical-philosophical. Within the framework of the first direction, two types are also distinguished: those aimed at the theoretical reconstruction of Aristotle's teaching on morality itself and those that turn to Aristotle's works in search of modern significant concepts. The second direction is represented by translation work, structural and comparative analysis of Aristotle's texts in order to reproduce them as accurately as possible and clarify individual concepts and statements. The main conclusion of the study is the statement that IPhRAS has not yet developed a holistic school in the approach to the study of Aristotle's ethics, and also that the two discovered areas of research are being implemented separately from each other. However, in both directions, researchers proceed largely from the analysis of the philosophical language of the Stagirite, which makes not only historical and philosophical works significant for philosophical and theoretical ones, but also vice versa. Also, despite a relatively short history, the study of Aristotle's ethics at IPhRAS has a systematic nature, all generations of employees are involved in it, which promises its further successful development.