Laboratory Work Research Articles

Linking Anxiolytic Action to Hippocampal "Theta"-A Personal History.

This paper provides a personal history of work starting with the discovery that anxiolytic drugs reduce hippocampal theta frequency. It includes parallel work on septal elicitation of theta carried out in Jeffrey Gray's laboratory in Oxford; a statement of my original scientific perspective on the work; and a description of later work in my laboratory in New Zealand confirming the function of theta rhythmicity per se and its mediation of the effects of anxiolytic drugs on behavior. I finish with comments on risk management with such experiments and their use in larger scale theory development.

Determinants of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use among men who have sex with men (MSM) living in rural areas of the United States: A scoping review framed by the PrEP care continuum.

HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective intervention to prevent HIV transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM). Despite its effectiveness, PrEP uptake and adherence among MSM in the United States remain suboptimal, particularly in rural areas. The present study presents a scoping review of the self-reported barriers and facilitators of PrEP use among MSM living in rural areas of the United States. Preferred Items for Systematic Reviews-Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines informed this review. Seven online databases were searched to identify papers published from 2012 to 2023 in English with keywords related the concepts of MSM, rural, and HIV PrEP. From an initial 340 articles, nine were selected. Awareness significantly impacts PrEP uptake in rural areas, with challenges including limited dissemination of information through mainstream channels and low perceived HIV risk among rural MSM. However, nonmainstream information sources can enhance PrEP awareness and use. Several barriers hinder rural residents from accessing PrEP, such as a lack of competent providers, geographic isolation, cost, and stigma. High PrEP care costs, lack of financial assistance for lab work, and limited telePrEP options are key challenges in retaining individuals in PrEP care. Suboptimal PrEP uptake in rural areas with high HIV burden remains a concern, hindered by limited information dissemination, low perceived HIV risk, geographic isolation, nonaffirming medical providers, and expensive PrEP care. Leveraging telePrEP, co-pay assistance, 340B drug pricing, and geospatial networking apps can enhance PrEP use. Multilevel interventions are crucial to combat the HIV epidemic in rural regions.

Pregnancy after advanced ovarian cancer with spontaneous uterine rupture in second trimester: A case report and review of the literature.

Fertility-preserving surgery (FPS) in advanced ovarian cancer (AOC) is extremely rare and consequently, information about the pregnancies of these patients is anecdotal. Therefore, management of the pregnancy after AOC is challenging, especially if an unexpected situation arises. A 31-year-old nulliparous woman was admitted to our tertiary hospital in the 18th week of twin pregnancy with sudden severe abdominal pain. Her medical history included a low-grade AOC stage IIIc diagnosed 2 years before pregnancy and treated by debulking FPS and systemic therapy with carboplatin/paclitaxel and bevacizumab. Clinical examination described normal vital signs and peritoneal irritation without any vaginal discharge. Sonography revealed free fluid in the pouch of Douglas and intact twin pregnancy. Laboratory work showed elevated leukocytes with neutrophilia. To evaluate appendicitis magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen was indicated. This revealed a uterine rupture with the now extra-cavitary position of the twins. Simultaneously, the patient's symptoms deteriorated, and emergency surgery was necessary where hemoperitoneum with avital fetuses were present. Despite excessive blood loss the uterus could be repaired and preserved. Previous resection of the uterine serosa during her debulking FPS, administration of bevacizumab affecting smooth muscles, and overstretching the uterus in the twin pregnancy were considered as possible risk factors for the presenting uterine rupture. Pregnancy after AOC is possible but should be monitored closely, especially due to the hidden long-term consequences of its therapy. In the differential diagnosis of sudden abdominal pain during pregnancy uterine rupture should be considered even in patients with an unscared uterus.

Preparing future physics teachers to conduct entertaining experiments using the infrastructural potential of innovative educational centers

Introduction. The modern education system requires future teachers not only to have deep theoretical knowledge of the subject, but also practical skills in using innovative equipment that helps schoolchildren learn the educational material more effectively. Therefore, the problem of preparing future teachers to use modern technologies and innovative teaching methods in the educational process is relevant. The aim of the article: to develop and implement a modular curriculum for professional education that will enable teachers to effectively use the infrastructural potential of innovative educational centers. Methodology and methods. The study was conducted at the Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after I. Ya. Yakovlev and educational institutions in Cheboksary and the Chuvash Republic (Russia). More than 100 physics teachers, 80 schoolchildren, and 45 students of the pedagogical university took part in the pedagogical experiment. Methods of the experimental study: survey, observation, analysis, synthesis, and questionnaires. A survey was organized to identify the main difficulties that teachers encounter when performing laboratory work with schoolchildren during class and extracurricular activities. A program of professional training of future teachers was prepared and implemented, aimed at developing skills in working with laboratory equipment, the ability to plan and implement physical experiments that motivate both the students themselves and the pupils. A questionnaire was organized to understand the level of interest in the subject and the involvement of schoolchildren in the activity. Results. The majority of respondents (75.3%) do not use the equipment of the children's technopark "Kvantorium", 73.3% of respondents actively use the equipment of the "Growth Point" center in their work. According to the majority of survey participants (43.8%), high-quality work requires an expansion of the types of equipment, as well as the development of accessible guidelines for performing laboratory work using modern equipment. Conclusion. The findings of the study demonstrate the effectiveness of using the infrastructure capabilities of modern educational centers to improve the quality of physics education. The recommendations are aimed at stimulating teachers to actively use practical methods and digital technologies of new centers in the educational process. The results obtained open up new horizons for further research to improve the effectiveness of using the educational potential of centers through expanding thematic experiments and adapting programs to the diverse educational needs and interests of students. The proposed recommendations can become the basis for implementing similar programs with students of other pedagogical universities.

Potensi Asap Cair Kulit Kopi Robusta Dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Curvularia sp. di Pre-Nursery Kelapa Sawit

Oil palms are susceptible to the pre-nursery stage of plant mortality caused by the Curvularia sp. pathogen, affecting various crops. Attacks by Curvularia sp. not only make oil palm production less efficient, but they are also notoriously difficult to manage. As a botanical fungicide, liquid smoke from strong coffee husks is an alternate control strategy. This research seeks to assess the efficacy of liquid smoke from robusta coffee husks in preventing the development of Curvularia sp. in oil palm seedlings. From January through April 2024, the laboratory work at UIN Agriculture Research Development Science Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and AnimalHHusbadry, State Islamic University Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau, focused on pathology, entomology, microbiology, soil and land science, and other related topics. This research used a fully randomized design (CRD) experimental approach with six treatments: a control group that did not get any liquid smoke and did not have a fungal infection, and five groups that received varying concentrations of liquid smoke with pathogen infection:0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%. Research has shown that at a concentration of 4%, robust coffee husk liquid smoke—which contains 4.24% total phenol and a pH of 4.61—could effectively or partially suppress the development of Curvularia sp. on oil palm seedlings. When comparing treatments, there were statistically significant changes in the number of infected leaves, the number of spots on the leaves, and the area of the spots, but no changes in the total number of leaves.

KNOWLEDGE, CONCEPTION AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS HBV AND HCV AMONG DENTISTS IN DUHOK PROVINCE; KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ

ABSTRACT Background: Healthcare workers including physicians, dentists, nurses and laboratory workers are considered to be among the groups at the risk of blood-borne pathogen transmission. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and conception of Duhok province dentists toward bloodborne viruses HBV and HCV regarding transmission, treatment, and prevention; furthermore, to know their attitude in dealing with HCV or HBV positive patients Method: It’s a cross sectional that had performed by asking dentists from Duhok province to fulfill a standardized online based questionnaire. There were four main parts in the questionnaire; demographic data collection, general HBV and HCV information, attitude questions and prevention questions. Result: One hundred eighty-seven dentists had participated in the study, 54% were males. The mean age of the participants was 28.48 ± SD 7.53. The mean experience years of study population was 5.87 ± SD 6.39. Eighty-one (43.3%), 122 (65.2%), and 101 (54%) dentists out of 187 had good knowledge, favorable attitude, and good preventive practices toward HBV & HCV, respectively. Good knowledge frequency was more common among dentists whose ages were above 40 years, and among those with MSc or PhD degree, p=0.016 and 0.03, respectively. Whilst good preventive practices against HBV & HCV was more common among more experience dentists p= 0.001, 0.008 respectively. HBV vaccine coverage is 98.8% Conclusion: Duhok dentists at under and post- graduate levels necessitates improving educational programs and regular dental auditing. The HBV vaccine coverage is highly satisfactory.

Simulating the effect of elevated temperature on the compressive strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) using ANSYS workbench

The behavior of concrete structures at elevated temperatures is of significant importance in predicting the safety of structures in response to certain accidents or particular service conditions. The behavior of M50 Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) at 28-days strength subjected to elevated temperatures was simulated using ANSYS 2020 R2 Workbench, and results validated with experimental results from a referenced Journal. M50 concrete at 28-days was modelled along with steel fibers from 0 to 4% by weight of cement. Models were made and subjected at room temperature, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500°C from ANSYS Workbench Static Structural module. The concrete matrix was modelled as solid body, while the steel fiber reinforcement as line bodies, the new ANSYS reinforcement workflow that allows for simulating proper bond between concrete and rebar was utilized. Compressive strength results were determined as Average Von-misses stress and results validates that obtained from the referenced literature. This work has developed results with variations compared to the experimental work largely below 5% and has given important reasons to assert that results obtained from experimental works can be obtained with FE simulations and that laboratory works can be simulated with FE programs to cut down on cost and time associated with the former. In other words ANSYS Workbench program is a good validatory tool for similar experimental research.

PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF CARBAMAZEPINE RESPONSE: THE CYP3A5-RS15524 GENE POLYMORPHISM IN PASHTUN PATIENTS WITH EPILEPSY

Objective: To evaluate the impact of CYP3A5-rs15524 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics and clinical response to carbamazepine (CBZ) monotherapy in Pashtun epilepsy patients. Materials and Methods: A longitudinal study was carried out among Pashtun patients with epilepsy in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa from October 2020 to April 2022. Participants were recruited from Lady Reading Hospital, while laboratory work was performed at the Pharmacology Department of Khyber Medical University, Peshawar. Patients were genotyped for the CYP3A5-rs15524 polymorphism using Sanger sequencing, with variants analyzed via Finch TV. The study correlated each genotype with clinical response and serum CBZ levels, which were measured using reversed-phase HPLC during each follow-up visit. Results: A sample of 223 patients was analyzed, including 63.2% males and 36.8% females. Generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) seizures comprised 82.5% of cases, while partial seizures accounted for 17.5%. Genotype analyses showed a significant improvement in CBZ response in subsequent follow-up. At 3rd month, the non-responders / responders were recorded to be 18.3% / 31.3% for AA, 44.6% / 16.9% for AG, and 63.3% / 18.2% for GG genotype carriers. At 6th month it was recorded as 9.5% / 53% for AA, 32.3% / 32.3% for AG, and 27.3% / 54% among GG carriers, demonstrating a highly significant differences in response (p-value=0.001). Highest and lowest plasma levels across both follow-ups were observed in AA & AG genotypes, respectively with a p-value less than 0.001. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that CYP3A5-rs15524 polymorphism may impact the pharmacokinetics and clinical response to carbamazepine in Pashtun patients with epilepsy. Clinical pharmacogenetic research has the potential to greatly enhance personalized treatment within our study population.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZING RESEARCH AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES DIRECTED TO FORMING RESEARCH SKILLS

The main principles of the formation of research activities in biological education and methodological features of implementation of project activities are analyzed in the research work. The use of active learning methods was systematized by using project tasks, laboratory works, interdisciplinary approaches and modern educational technologies. Ways of forming students' critical thinking, independent search for scientific information and the ability to analyze the results, as well as the ability to work with biological data and conduct independent experiments were studied. Based on the features of the factors contributing to increasing the level of learning motivation and deepening biological education, the principles of teaching were differentiated. Through the experiment of successful application of these methods in educational practice, their effectiveness in directing students to study and professional activities in the field of science has been proved.

EXAMPLE OF DESIGNING A TAIL SYSTEM OF A DRILLING RIG BU 5000 DGU WITH EQUIPMENT MODERNIZATION

The materials of the article consider examples of the calculation of a technological complex for drilling a well with a depth of 4870 m, analyze the complex of mechanisms of the tackle system of the BU 5000 DGU drilling rig when drilling wells, establish the advantages and disadvantages of the used tackle systems. The feasibility and economic efficiency of introducing the proposed technical solutions for the modernization of the tackle system by introducing a device for laying the spent tackle rope is substantiated, its design is proposed, the technical feasibility is substantiated, the economic effect of implementing the modernized design of the tackle system is calculated. Methods for studying the main parameters and types of equipment for testing are selected. The issue of drawing up research documentation is considered. Based on the results of the studies of the operation of the modernized crown block, which were obtained in the process of performing experimental and laboratory work, three-dimensional models of the components were built in SolidWorks.

Multimodal Learning Data Analysis and Algorithmic Teaching Effectiveness Evaluation Model Construction

Introduction:A combination of internal characteristics, such as motivation, personality, beliefs, and dispositions that combine with external circumstances to affect student results is referred to as teaching efficacy. The English-speaking environment becomes a major problem as students learn by interaction. To communicate effectively, they do not acquire the speaking and listening abilities necessary in English. Objective:This study examines the impact of computer programming courses and learning analytics on student’s computer programming skills. Methods:In this study, we proposed a novel Dung Beetle Optimized Flexible Random Forest (DBO-FRF) to evaluate the teaching effectiveness. In this study, 175 students’ data were collected for teaching effectiveness. Using student data, prediction model was constructed based on the attributes of the students, their past academic records, their interactions with online resources, and their advancement in laboratory work related to programming. The proposed method is compared to other traditional algorithms. Results and conclusion:The proposed method is implemented using Python software. The expected performance in the course and, in the instance that any submitted programs failed to meet the requirements, a programming recommendation from one of the class’s top students. The result shows the proposed method achieved better performance in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and [Formula: see text]1-score. This decreased the performance gap between students who performed lower and those who performed higher, enabling students who adjusted their programs to learn more.

CI/CD integration tools for automated code deployment and verification for training purposes

The article is devoted to the study and application of modern tools for Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) in the educational field. Automating the processes of software deployment and testing is a relevant task for both improving the educational process and developing DevOps skills among students. Significant attention is given to studying the core principles of CI/CD, including automated testing, code quality monitoring, and integration with source code repositories. Popular CI/CD platforms such as Jenkins, GitLab CI/CD, and GitHub Actions are utilized to automate the educational process and train students. These tools enable the creation and deployment of applications using Docker technologies, which allow real-world scenarios to be modeled. A significant emphasis is placed on the scalability and adaptability of solutions, which enhance the efficiency of resource usage. A methodology for implementing CI/CD into an educational course is proposed, including integration with project management platforms and version control systems such as Git, with Gitea as an example. The main stages include setting up automated builds, testing, and deployment, which enable students to practice the principles of continuous integration and delivery. From the perspective of improving the efficiency of the educational process, the proposed methodology allows for the automation of assignment verification. The problems of Gitea and Jenkins integration are considered. A way for integrating these tools through locally installed Jenkins and Gitea with private code repositories has been proposed. Recommendations are provided for organizing the educational process through practical and laboratory work focused on real-world scenarios of software deployment and test automation. The results of the study confirm the effective use of CI/CD tools for educational purposes, ensuring the development of competencies required for working in modern IT teams. The use of CI/CD increases awareness of cybersecurity and optimizes DevOps processes.

Linking metabolic syndrome, cerebral small vessel disease, and cognitive health: insights from a subclinical population study using TriNetX.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been linked to accelerated cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRDs) via cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD); however, this relation in MetS without overt cardiometabolic disease comorbidities is unknown and may represent a population amenable to preventative strategies. Our study aimed to determine risk profiles for neurocognitive decline and ADRDs in early-stage MetS with evidence ofCSVDusing the TriNetX electronic health records (EHR) research network. Patients aged 50 to 80 years old meeting MetS criteria were identified utilizing TriNetX data from 76 healthcare organizations. Propensity score matching controlled for demographic and confounding factors. Cohorts included MetS-only, non-MetS, and a MetS subset with evidence of CSVD (MetS-CSVD) created by clustering relevant ICD-codes for diagnoses, imaging, and lab work. Contingency analyses determined odds of developing neurocognitive decline, ADRDs, and CSVD in MetS vs non-MetS and MetS-CSVD vs. MetS-only, using odd ratios with 95% confidence intervals (p-value < 0.05). After propensity score matching, there were 57,347 men and 52,259 women in each of the MetS and non-MetS cohorts and 2,810 men and 2,862 women in each of the MetS-CSVD and MetS-only cohorts. Compared to non-MetS, the MetS cohort exhibited higher odds of developing neurocognitive decline (men: RR = 1.82, p < 0.001; women: RR = 1.34, p = 0.015) and CSVD (men: RR = 2.83, p < 0.001; women: RR = 2.14, p < 0.001), but only women exhibited significantly higher odds of developing ADRDs (men: RR = 1.13, p = 0.38; women: RR = 1.52, p < 0.001). Compared to MetS-only, the MetS-CSVD showed elevated odds in developing neurocognitive decline (men: RR = 1.81, p = 0.040; women: RR = 1.87, p = 0.018) and ADRDs (men: RR = 2.39, p = 0.009; women: RR = 1.65, p = 0.041). A large, predominantly US, sample of subclinical MetS demonstrated heightened odds for developing neurocognitive decline and ADRDs, with even higher odds when evidence of CSVD was also present. TriNetX facilitated a robust exploration of these associations, and our findings warrant further investigation of interventions that target this subclinical at-risk population.

AutoZooMS: Integrating robotics into high-throughput ZooMS for the species identification of palaeontological remains at Grotte Mandrin, France

As the vast majority of excavated palaeontological skeletal remains are fragmentary to the extent that they cannot be identified by morphological analysis alone, various molecular methods have been considered to retrieve information from an otherwise underutilised resource. The introduction of collagen fingerprinting, known as Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS), has become one of the most popular approaches to improve taxonomic data yields from fragmentary bone. However, manual laboratory work remains a barrier to the analysis of larger sample numbers. Here we test the incorporation of liquid-handling robots to further develop ZooMS into a more automated technique using samples excavated from Grotte Mandrin, France. By increasing the faunal identifications of the morphological indeterminable remains at layer B2 (~ 42–44 Ka), from 55 to 1215 (1026 of which were processed via AutoZooMS), we identified a wider range of taxa, now including Ursidae and Mammuthus, as well as further hominin remains. AutoZooMS has the capacity to investigate larger proportions of palaeontological assemblages rapidly and cost effectively whilst requiring little human intervention, aiming to improve our understanding of the human past.

Mobile learning in engineering using smartphones: Two examples in acoustics and thermal courses

Mobile learning is usually seen as a form of distance education where learners use portable devices such as mobile phones to learn anywhere and anytime. The portability that mobile devices provide allows for learning anywhere but also opens the possibility for field testing. Smartphones are indeed one of the common traits of today's students, who can't imagine life without these tools, which are almost seen as an extension of themselves. These communication tools are also working tools, and we want to highlight in this project the possibility of taking advantage of this technology as part of student training. We aim to introduce the smartphone as support for laboratory or experiential work support through a project entitled ‘Flexible and applied mechanical and building engineering laboratories involving smartphones and digital resources.’ Even though it is still a work in progress, this communication presents concrete examples of how smartphones, applications, and short experiments or analyses can enhance learning in two undergraduate courses: ‘Acoustics and noise control’ and ‘Thermal Engineering.’ By leveraging these tools, we aim to create a practical, engaging learning environment that fosters inclusivity and diversity.

Translational research priorities for bacteriophage therapeutics.

The growing threat of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacterial pathogens coupled with the relative dearth of promising novel antibiotics requires the discovery and development additional medical interventions. Over the past decade bacteriophages have emerged one of the most promising new tools to combat AMR pathogens. Anecdotal clinical experiences under so-called 'compassionate use' regulatory pathways as well as a limited number of clinical trials have provided ample evidence of safety and early evidence of efficacy. For phages to reach their full potential it is critical that rigorous clinical trials be conducted that define their optimal use and that enable regulatory authorities to support the commercialization required to afford global access. The clinical development of phage therapeutics requires the design and execution of clinical trials that take full advantage of lessons learned from a century of antibiotic development and that use clinical investigation as a platform in which aspects of phage biology that are critical to therapeutics are more clearly elucidated. Translational research that elucidates phage biology in the context of clinical trials will promote highly relevant hypothesis-driven work in basic science laboratories and will greatly accelerate the development of the field of phage therapeutics.

ESTIMATING PATIENTS’ SATISFACTION IN HEALTHCARE SECTOR USING MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS

Measuring patient satisfaction is vital for healthcare providers to constantly enhance the quality of service, operational efficiency, and organizational success. The main goal of the study is to examine the key strengths and weaknesses across six stages visited by outpatients: appointment making, admission, waiting time, diagnosis procedures, laboratory work, and pharmacy. A total of 285 participants were involved. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied on the responses to determine the significant factors affecting healthcare service. The analysis revealed that friendly staff and efficient appointment processes significantly improve patient satisfaction during the initial stages; a clean and well-organized waiting area is crucial; doctors who prioritize kindness and empathy build strong patient relationships; lab personnel who demonstrate empathy and maintain a clean environment contribute to positive patient experiences; and pharmacists who are friendly, efficient, and provide clear medication explanations enhance patient satisfaction and trust. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of human interaction, efficient processes, and a clean and comfortable environment in improving patient satisfaction and healthcare outcomes. The findings of the study can assist decision makers enhance service quality and patient satisfaction.

Experimental tests of welded knee joints of steel frames

The paper focuses on presenting the methodology of testing corner joints along with the presentation of obtained results. The objective of the conducted research was to experimentally determine the behaviour of welded knees with slender webs under similar loading condition that occur in the knee joints of portal steel frames. Laboratory tests were carried out on a specially prepared testing stand. During the laboratory work, load tests were performed on three identical knees. The testing stand was equipped with measurement equipment, including two data acquisition systems: the SAD 256 for displacement and force sensors, and the Pontos/Aramis – a digital image correlation system. The first knee test served as a verification of the testing stand and the adopted data collection method. After implementing certain changes to the stand, the remaining load tests on the knees were conducted. Based on the conducted studies and data analysis, moment-rotation M–ϕ characteristics of the joints were determined, along with parameters such as initial stiffness S, elastic bending resistance Mel and ultimate bending resistance Mu.

An Advanced Sensing Approach to Biological Toxins with Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy Based on Their Unique Protein Quaternary Structures.

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), ricin, and many other biological toxins are called AB toxins possessing heterogeneous A and B subunits. We propose herein a quick and safe sensing approach to AB toxins based on their unique quaternary structures. The proposed approach utilizes IgG antibodies against their A-subunits in combination with those human cell-membrane glycolipids that act as the natural ligands of B-subunits. In practice, an IgG antibody against the A-subunit of a target toxin is selected from commercially available sources and immobilized on the surface of Au nanoparticles to constitute a multivalent IgG/Au nanoconjugate. The derived IgG/Au conjugate is used in the pretreatment process of test samples for deactivating biological toxins in the form of a ternary toxin/antibody/Au complex. This process is implemented in advance to reduce the risk of handling biological toxins in laboratory work. On the other hand, the human glycolipid is immobilized on a tiny glass plate and used as a biosensor chip. The biosensor chip is set in the chamber of a flow sensing system using localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectrometry available in portable size at relatively low cost. In principle, the LSPR sensing system enables us to perform a rapid and selective detection for different kinds of biological toxins if the human glycolipid is correctly selected and installed in the sensing system. In the present LSPR sensing approach, a target AB toxin may have been deactivated during the pretreatment process. The test sample containing the deactivated AB toxin becomes a real target to be analyzed by the sensing system. In the present, we describe the concept of employing the commercially available IgG antibody in the pretreatment process followed by a typical procedure for converting it into the multivalent antibody/Au nanoconjugate and its preliminary applications in the LSPR detection of a ricin homologue (RCA120) and BoNTs in different serotypes. The tested LSPR sensing approach has worked very well for the ricin homologue and certain serotypes of botulinum neurotoxins like BoNT/A, indicating that the prior deactivation process at their A-domains causes no significant damage to the function of their B-domains with respect to determining the host cell-membrane glycolipid. The experimental results also indicated that LSPR responses from these pretreated AB toxins are significantly amplified. That is obviously thanks to the presence of Au nanoparticles in the multivalent IgG/Au nanoconjugate. We suggest in conclusion that the proposed LSPR sensing approach will provide us with a safe and useful tool for the study of biological AB toxins based on their unique quaternary protein structures.

"The Reality of Using Artificial intelligence "AI" in Hospitals and Health Care Centers as Seen by Workers in Medicine, Nursing, Laboratory, Public Health, Nutrition, and Health Information in Riyadh Region"

This study aimed to identify the reality of Using Artificial intelligence "AI" in Hospitals and Health Care Centers as Seen by Workers in Medicine, Nursing, Laboratory, Public Health, Nutrition, and Health Information in Riyadh Region. The study followed the descriptive survey method. The study sample consisted of (80) workers in medicine, nursing, laboratory, public health, health information, and nutrition, and a questionnaire was used to collect data consisting of (18) items distributed among the fields of artificial intelligence: (databases used, senior management support, users system, computerized health). Information systems used and performance improvement. Results showed that the arithmetic averages of the study sample’s responses to the reality of applications of artificial intelligence fields in health administration in the General Directorate of Health Affairs in the Riyadh region ranged between (3.40-3.12), with an average application rate for all fields, and the field of databases used came in first place. In health administration, with a mean of (3.40) and a moderate degree, followed by the field of Support senior management, with a mean of (3.36) and a moderate degree, the “Users of the system” field came third, with an arithmetic mean of (3.32) and a moderate degree, followed by the field Computerized health information systems used, with a arithmetic mean (3.28) and a moderate degree, and the field of Improve the Performance came in last place, with a arithmetic mean (3.12) and a moderate degree, and the average reached General arithmetic for areas of artificial intelligence applications in health management (3.29), with a moderate degree of application.